半干旱黄土高原地区不同干预方式下撂荒地演替植被生物量与土壤物化性质变化
|
摘要
退耕还草是半干旱黄土高原地区改善生态环境的重要途径,但如何还草促进植被恢复是一个重要的科学问题。我们对退耕后的撂荒地进行了不同的人工辅助恢复手段以探讨寻求有效途径来促进生态环境的恢复和改善。从2003年4月起对退耕撂荒地进行3个处理：(1)撂荒地自然恢复；(2)在撂荒地中引入两年生豆科植物草木樨(Melilotus officianalis);(3)在撂荒地中引入多年生的豆科植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)。
实验期间(2003-2008),自然恢复的地上生物量不稳定,年际间波动很大,0-500 cm土壤含水量显著增加。到了2008年,土壤pH值和土壤容重(0-20 cm和20-40 cm)显著下降,水稳性团聚体含量和颗粒直径>0.25mm的土壤团聚体含量显著增加。在大(>0.25 mm)、中(0.05mm<<0.25mm)、小(<0.05 mm)团聚体组分中,土壤有机碳(SOC)含量均表现为增加趋势,土壤全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量变化不显著,速效磷(AP)含量明显降低。2003-2008年表层0-20cm的土壤SOC、轻组碳(LFOC)和TN的含量成增加趋势,并与自然恢复年限成正相关(R=0.659**,R=0.939***,R=0.709**)。土壤TN与LFOC呈显著正相关(R=0.515*)。土壤碳磷比(C／P)(土壤有机碳与和速效磷的比值)和土壤微生物碳含量(MBC)显著增加。其中,MBC与SOC(R=0.832*)和LFOC (R=0.839*)表现为正相关性,与AP(P=—0.826*)含量呈负相关。
引入两年生豆科植物草木樨的撂荒地地上生物量在2005年显著低于实验期间其他年份。实验期间,土壤0-500 cm含水量呈增加趋势。土壤pH值和容重(0-20cm和20-40 cm)与实验初期相比呈下降趋势。水稳性团聚体含量增加显著。除速效磷含量外,不同组分团聚体中土壤有机碳、全氮呈增加趋势。2003-2008期间每年4月份土壤SOC和TN表现出先增长后下降的趋势,且在2005年达到最大值。LFOC呈增长趋势并与草木樨地年限成正相关性(R=0.702**)。土壤C／N比在2005年显著下降,其他年份间差异不显著。在耕地中引入两年生豆科植物之后,MBC含量增加显著并与SOC (R=0.838*)、TN (R=0.831*)呈显著正相关性。
在紫花苜蓿人工草地中,地上生物量表现为增加趋势,并且与生长年限呈正相关性(R=0.817*)。试验期间,苜蓿地0-500 cm的土壤含水量下降非常显著,其中100cm以下的土壤含水量与苜蓿生长年限呈负相关(R=—0.79***)并形成土壤干层；苜蓿地的土壤pH值和土壤容重(0-20 cm和20-40 cm)均显著下降。此外,水稳性团聚体百分含量和直径>0.25 mm范围内的土壤团聚体含量均呈显著增长。在不同团聚体组分中,除了AP含量显著下降外,SOC和TN含量都显著增加。实验期间,苜蓿地每年4月0-20cm的土壤SOC和LFOC含量显著增加,且与苜蓿生长年限成正相关性(R=0.654**,R=0.920***)；土壤TN显著增加,并与苜蓿生长年限以及LFOC成显著正相关(R=0.576*,R=0.562*),土壤碳氮比(C／N)无显著变化；AP含量下降非常显著,土壤中C／P显著增加。种植紫花苜蓿后,MBC显著增加且与SOC(R=0.949**,P<0.01)、LFOC(R=0.966***)和TN(R=0.838*)含量呈正相关,与土壤速效磷(R=—0.986**)含量呈显著负相关性。
2003-2008年期间,自然恢复下0-500 cm的土壤水分含量显著高于草木樨地和苜蓿草地；同草木樨地不同,自然恢复和苜蓿草地土壤SOC和TN在实验期间表现为稳定增长,且随着实验年限的增加自然恢复和苜蓿草地土壤SOC和TN含量均高于草木樨地。总之,在撂荒地中引入豆科植物,地上植被生物量以及土壤物理性质均能显著改善,但苜蓿在生长过程中对土壤深层水分消耗过大并在100cm以下形成土壤干层不利于草地的可持续性,草木樨对土壤水分、养分的改善效果不显著。因此,同引入豆科植物的撂荒地相比,自然恢复有利于改善土壤深层水分和土壤养分,进而促进黄土高原农业的可持续发展。
It was important way to improve the ecosystem after conversion of farmland for forest and grassland Regeneration. However, it is hard for us to select which species and how to restore the plant cover after the farmland was abandoned. To improve the ecosystem and develop sustainable agriculture, this experiment was designed. In April 2003, cropland was enclosed and three treatments were implemented:(1) natural regeneration (NR); (2) the perennial legume species alfalfa (Medicago sativa Linn.) (AF); and (3) the biennial legume species sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Linn.) (SF).
