后碰撞背景下火山岩储层成因机制
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摘要
准噶尔盆地石炭系发育广泛的火山岩,近期在克拉美丽山前滴西地区巴山组取得重大油气突破,标志着该区火山岩具有良好的油气勘探前景。
     基于10口井共420.5m岩芯、1000余块薄片观察与鉴定,查明了滴西地区石炭系火山岩主要包括次火山岩、火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩及火山沉积岩等多种类型,主要岩性有正长斑岩、玄武岩、粗面岩、火山角砾岩、火山凝灰岩、沉火山角砾岩和沉火山凝灰岩等。通过对火山熔岩与次火山岩的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征分析,发现玄武岩、粗面岩和正长斑岩具有相同或者相似的稀土元素配分模式和微量元素组合特点,证实它们具有同源性,岩浆可能起源于亏损地幔且有下地壳物质参与的源区。玄武质岩浆在演化过程中可能经历了辉石、斜长石、钛铁矿、磷灰石等矿物的分离结晶作用后形成了粗面岩。结合正长斑岩多次侵入粗面岩、粗面质火山角砾岩及沉凝灰岩的特点,表明正长斑岩属于次火山岩体。
     挑选结晶程度好、蚀变程度弱的正长斑岩采用LA-ICP-MS方法对具有韵律环带的锆石进行同位素年代测定,其平均谐和年龄为343.2±4.0Ma,显示出该区火山岩形成时代为早石炭世维宪阶,与区域上卡拉麦里洋闭合后的时限大致相当。结合该区微量元素的特征,表明火山岩形成于主碰撞期与板内期之间的后碰撞环境。后碰撞背景的伸展作用导致该区发生C1b1、C1b2、C1b3共有三期火山活动,形成以宁静溢流、强烈爆发方式为主,且伴随超浅成侵入的系列火山岩组合,其空间分布具有自西北向东南方向,岩性由基性向酸性依次过渡的特点,暗示了后碰撞背景岩浆作用具有继承性、阶段性和方向性。
     依据火山作用强度及喷发环境,结合岩石结构构造特征,遵循岩浆不同阶段的演化规律,将火山岩原生储集空间形成与演化分为四个阶段,认为“岩浆房”内结晶的斑晶矿物的解理缝、双晶缝是后期原生和次生孔缝形成发育的基础;岩浆喷溢地表与冷凝成岩阶段是形成原生孔缝的主要时期,结晶速度快慢是影响不同类型原生孔缝形成的关键;岩浆期后热液阶段主要是通过低温矿物的充填作用减少原生孔缝,其形成产物是次生作用最易改造的对象;综合该区埋藏史、生烃史及构造演化史,查明了次火山岩、火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩储集空间演化规律:海西中期后碰撞环境多次伸展-挤压的构造背景决定了火山作用具有多阶段性特点,是喷出地表的火山岩遭受多次暴露发生风化淋滤作用的前提;燕山早期烃源岩的第一次成熟和燕山中晚期裂解生气并伴随大量的溶蚀成岩作用,是形成次生储集空间的主要阶段;印支和燕山构造运动导致的构造裂隙,是构成优质火山岩储集空间组合的关键。
     研究区储集物性和孔隙结构统计特征显示,滴西地区火山岩为中~较高孔隙度、低~特低渗储层,火山碎屑岩及次火山岩的孔隙结构最优,火山熔岩次之,火山沉积岩最差。综合储层分级评价标准,认为研究区以Ⅲ类最发育(约占57.75%),次为Ⅱ类(37.72%),极少量Ⅰ类(4.53%)。依据各区块储层横向上变化特点,滴西17井区储层主要分布在C1b32中上部,以Ⅲ类为主,其分布与岩性岩相具有良好的相关性:滴西14井区储层主要分布在C1b22、C1b11中上部,以Ⅱ类为主,横向呈连续层状分布;滴西18井区储层主要分布在C1b21,以Ⅲ类储层为主,分布受火山岩体和断裂共同控制;滴西10井区储层主要分布在C1b31、C1b32的中上部和C1b21的上部,以Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层为主。平面上,各类储层均呈现孤立不连片状展布。
     后碰撞伸展~挤压环境下的火山岩储层具有独特性,构造演化背景与后期构造作用类型共同制约着滴西地区石炭系火山岩储层的形成与演化。从火山岩形成背景入手进行该类储层形成机制的探讨,查明火山岩储层分布特点和规律,丰富火山岩储层成因理论,为其它同类型油气藏的勘探和开发提供借鉴意义。
There are widespread carboniferous volcanic rocks in Junggar basin. Recently, an important industrial gas has been developed from the Bashan formation volcanic rocks in Dixi area nearby Kelameili Mountain, which reveals a bright future for exploration in these volcanic rocks.
