CK5116数控立式车床立柱—底座结合面力学特性研究
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摘要
随着切削加工向着高切削速度、高进给速度和高加工精度的方向发展，要求数控机床不仅具有良好的静态特性，而且具有良好的动态特性。由于结合面在机床结构中的大量存在，使得机床结构不再连续，机床的力学特性变得复杂。因此，如何统一考虑结合面的各种影响因素，识别结合面的刚度和阻尼参数值，从理论上精确建立结合面的通用动力学模型，并将其应用到有限元建模仿真过程中，是当前结合面研究的重点与难点，也是本文要解决的关键性问题。
本文以兰州机床厂生产的CK5116数控立式车床为研究对象，对CK5116数控立式车床的立柱—底座结合面进行力学特性研究。
首先，研究结合面的刚度和阻尼机理，分析了结合面的7种影响因素对结合面静、动态特性的作用及规律。通过三种静力学模型和两种结合面结合方式的对比，指出结合面力学特性对于整机静、动态特性的影响。
然后，基于结合面基础特性理论，以单位面积的结合面为研究对象，通过结合面基础特性实验、结合面模态实验和有限元模拟相结合的方法识别了单位面积的结合面刚度和阻尼值。
为了获得CK5116数控立式车床立柱—底座结合面的刚度及阻尼的量化值，论文最后建立了弹簧阻尼单元、接触单元和弹簧阻尼单元相结合的两种结合面动力学模型。将单位面积的刚度和阻尼值对面积积分后赋给结合面，作为结合面的初值。通过有限元模态分析和DASP动态测试仪的整机模态实验结果相对比，采用优化算法识别了立柱和底座的结合面力学特性参数值。建立了立柱—底座的结合面动力学模型，为机床结构动态优化设计奠定基础。
As cutting processing develops to the direction of high cutting speed, high feedspeed and high machining accuracy，Numerical control machine tools is required tohave not only good static characteristics, but also good dynamic characteristics. Asthe joint face existences massively in the structure of machine tool，the machine toolstructure is no longer continuous and the mechanical properties of machine toolbecomes complicated.Therefore, how to comprehensively consider the variousfactors affecting the joint face, recognize the rigidity and damping parameters of thejoint face, accurately establish the general dynamics model in theory which isapplied to the finite element modeling simulation process, is the key and difficults inthe current research of joint surface, And this paper is to solve this key issues.
In this paper CK5116vertical lathe was taken as the research object, whicn wasproduced by Lanzhou machetool plant. The mechanical characteristics of columnand work-table joint face of CK5116vertical lathe has been researched.
First of all, research is combined with the stiffness and damping mechanism,and analyzed the role and law about seven kinds of factors affecting the joint surfaceon the static and dynamic characteristics.Through three kinds of static model andtwo joint surface combining ways contrast, points out that the influence ofmechanical characteristic on the joint surface for static and dynamic characteristics.
Then, based on the joint face basic characteristics theory, with the combinationof unit area face as the research object, through combining basic characteristics’experiment and surface modal experiment and finite element simulation method,Identified the combinational stiffness and damping values of unit area face.
In order to obtain the stiffness and damping values of column and work-table onCK5116vertical lathe, the paper finally built two kinds of joint surface dynamicmodel:one is the spring damping unit model,another is contact element and springdamping unit model. After integral, the stiffness and damping values of unit area wasassigned to the joint face, as the initial value of joint face. Through contrast theresults of finite element modal analysis and the whole modal analysis of DASP tester,adopting the optimization algorithm to identify the mechanical properties of columnand work-table joint face. Establish the dynamics model of column and work-tablejoint face, lay the foundation.for machine tools structure dynamic optimizationdesign.