In NR, the aboveground biomass was unstable and significantly differed among years in the experiment. Beside these, the soil water content at depth of 0-500 cm increased significantly. Compared to 2003, the soil pH and soil bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased significantly, and the soil water-stable aggregates in >0.25 mm category increased significantly in 2008; Moreover, in the large soil aggregates (with diameter in>0.25 mm class) (LSA), middle soil aggregates (with diameter in 0.25-0.05 mm class) (MSA) and small soil aggregates (with diameter in <0.05 mm class)(SSA), the soil organic carbon (SOC) increased significantly, and the total nitrogen (TN) and total soil phosphorus (TP) were no significant differences; meanwhile, the soil available phosphorus (AP) decreased significantly in all aggregates classes in 2008. During the experiment, the content of SOC, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) and TN increased, and a positive correlation was existed between SOC, LFOC and TN and the growth years (the values of R was:R=0.659**, R=0.939***, R=0.709**, respectively). During the experiment, the values of SOC to AP (C/AP) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) increased, and the MBC was positively correlated with SOC (R=0.832*) and LFOC(R=0.839*), negatively correlated with AP (R=-0.826*).
In SF, the aboveground biomass was stable except 2005 in the experiment. The soil water content in 0-500 cm increased significant in the experiment. During the experiment, the soil pH and bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased but the water-stable soil aggregates increased significantly. In all the soil aggregates classes, the SOC and TN increased. In the experiment, the SOC and TN increased and reached the maximum values in 2005 and then declined. The C/N ratios decreased significantly in 2005 then increased; the LFOC increased and was correlated with the growth years (R=0.702**); The values of soil C/AP increased. Meanwhile, the soil MBC increased significantly in the experiment, and a positive correlationship existed between MBC and SOC (R=0.838*, P<0.05), TN (R=0.831*, P<0.05).
In AF, the aboveground biomass increased and a positive correlation-ship existed between the aboveground biomass and the growth year(R=0.817*) during the experiment; the soil water content in 0-500 cm decreased significantly, especially below 100 cm, a negative correlation-ship existed between the soil water content and growth year (R=-0.79***) and a permanent dry soil layer formed as the alfalfa lasted more than five years. During the experiment, the soil pH and bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased significantly; Additionally, the water-stable aggregates, soil aggregates in>0.25 mm class and SOC in LSA, MSA and SSA all increased significantly; AP in all soil aggregates categories decreased significantly in the experiment. During the experiment, there was a positive correlation between SOC, LFOC and the growth years (The values of R were:R=0.654**, R=0.920***, respectively); TN increased significantly and was positive correlated with the growth years and LFOC (The values of R were:R=0.576*, R=0.562*, respectively); the soil AP decreased significantly. In experiment, the C/AP and MBC increased significantly. Beside these, the MBC was positively correlated with SOC (R=0.949**) and TN (R=0.838*), and negatively correlated with AP (R=-0.986**).
Compared to SF and AF, the soil water in NR at depth of 0-500 cm was higher, which was help to improve the deep soil water. The SOC and TN in NR and AF increased steadily and were higher than SF in April 2008. Above all, the aboveground biomass and soil physical properties had been improved after the legume species introduced into the cropland in the experiment. However, the AF extracted amount of soil water during its growth and formed a dry layer below 100 cm; the SF did not help to improve the soil nutrients. Therefore, the NR was the best way to improve the deep soil water and soil qualtiy, helped to develop the sustainable agriculture.
