姜曲海瘦肉型品系仔猪的生长发育、肉质及肌肉组织学动态变化的研究
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摘要
本试验以姜曲海瘦肉型品系零世代仔猪为试验动物，对其早期(初生至75日龄)发育规律进行了研究。分别对体重、体尺、内脏器官、四肢骨、椎骨的生长进行分析；取背最长肌待测肌肉的营养成分、常规肉质、肌内脂肪酸、肌苷酸含量；分别作背最长肌的石蜡切片和超微切片，观察肌纤维生长发育的动态变化和肌原纤维，肌节、A带、I带及H带长度以及肌纤维超微结构的特征、肌纤维间线粒体、肌质，糖原颗粒、脂肪滴的多少。研究结果表明：
1．姜曲海瘦肉型品系零世代猪体重从初生到75日龄阶段的生长十分剧烈，其早期的生长发育规律可用Logistic模型进行拟合，其拟合精度为0.9984，据此模型可建立姜曲海品系猪的早期生长标准，为其进一步选育提供理论依据。各体尺在75日龄内总的生长速度快慢顺序依次是：腿围＞胸围＞体高＞体长＞管围，在75日龄内腿围和胸围仍处于快速生长，体高、体长居中，管围在75日龄内相对生长较慢。
2．各内脏器官早期的生长呈现明显的规律性，都随着日龄的增大而逐渐增大，其中肝脏和脾脏生长最为迅速，其早期的生长强度顺序为：肝脏＞脾脏＞肾脏＞肺脏＞心脏，在初生至75日龄内肝脏和脾脏生长速度快于整体的生长，肾脏居中，心脏和肺脏生长速度较慢。
3．四肢骨和椎骨在早期生长过程中呈现出一定的规律性，其中前肢骨生长强度顺序是：肩胛骨＞桡骨＞肱骨＞掌骨；后肢骨为：髋骨＞趾骨＞股骨＞胫骨；椎骨为：腰椎＞颈椎＞胸椎＞荐椎＞尾椎。初生至75日龄内肩胛骨、髋骨和腰椎生长强度最大，在以后的生长过程中仍有较大的生长潜力，有利于形成发达的前、后躯。
4．背最长肌的粗蛋白含量变化不大，都在20％-21％之间；肌内脂肪含量有明显的增长趋势，钙、磷含量也基本没有变化，粗灰分有较小
的增长趋势，水分含量随日龄的增长而呈下降趋势。常规肉质中PH24
值有下降趋势，失水率没有明显变化，肉色(OD值)和剪切力随日龄
的增长而逐渐升高。背最长肌肌内主要游离脂肪酸组成为棕桐酸和
油酸，而亚麻酸和花生酸含量很少。而且不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱
和脂肪酸。肌昔酸含量呈现出低一高一低的趋势，说明45日龄断奶
对其含量的影响较大，而且证实了姜曲海瘦肉型品系猪保留了其亲
本姜曲海猪的肌昔酸含量高，风味好的特点。
背最长肌的肌纤维在早期生长迅速，生长高峰期出现在45至60日
龄，所以要注意此阶段的日粮营养供给，以发挥其最大的生长潜力。
肌原纤维直径从出生至巧日龄期间生长迅速，巧日龄时肌原纤维直
径比初生时几乎增加了1.5倍，此后各日龄段增长缓慢，到75日龄
已接近成熟;肌节长度到45日龄时已达到1649nm，逐渐发育成熟，
因此在断奶(45日龄)前加强饲喂哺乳母猪和仔猪补料，以给予仔猪
优质足量的营养，对仔猪肌肉的生长发育尤为重要;A带长度从出
生到60日龄呈逐渐增加趋势，60日龄时达到1346nm基本分化成熟:
而I带和H带长度不随年龄增长而增加，说明I带和H带长度在胚
胎期已基本成熟而稳定:随着日龄的增长，肌原纤维中的线粒体、
精原颗粒和脂肪滴含量呈现初生、巧日龄较高，30、45日龄含量较
低(糖原颗粒含量从45日龄开始下降)，而60、75日龄又升高的变化
趋势。
The experiment was conducted to study the early stage development law of Jiang Quhai meat-type line. Analyses of the growth of innards and vitals, limb bone and chine bone were carried out. A piece of longissimus muscle from every gilt were taken to make slide and ultra-slide and to analyze dynamic growth of muscle fiber and myofibril diameter, sarcomere length, A length, I length, and H length, respectively. The content of mitochondria, glycogenosome and fat granule were also tested. The results showed:
1. Jiang Quhai meat type line gilts grow very fast from birth to 75d. The Logistic curve (R2=0.9984) is the best model to describe the growth-development law of Jiang Quhai meat-type line in early stage. The growth standard of Jiang Quhai meat-type line can be set up according to the Logistic model, which will provide theoretical base for further breeding. The growth-intension sequence of body- measurement is ham circle> circumference> body-height> body-length>forelegs-circle. The forelegs-circle maturates earlier than others. Body-height and body-length grow moderately, ham circle and circumference maturate later than others. Ham circle and circumference are fast-growing within 75d.