本文以兰州机床厂生产的CK5116数控立式车床为研究对象，对CK5116数控立式车床的立柱—底座结合面进行力学特性研究。
首先，研究结合面的刚度和阻尼机理，分析了结合面的7种影响因素对结合面静、动态特性的作用及规律。通过三种静力学模型和两种结合面结合方式的对比，指出结合面力学特性对于整机静、动态特性的影响。
然后，基于结合面基础特性理论，以单位面积的结合面为研究对象，通过结合面基础特性实验、结合面模态实验和有限元模拟相结合的方法识别了单位面积的结合面刚度和阻尼值。
为了获得CK5116数控立式车床立柱—底座结合面的刚度及阻尼的量化值，论文最后建立了弹簧阻尼单元、接触单元和弹簧阻尼单元相结合的两种结合面动力学模型。将单位面积的刚度和阻尼值对面积积分后赋给结合面，作为结合面的初值。通过有限元模态分析和DASP动态测试仪的整机模态实验结果相对比，采用优化算法识别了立柱和底座的结合面力学特性参数值。建立了立柱—底座的结合面动力学模型，为机床结构动态优化设计奠定基础。
As cutting processing develops to the direction of high cutting speed, high feedspeed and high machining accuracy，Numerical control machine tools is required tohave not only good static characteristics, but also good dynamic characteristics. Asthe joint face existences massively in the structure of machine tool，the machine toolstructure is no longer continuous and the mechanical properties of machine toolbecomes complicated.Therefore, how to comprehensively consider the variousfactors affecting the joint face, recognize the rigidity and damping parameters of thejoint face, accurately establish the general dynamics model in theory which isapplied to the finite element modeling simulation process, is the key and difficults inthe current research of joint surface, And this paper is to solve this key issues.
In this paper CK5116vertical lathe was taken as the research object, whicn wasproduced by Lanzhou machetool plant. The mechanical characteristics of columnand work-table joint face of CK5116vertical lathe has been researched.
First of all, research is combined with the stiffness and damping mechanism,and analyzed the role and law about seven kinds of factors affecting the joint surfaceon the static and dynamic characteristics.Through three kinds of static model andtwo joint surface combining ways contrast, points out that the influence ofmechanical characteristic on the joint surface for static and dynamic characteristics.
Then, based on the joint face basic characteristics theory, with the combinationof unit area face as the research object, through combining basic characteristics’experiment and surface modal experiment and finite element simulation method,Identified the combinational stiffness and damping values of unit area face.
In order to obtain the stiffness and damping values of column and work-table onCK5116vertical lathe, the paper finally built two kinds of joint surface dynamicmodel:one is the spring damping unit model,another is contact element and springdamping unit model. After integral, the stiffness and damping values of unit area wasassigned to the joint face, as the initial value of joint face. Through contrast theresults of finite element modal analysis and the whole modal analysis of DASP tester,adopting the optimization algorithm to identify the mechanical properties of columnand work-table joint face. Establish the dynamics model of column and work-tablejoint face, lay the foundation.for machine tools structure dynamic optimizationdesign.
引文
[1]颜华生.机床结构动态设计与优化关键技术研究与应用：[厦门大学硕士学位论文].大连理工大学，2008.
[2]张晓星.基于结合面的数控机床静动热态特性研究：[厦门大学硕士学位论文].吉林大学,2011.
[3]廖伯瑜,周新民,尹志宏.现代机械动力学及其工程应用——建模、分析、仿真、修改、控制、优化.北京：机械工业出版社，2004.
[4]张学良.机械结合面动态特性及应用.中国科学技术出版社,2002.
[5]Kienzle K U H. Werkstattstechnik Wersleiter.1939(9).
[6]M. R D N A. Mashionostroyeniya[J].1956(3).
[7]Thornely R H, Khoyi M R H. The Significance of Joints and Their Orientation upon theOverall Deformation of some Machine Tool Structure Elements.1970.
[8]Bell. M P D A. The Contact Stiffness of Jionts at Low Apparent Interface Pressue.Annals of CIRP,1970.
[9]Levina. Z M. Research On The Static Stiffness Of Jionts In Machine Tools,1968.8thIntern.M.T.D.R..