实验期间(2003-2008),自然恢复的地上生物量不稳定,年际间波动很大,0-500 cm土壤含水量显著增加。到了2008年,土壤pH值和土壤容重(0-20 cm和20-40 cm)显著下降,水稳性团聚体含量和颗粒直径>0.25mm的土壤团聚体含量显著增加。在大(>0.25 mm)、中(0.05mm<<0.25mm)、小(<0.05 mm)团聚体组分中,土壤有机碳(SOC)含量均表现为增加趋势,土壤全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量变化不显著,速效磷(AP)含量明显降低。2003-2008年表层0-20cm的土壤SOC、轻组碳(LFOC)和TN的含量成增加趋势,并与自然恢复年限成正相关(R=0.659**,R=0.939***,R=0.709**)。土壤TN与LFOC呈显著正相关(R=0.515*)。土壤碳磷比(C／P)(土壤有机碳与和速效磷的比值)和土壤微生物碳含量(MBC)显著增加。其中,MBC与SOC(R=0.832*)和LFOC (R=0.839*)表现为正相关性,与AP(P=—0.826*)含量呈负相关。
引入两年生豆科植物草木樨的撂荒地地上生物量在2005年显著低于实验期间其他年份。实验期间,土壤0-500 cm含水量呈增加趋势。土壤pH值和容重(0-20cm和20-40 cm)与实验初期相比呈下降趋势。水稳性团聚体含量增加显著。除速效磷含量外,不同组分团聚体中土壤有机碳、全氮呈增加趋势。2003-2008期间每年4月份土壤SOC和TN表现出先增长后下降的趋势,且在2005年达到最大值。LFOC呈增长趋势并与草木樨地年限成正相关性(R=0.702**)。土壤C／N比在2005年显著下降,其他年份间差异不显著。在耕地中引入两年生豆科植物之后,MBC含量增加显著并与SOC (R=0.838*)、TN (R=0.831*)呈显著正相关性。
在紫花苜蓿人工草地中,地上生物量表现为增加趋势,并且与生长年限呈正相关性(R=0.817*)。试验期间,苜蓿地0-500 cm的土壤含水量下降非常显著,其中100cm以下的土壤含水量与苜蓿生长年限呈负相关(R=—0.79***)并形成土壤干层；苜蓿地的土壤pH值和土壤容重(0-20 cm和20-40 cm)均显著下降。此外,水稳性团聚体百分含量和直径>0.25 mm范围内的土壤团聚体含量均呈显著增长。在不同团聚体组分中,除了AP含量显著下降外,SOC和TN含量都显著增加。实验期间,苜蓿地每年4月0-20cm的土壤SOC和LFOC含量显著增加,且与苜蓿生长年限成正相关性(R=0.654**,R=0.920***)；土壤TN显著增加,并与苜蓿生长年限以及LFOC成显著正相关(R=0.576*,R=0.562*),土壤碳氮比(C／N)无显著变化；AP含量下降非常显著,土壤中C／P显著增加。种植紫花苜蓿后,MBC显著增加且与SOC(R=0.949**,P<0.01)、LFOC(R=0.966***)和TN(R=0.838*)含量呈正相关,与土壤速效磷(R=—0.986**)含量呈显著负相关性。
2003-2008年期间,自然恢复下0-500 cm的土壤水分含量显著高于草木樨地和苜蓿草地；同草木樨地不同,自然恢复和苜蓿草地土壤SOC和TN在实验期间表现为稳定增长,且随着实验年限的增加自然恢复和苜蓿草地土壤SOC和TN含量均高于草木樨地。总之,在撂荒地中引入豆科植物,地上植被生物量以及土壤物理性质均能显著改善,但苜蓿在生长过程中对土壤深层水分消耗过大并在100cm以下形成土壤干层不利于草地的可持续性,草木樨对土壤水分、养分的改善效果不显著。因此,同引入豆科植物的撂荒地相比,自然恢复有利于改善土壤深层水分和土壤养分,进而促进黄土高原农业的可持续发展。
It was important way to improve the ecosystem after conversion of farmland for forest and grassland Regeneration. However, it is hard for us to select which species and how to restore the plant cover after the farmland was abandoned. To improve the ecosystem and develop sustainable agriculture, this experiment was designed. In April 2003, cropland was enclosed and three treatments were implemented:(1) natural regeneration (NR); (2) the perennial legume species alfalfa (Medicago sativa Linn.) (AF); and (3) the biennial legume species sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Linn.) (SF).