2. Every innards change regularly in early stage and liver and spleen grow fastest. The growth-intension sequence is of the order: liver>spleen>renal>lung>heart. Liver and spleen grow very fast after birth, while heart and lung grow very fast at embryonic stage.
3. The growth-intension sequence of foreleg-bone is scapula>radius>humerus >phalanx, and the ham-bone is hipbone>phalange>thigh >tibia, and the vertebra is loin vertebra>neck vertebra>tail-vertebra>thoracic vertebra>sacrum. Scapula, hipbone and loin vertebra grow fastest after birth, but phalanx, tibia and tail vertebra grow slowly from birth to 75 days age, which shows that hipbone and loin vertebra can grow larger at later stage and this will ensure the healthiness of the body.
4. The content of protein, Ca and P in muscle change slightly, but the content of fat in muscle increases significantly from birth to 75d. The content of ash increases slowly. The level of water in muscle decreases slowly from birth to 75d. PH24 decreases, but
water loss rate has no significant change. The value of OD changes and shear force of muscle changes increasingly from birth to 75d. The composition of fatty acid in longissimus muscle are C16:0 and C 18:1.The levels of C18:3 and C20:0 are small. And the content of USFA is higher than SFA. The trend of IMP content is low-high-low, which is affected by weaning (45d) significantly. The results showed that Jina Quhai meat-type line kept high level of IMP in muscle and fine flavour.
5. The longissimus muscle fiber grows very fast at early stage. The fiber grows fastest from 45d to 60d. To exert the gilts' growing potency, it is important to intensify feeding and management at this stage. The myofibril diameter at 15d is almost 1.5 times that of the birth. The following days, the myofibril diameter grow slowly and it almost maturate at the time of 75d. The length of sarcomere is 1649 nm and maturate at 45day.The growth of A length gets longer slowly from birth to 60 day. At 60 day, the length of A is 1346nm, but I length and H length do not grow with it's age, which shows that I length and H length was maturate and remain stable at the embryonic period. The results also show that the content of mitochondria, glycogensome and fat granule were high at of birth, 15d, low at 30d and 45d,(but glycogensome at 45d), high at 60d and 75d .
1．姜曲海瘦肉型品系零世代猪体重从初生到75日龄阶段的生长十分剧烈，其早期的生长发育规律可用Logistic模型进行拟合，其拟合精度为0.9984，据此模型可建立姜曲海品系猪的早期生长标准，为其进一步选育提供理论依据。各体尺在75日龄内总的生长速度快慢顺序依次是：腿围＞胸围＞体高＞体长＞管围，在75日龄内腿围和胸围仍处于快速生长，体高、体长居中，管围在75日龄内相对生长较慢。
2．各内脏器官早期的生长呈现明显的规律性，都随着日龄的增大而逐渐增大，其中肝脏和脾脏生长最为迅速，其早期的生长强度顺序为：肝脏＞脾脏＞肾脏＞肺脏＞心脏，在初生至75日龄内肝脏和脾脏生长速度快于整体的生长，肾脏居中，心脏和肺脏生长速度较慢。
3．四肢骨和椎骨在早期生长过程中呈现出一定的规律性，其中前肢骨生长强度顺序是：肩胛骨＞桡骨＞肱骨＞掌骨；后肢骨为：髋骨＞趾骨＞股骨＞胫骨；椎骨为：腰椎＞颈椎＞胸椎＞荐椎＞尾椎。初生至75日龄内肩胛骨、髋骨和腰椎生长强度最大，在以后的生长过程中仍有较大的生长潜力，有利于形成发达的前、后躯。
4．背最长肌的粗蛋白含量变化不大，都在20％-21％之间；肌内脂肪含量有明显的增长趋势，钙、磷含量也基本没有变化，粗灰分有较小
的增长趋势，水分含量随日龄的增长而呈下降趋势。常规肉质中PH24
值有下降趋势，失水率没有明显变化，肉色(OD值)和剪切力随日龄
的增长而逐渐升高。背最长肌肌内主要游离脂肪酸组成为棕桐酸和
油酸，而亚麻酸和花生酸含量很少。而且不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱
和脂肪酸。肌昔酸含量呈现出低一高一低的趋势，说明45日龄断奶
对其含量的影响较大，而且证实了姜曲海瘦肉型品系猪保留了其亲
本姜曲海猪的肌昔酸含量高，风味好的特点。
背最长肌的肌纤维在早期生长迅速，生长高峰期出现在45至60日
龄，所以要注意此阶段的日粮营养供给，以发挥其最大的生长潜力。
肌原纤维直径从出生至巧日龄期间生长迅速，巧日龄时肌原纤维直
径比初生时几乎增加了1.5倍，此后各日龄段增长缓慢，到75日龄
已接近成熟;肌节长度到45日龄时已达到1649nm，逐渐发育成熟，
因此在断奶(45日龄)前加强饲喂哺乳母猪和仔猪补料，以给予仔猪
优质足量的营养，对仔猪肌肉的生长发育尤为重要;A带长度从出
生到60日龄呈逐渐增加趋势，60日龄时达到1346nm基本分化成熟:
而I带和H带长度不随年龄增长而增加，说明I带和H带长度在胚
胎期已基本成熟而稳定:随着日龄的增长，肌原纤维中的线粒体、
精原颗粒和脂肪滴含量呈现初生、巧日龄较高，30、45日龄含量较
低(糖原颗粒含量从45日龄开始下降)，而60、75日龄又升高的变化
趋势。