[10]Levina. Z M. Caculation of Contact Deformations in Slideways. Machine and Tooling,1965.
[11]Ostrovskii V I. The Influnence of Maching Methords on Slideway Contact Stiffness.Machine and Tooling,1965.
[12]R. H. Thornley R E S A. The Approach of Machined SurfaceS with Particular Refercenceto Their Hardness: Confer.M.T.D.R.,1968.
[13]Thornley. R E S A. Mathermatical Expression of surfece-finish characteristics:Confer.on Properties and Mechanical Engineers,1968.
[14]Thornley R E S. Calculating the Elastic and Plastic Conponents of Deflection of PlaneJionts Formed Machined surfaces: Proc.Inst.,1967.
[15]R. H. Thornley R C M M. The Effect of Flatness of Jiont Faces upon the StaticStiffness og Machine Tool Jionts: Mech.Engrs,1967.
[16]R. H. Thornley R C M M. The Effect of Surface Topography upon the Static Stiffness ofMachine Tool Joints: Intern.J.M.D.R.,1965.
[17]Bell M P D A. The contact stiffness of Joints at Low Apparent Interface Pressuure.Annals of CIRP,1970.
[18]Thornely R C A R. Determining the Normal stiffness of Joint Face. ASME,1967.
[19]伊东谊等.现代机床基础技术.北京:机械工业出版社,1987.
[20]F希柯贝格, J特鲁斯泰.机床结构.北京:机械工业出版社,1982.
[21]Whitehouse D J, Archard J F. The Properties of Random Surface of Significance in TheirContact.1970:97-121.
[22]沈萌红,全永昕.各向异性粗糙表面的接触性能研究.浙江大学学报：自然科学版,1990,24(5):647-654.
[23]张波,马骥.塑性接触对表面形貌的影响.浙江大学学报：自然科学版,1992,26(2):218-223.
[24]饶柱石,夏松波.粗糙平面接触刚度的研究.机械强度,1994,16(2):72-75.
[25]袁景侠. HIBERT变换识别结构非线性.大连工学院学报,1988(28):51-57.
[26]张学玲,唐毅,徐燕申.用实验模态与有限元方法识别结合面接触刚度的方法.组合机床与自动化加工技术,2005(11):60-62.
[27]童忠钫,张杰.机床固定结合面动力学建模问题.振动与冲击,1994(3):15-22.
[28]王世军,张广鹏,黄玉美.机床导轨结合部动态特性的有限元分析方法.制造技术与机床,2004(5):54-56.
[29]张学良,徐格宁,温淑花.机械结合面静动态特性研究回顾及展望.太原重型机械学院学报,2002(3):276-281.
[30]张广鹏,王海丽,胡兆燕等.基于结合面基础特性参数的机床导轨结合部动态特性解析方法.江苏机械制造与自动化,2001(4):72-75.
[31]张学良,黄玉美,傅卫平等.机械结合面阻尼参数识别的一种方法.西安理工大学学报,1999(1):100-102.
[32]张学良,黄玉美,温淑华.机床结合面静态基础特性参数的建模及其应用.制造技术与机床,1997(11):8-10.
[33]M Y. Computer Aided Design Imorovement of Machine Tool Structure IncorporatingJoint Dunamic Date. Annals of CIRP,1979(1):241-246.
[34]杨家华,陈为福,黄旭东,等.机床床身立柱结合面参数识别的研究.北京工业大学学报,1999(1):44-49.
[35]杨萍,刘光良,许庆余.机械结构结合面物理参数的一种识别方法.机械研究与应用,1999(S1):3-4.
[36]彭泽民,刘晓平,徐燕申等.机械结构结合面阻尼参数识别的研究.振动与冲击,1995(3):61-65.
[37]黄玉美，张学良.机械结合部动态特性参数识别的优化方法.太原重型机械学院学报,1995(4):314-318.