In NR, the aboveground biomass was unstable and significantly differed among years in the experiment. Beside these, the soil water content at depth of 0-500 cm increased significantly. Compared to 2003, the soil pH and soil bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased significantly, and the soil water-stable aggregates in >0.25 mm category increased significantly in 2008; Moreover, in the large soil aggregates (with diameter in>0.25 mm class) (LSA), middle soil aggregates (with diameter in 0.25-0.05 mm class) (MSA) and small soil aggregates (with diameter in <0.05 mm class)(SSA), the soil organic carbon (SOC) increased significantly, and the total nitrogen (TN) and total soil phosphorus (TP) were no significant differences; meanwhile, the soil available phosphorus (AP) decreased significantly in all aggregates classes in 2008. During the experiment, the content of SOC, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) and TN increased, and a positive correlation was existed between SOC, LFOC and TN and the growth years (the values of R was:R=0.659**, R=0.939***, R=0.709**, respectively). During the experiment, the values of SOC to AP (C/AP) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) increased, and the MBC was positively correlated with SOC (R=0.832*) and LFOC(R=0.839*), negatively correlated with AP (R=-0.826*).
In SF, the aboveground biomass was stable except 2005 in the experiment. The soil water content in 0-500 cm increased significant in the experiment. During the experiment, the soil pH and bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased but the water-stable soil aggregates increased significantly. In all the soil aggregates classes, the SOC and TN increased. In the experiment, the SOC and TN increased and reached the maximum values in 2005 and then declined. The C/N ratios decreased significantly in 2005 then increased; the LFOC increased and was correlated with the growth years (R=0.702**); The values of soil C/AP increased. Meanwhile, the soil MBC increased significantly in the experiment, and a positive correlationship existed between MBC and SOC (R=0.838*, P<0.05), TN (R=0.831*, P<0.05).
In AF, the aboveground biomass increased and a positive correlation-ship existed between the aboveground biomass and the growth year(R=0.817*) during the experiment; the soil water content in 0-500 cm decreased significantly, especially below 100 cm, a negative correlation-ship existed between the soil water content and growth year (R=-0.79***) and a permanent dry soil layer formed as the alfalfa lasted more than five years. During the experiment, the soil pH and bulk density in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm decreased significantly; Additionally, the water-stable aggregates, soil aggregates in>0.25 mm class and SOC in LSA, MSA and SSA all increased significantly; AP in all soil aggregates categories decreased significantly in the experiment. During the experiment, there was a positive correlation between SOC, LFOC and the growth years (The values of R were:R=0.654**, R=0.920***, respectively); TN increased significantly and was positive correlated with the growth years and LFOC (The values of R were:R=0.576*, R=0.562*, respectively); the soil AP decreased significantly. In experiment, the C/AP and MBC increased significantly. Beside these, the MBC was positively correlated with SOC (R=0.949**) and TN (R=0.838*), and negatively correlated with AP (R=-0.986**).
Compared to SF and AF, the soil water in NR at depth of 0-500 cm was higher, which was help to improve the deep soil water. The SOC and TN in NR and AF increased steadily and were higher than SF in April 2008. Above all, the aboveground biomass and soil physical properties had been improved after the legume species introduced into the cropland in the experiment. However, the AF extracted amount of soil water during its growth and formed a dry layer below 100 cm; the SF did not help to improve the soil nutrients. Therefore, the NR was the best way to improve the deep soil water and soil qualtiy, helped to develop the sustainable agriculture.
引文
Abubakar, S.M.,1996. Rehabilitation of degraded lands by means of fallowing in a semi-arid area of northern Nigeria. Land degradation & Development 7, 133-144.
Adams, T.M. and Adams, S.N.,1983. The effects of liming and soil pH on carbon and nitrogen contained in the soil biomass. Journal of Agricultural Science 101, 553-558.
Alvarez, C.R., Alvarez, R., Grigera, M.S., Lavado, R.S.,1998. Associations between organic matter fractions and the active soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30 (6),767-773.
Anderson, D.W., Coleman, D.C.,1985. The dynamics of organic matter in grassland soils. Journal of Soil and Water Cons.40,211-216.