     Based on total420.5m drilling cores inspection in10wells and more than1000thin section analyses in Dixi area, we found that types of carboniferous volcanic rocks in Dixi area include mainly subvolcano rocks, volcanic lava, volcaniclastic rocks and volcanic sedimentary rocks, which subdivided into syenite porphyry, basalt, trachyte, volcanic breccia, tuff, sed-volcanic breccia and sedimentary tuff. The characteristics of major elements, trace elements and REE in the volcanic lava and subvolcano rocks show that basalt, trachyte and syenite porphyry have the same or similar REE patterns and combination feature of trace elements, which suggest that they are homology. Magma may originate from the depleted mantle which mixed with lower crustal material. Basaltic magma may have experienced the fractional crystallization of pyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite, apatite and other minerals to form trachyte. Consociated with the fact that syenite porphyry invade repeatedly into trachyte, trachytic volcanic breccia and sedimentary tuff, it is shown that trachyte belongs to subvolcanic body.
     This paper reports a343.2±4.0Ma age of syenite porphyry by LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology. It can be concluded that the time of Bashan formation is Visean in the early carboniferous, which is after the time about the closure of Kalamaili Ocean. Combined with the characteristic of trace element, the volcanic rocks formed under the post-collisional setting between collision and intra-plate period. Three stages of volcanic activity broke out under the post-collision extension setting, forming volcanic rocks series of quite overflow and strong outbreak, also with ultra-shallow intrusive. From the northwest to the southeast, types of volcanic rock change from the mafic gradually to the acid. Their distribution in space show that the post-collisional magmatism has the successive, periodical and orientational properties.
     According to the influencing factors such as environment and intensity of eruption, and in combination with texture and structure of rocks, following the evolution features of magma at different stages, the formation and evolution of primary reservoir spaces is divided into four stages:"magma chamber" stage, outpouring surface stage, diagenetic stage of condensation and deuteric hydrothermal stages. It's believed that the cleavage crack and twinning striation of crystallized phenocryst minerals in "magma chamber" are the foundation of primary and secondary reservoir spaces. The outpouring surface stage and diagenetic stage of condensation are the main periods to form primary apertures, and the speed of crystallization plays a key role in the formation of different types of primary reservoir spaces. The hydrothermal stage reduces the primary apertures by the filling of low-temperature minerals, but the products are the best reshaped objects during the secondary processes.Combined with the history of burial, hydrocarbon generation and tectonic evolution, the evolution rules of reservoir spaces in subvolcano rock, volcanic lava and volcaniclastic rock is found as follows: Several times of extension and extrusion under post-collisional setting in middle hercynian formed the multi-stage characteristics of volcanism. And this is the premise of volcanic rock undergoing multiple exposures with weathering and leaching. The first mature time of source rocks in early Yanshanian and the saturated hydrocarbons cracking into gas in middle-late Yanshanian was the main stage of forming secondary reservoir spaces with a large number of dissolution. Structural fracture formed in Indo-china and Yanshan tectonic movement was the key factor to constitute the excellent combination of volcanic reservoir space.
     Statistics characteristics of physical property and pore configuration show that the volcanic rock reservoir is middle-higher in porosity and low-lower in permeability in Dixi area. The pore configuration in pyroclastic rocks and subvolcano rock is the best, followed by volcanic lava, and volcanic sedimentary rock is the worst. According to the standard of reservoir classification evaluation, the most developed one is type Ⅲ (approximately57.75%), type I is in a very small amount (only4.53%) and type Ⅱ is between them (37.72%). The characteristic of reservior variation in transverse reveals that there are mainly type III distributing in middle-upper part of C1b3-in Dixi17well area, and its distribution is controlled by the lithology and lithofacies. The reservior in Dixi14well area is mainly distributing in C1b22and middle-upper part of C1b11,showing type Ⅱ reservior and continuous layered distribution in transverse. In Dixi18well area, the reservior controlled by the intrusive body and fault is mainly type III distributing in C1b21.In Dixi10well area, the reservior is mainly type II and III distributing in C1b31, middle-upper part of C1b32and the upper part of C1b21. Various types of reservoir on the plane show the characteristic of isolated and not-contiguous distribution.
     The volcanic rock reservior in extension and extrusion under post-collisional setting is unique. The formation and evolution of Carboniferous volcanic rock reservior in Dixi area is controlled by the background of tectonic evolution and the types of tectonism. Investigation in volcanic reservoir formation mechanism from the volcanic rock tectonic setting can reveal the distribution and discipline of reservoir, can perfect the theory of volcanic reservoirs, and can also provide a reference for the same type of oil-gas reservoir exploration and development in some other areas.
引文
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