[38]佟浚贤,黄玉美,董立新等.机械平面结合部静特性的研究及其在机床CAD中的应用.工程力学,1995(1):66-71.
[39]赵宏林,丁庆新,曾鸣,等.机床结合部特性的理论解析及应用机械工程学报,2008(12):208-214.
[40]郭显平.机床固定结合部动力学建模及影响因素研究[华中科技大学硕士学位论文，华中科技大学，2008.
[41]吕建新,郑启超,林国成.螺栓联接中被联接件的刚度及结合面压应力分布.机械工程师,1998(5):13-14.
[42]徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程（第三版）.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[43]佟浚贤，黄玉美，傅卫平.获取结合面实用切向阻尼参数的方法.西安理工大学学报,1996(1):1-5.
[44]刘启伟.基于ANSYS的螺栓固定结合面建模方法研究.东北大学机械制造及其自动化,2008.
[45]徐强.机床双螺栓固定结合面单元动力学参数识别[华中科技大学机硕士学位论文].华中科技大学,2009.
[46]陈新,孙庆鸿等.基于接触单元的磨床螺栓连接面有限元建模与模型修正.中国机械工程,2001,12(5):524-526.
[47]宋森熠.机械结合面微观作用机理初探及应用[昆明理工大学硕士学位论文].昆明理工大学,2009.
[48]张兴朝.基于有限元分析的模块化数控机床结构动态设计研究[天津大学硕士学位论文].天津大学,2001.
[49]温煕森等.机械系统动态分析理论与应用.国防科技大学出版社,1998.
[2]张晓星.基于结合面的数控机床静动热态特性研究：[厦门大学硕士学位论文].吉林大学,2011.
[3]廖伯瑜,周新民,尹志宏.现代机械动力学及其工程应用——建模、分析、仿真、修改、控制、优化.北京：机械工业出版社，2004.
[4]张学良.机械结合面动态特性及应用.中国科学技术出版社,2002.
[5]Kienzle K U H. Werkstattstechnik Wersleiter.1939(9).
[6]M. R D N A. Mashionostroyeniya[J].1956(3).
[7]Thornely R H, Khoyi M R H. The Significance of Joints and Their Orientation upon theOverall Deformation of some Machine Tool Structure Elements.1970.
[8]Bell. M P D A. The Contact Stiffness of Jionts at Low Apparent Interface Pressue.Annals of CIRP,1970.
[9]Levina. Z M. Research On The Static Stiffness Of Jionts In Machine Tools,1968.8thIntern.M.T.D.R..
[10]Levina. Z M. Caculation of Contact Deformations in Slideways. Machine and Tooling,1965.
[11]Ostrovskii V I. The Influnence of Maching Methords on Slideway Contact Stiffness.Machine and Tooling,1965.
[12]R. H. Thornley R E S A. The Approach of Machined SurfaceS with Particular Refercenceto Their Hardness: Confer.M.T.D.R.,1968.
[13]Thornley. R E S A. Mathermatical Expression of surfece-finish characteristics:Confer.on Properties and Mechanical Engineers,1968.
[14]Thornley R E S. Calculating the Elastic and Plastic Conponents of Deflection of PlaneJionts Formed Machined surfaces: Proc.Inst.,1967.
[15]R. H. Thornley R C M M. The Effect of Flatness of Jiont Faces upon the StaticStiffness og Machine Tool Jionts: Mech.Engrs,1967.
[16]R. H. Thornley R C M M. The Effect of Surface Topography upon the Static Stiffness ofMachine Tool Joints: Intern.J.M.D.R.,1965.
[17]Bell M P D A. The contact stiffness of Joints at Low Apparent Interface Pressuure.Annals of CIRP,1970.
[18]Thornely R C A R. Determining the Normal stiffness of Joint Face. ASME,1967.
[19]伊东谊等.现代机床基础技术.北京:机械工业出版社,1987.
[20]F希柯贝格, J特鲁斯泰.机床结构.北京:机械工业出版社,1982.