The experiment was conducted to study the early stage development law of Jiang Quhai meat-type line. Analyses of the growth of innards and vitals, limb bone and chine bone were carried out. A piece of longissimus muscle from every gilt were taken to make slide and ultra-slide and to analyze dynamic growth of muscle fiber and myofibril diameter, sarcomere length, A length, I length, and H length, respectively. The content of mitochondria, glycogenosome and fat granule were also tested. The results showed:
1. Jiang Quhai meat type line gilts grow very fast from birth to 75d. The Logistic curve (R2=0.9984) is the best model to describe the growth-development law of Jiang Quhai meat-type line in early stage. The growth standard of Jiang Quhai meat-type line can be set up according to the Logistic model, which will provide theoretical base for further breeding. The growth-intension sequence of body- measurement is ham circle> circumference> body-height> body-length>forelegs-circle. The forelegs-circle maturates earlier than others. Body-height and body-length grow moderately, ham circle and circumference maturate later than others. Ham circle and circumference are fast-growing within 75d.
2. Every innards change regularly in early stage and liver and spleen grow fastest. The growth-intension sequence is of the order: liver>spleen>renal>lung>heart. Liver and spleen grow very fast after birth, while heart and lung grow very fast at embryonic stage.
3. The growth-intension sequence of foreleg-bone is scapula>radius>humerus >phalanx, and the ham-bone is hipbone>phalange>thigh >tibia, and the vertebra is loin vertebra>neck vertebra>tail-vertebra>thoracic vertebra>sacrum. Scapula, hipbone and loin vertebra grow fastest after birth, but phalanx, tibia and tail vertebra grow slowly from birth to 75 days age, which shows that hipbone and loin vertebra can grow larger at later stage and this will ensure the healthiness of the body.
4. The content of protein, Ca and P in muscle change slightly, but the content of fat in muscle increases significantly from birth to 75d. The content of ash increases slowly. The level of water in muscle decreases slowly from birth to 75d. PH24 decreases, but
water loss rate has no significant change. The value of OD changes and shear force of muscle changes increasingly from birth to 75d. The composition of fatty acid in longissimus muscle are C16:0 and C 18:1.The levels of C18:3 and C20:0 are small. And the content of USFA is higher than SFA. The trend of IMP content is low-high-low, which is affected by weaning (45d) significantly. The results showed that Jina Quhai meat-type line kept high level of IMP in muscle and fine flavour.
5. The longissimus muscle fiber grows very fast at early stage. The fiber grows fastest from 45d to 60d. To exert the gilts' growing potency, it is important to intensify feeding and management at this stage. The myofibril diameter at 15d is almost 1.5 times that of the birth. The following days, the myofibril diameter grow slowly and it almost maturate at the time of 75d. The length of sarcomere is 1649 nm and maturate at 45day.The growth of A length gets longer slowly from birth to 60 day. At 60 day, the length of A is 1346nm, but I length and H length do not grow with it's age, which shows that I length and H length was maturate and remain stable at the embryonic period. The results also show that the content of mitochondria, glycogensome and fat granule were high at of birth, 15d, low at 30d and 45d,(but glycogensome at 45d), high at 60d and 75d .
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