[21]Whitehouse D J, Archard J F. The Properties of Random Surface of Significance in TheirContact.1970:97-121.
[22]沈萌红,全永昕.各向异性粗糙表面的接触性能研究.浙江大学学报：自然科学版,1990,24(5):647-654.
[23]张波,马骥.塑性接触对表面形貌的影响.浙江大学学报：自然科学版,1992,26(2):218-223.
[24]饶柱石,夏松波.粗糙平面接触刚度的研究.机械强度,1994,16(2):72-75.
[25]袁景侠. HIBERT变换识别结构非线性.大连工学院学报,1988(28):51-57.
[26]张学玲,唐毅,徐燕申.用实验模态与有限元方法识别结合面接触刚度的方法.组合机床与自动化加工技术,2005(11):60-62.
[27]童忠钫,张杰.机床固定结合面动力学建模问题.振动与冲击,1994(3):15-22.
[28]王世军,张广鹏,黄玉美.机床导轨结合部动态特性的有限元分析方法.制造技术与机床,2004(5):54-56.
[29]张学良,徐格宁,温淑花.机械结合面静动态特性研究回顾及展望.太原重型机械学院学报,2002(3):276-281.
[30]张广鹏,王海丽,胡兆燕等.基于结合面基础特性参数的机床导轨结合部动态特性解析方法.江苏机械制造与自动化,2001(4):72-75.
[31]张学良,黄玉美,傅卫平等.机械结合面阻尼参数识别的一种方法.西安理工大学学报,1999(1):100-102.
[32]张学良,黄玉美,温淑华.机床结合面静态基础特性参数的建模及其应用.制造技术与机床,1997(11):8-10.
[33]M Y. Computer Aided Design Imorovement of Machine Tool Structure IncorporatingJoint Dunamic Date. Annals of CIRP,1979(1):241-246.
[34]杨家华,陈为福,黄旭东,等.机床床身立柱结合面参数识别的研究.北京工业大学学报,1999(1):44-49.
[35]杨萍,刘光良,许庆余.机械结构结合面物理参数的一种识别方法.机械研究与应用,1999(S1):3-4.
[36]彭泽民,刘晓平,徐燕申等.机械结构结合面阻尼参数识别的研究.振动与冲击,1995(3):61-65.
[37]黄玉美，张学良.机械结合部动态特性参数识别的优化方法.太原重型机械学院学报,1995(4):314-318.
[38]佟浚贤,黄玉美,董立新等.机械平面结合部静特性的研究及其在机床CAD中的应用.工程力学,1995(1):66-71.
[39]赵宏林,丁庆新,曾鸣,等.机床结合部特性的理论解析及应用机械工程学报,2008(12):208-214.
[40]郭显平.机床固定结合部动力学建模及影响因素研究[华中科技大学硕士学位论文，华中科技大学，2008.
[41]吕建新,郑启超,林国成.螺栓联接中被联接件的刚度及结合面压应力分布.机械工程师,1998(5):13-14.
[42]徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程（第三版）.北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[43]佟浚贤，黄玉美，傅卫平.获取结合面实用切向阻尼参数的方法.西安理工大学学报,1996(1):1-5.
[44]刘启伟.基于ANSYS的螺栓固定结合面建模方法研究.东北大学机械制造及其自动化,2008.
[45]徐强.机床双螺栓固定结合面单元动力学参数识别[华中科技大学机硕士学位论文].华中科技大学,2009.
[46]陈新,孙庆鸿等.基于接触单元的磨床螺栓连接面有限元建模与模型修正.中国机械工程,2001,12(5):524-526.
[47]宋森熠.机械结合面微观作用机理初探及应用[昆明理工大学硕士学位论文].昆明理工大学,2009.
[48]张兴朝.基于有限元分析的模块化数控机床结构动态设计研究[天津大学硕士学位论文].天津大学,2001.
[49]温煕森等.机械系统动态分析理论与应用.国防科技大学出版社,1998.