Baijukya, F.P., de Ridder, N., Giller, K.E.,2006. Nitrogen release from decomposing residues of leguminous cover cropsand their effect on maize yield on depleted soils of Bukoba District, Tanzania. Plant and Soil 279,77-93.
Barber, S.A.,1959. The influence of alfalfa, bromegrass, and corn on soil aggregation and crop yield. Soil Sci. Am. Proc.23,258-259.
Batjes, N.H.,1996. The total C and N in soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science 47,151-163.
Bekker, R.M., Bakker, J.P., Thompson, K.,1997. Dispersal of plant species in time and space:can nature development rely on soil seed banks and dispersal? In: Cooper, A., Power, J. (Eds.), Species dispersal and land use processes. Proceeding of the 6th IALE conference. International Association of landscape Ecology, Aberdeen, pp.247-255.
Bezemer, T.M., Lawson, C.S., Hedlund, K., Edwards, A.R., Brook, A.J., Igual, J.M., Mortimer, S.R., Van Der Putten, W.H.,2006. Plant species and functional group effects on abiotic and microbial soil properties and plant-soil feedback responses in two grasslands. Journal of Ecology 94,893-904.
Binkley, D.,1995. The influence of tree species on forest soils:process and patterns. Pages 1-33 in Mead D.J. and Cornforth I.S., editors. Proceeding of the trees and soil workshop, Lincoln University,1994. Agronomy Society of New Zealand Special Publication Number 10, Lincoln University Press, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Bissonnals, Y.L.E.,1996. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility:theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 425-437.
Boix-Fayos, C., Calvo-Cases, A., Imeson, A.C., Soriano-Soto, M.D.,2001. Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators. Catena 44,47-67.
Brown, V.K., Gange, A.C.,1989. Differential effects of above-and belowground insect herbivoryduring early plant succession. Oikos 54,67-76.
Bruulsema, T.W., Christie, B.R.1987. Nitrogen contribution to succeeding corn from alfalfa and red clover. Agron. J.79,96-100.
Caporali, F., Onnis, A.,1992. Validity of rotation as an effective agroecological principle for a sustainable agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 41,101-113.
Carlsson, G, Huss-Danell, K.,2003. Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field. Plant and Soil 253,353-372.
Carsky, R.J., Oyewole, B., Tian, G,1999. Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa:legume rotation and fertilizer N. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 55,95-105.
Carter, M.R.,1986. Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen in solonezetic soils: Influence of gypsum and lime amendments. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 531-537.
Carter, M.R., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D.A., et al.,1998. OrganicC and N storage, and organic C fractions. in adjacent cul—tivated and forested soils of eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research 47,253-261.
Celik, I.,2005. Land-use effects on organic matter and physical properties of soil in a southern Mediterranean highland of Turkey. Soil & Tillage Research 83,
270-277.
Cerda, A.,1998. Soil aggregate stability under different Mediterranean vegetation types. Catena 32,73-86.
Cerda, A.,2000. Aggregate stability against water forces under different climates on agricultural land and scrubland in southern Bolivia. Soil & Tillage Research 57, 159-166.
Chapman, G..P.,1992. Desertified grassland. London:Academic Press, pp8-12
Cheng, J.M., Wan, H.E., Wang, J.,2005. Alfalfa growth and its relation with soil water status in loess hilly and gully region. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 16,435-438(in Chinese).
Chen, Y.Z., Luk, S.H.,1989. Sediment sources and recent changes in the sediment load of Yellow River, China. In:Rindwanich, S. (Ed.), Land Conservation for Future Generations. Proceedings of the 5th International Soil Erosion Conference, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand,18-29 January 1988. Department of Land Development, Bangkok, pp.313-323.
Chen, W.X.,1990. Soil Science and Environmental Microbiology. Beijing Agriculture University Press, Beijing, in Chinese.
Chistensen, B.T.,1992. Physical fraction of soil and organic matter in primary particle size and density separates. Adv. Soil Sci.20,2-9.
Chistensen, B.T.,2001. Physical fraction of soil and structural and fractional complexity in organic matter turnover. Euro. J. Soil Sci.52,345-353.
Collins, H.P., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K., Bundy, L.G., Dick, W.A., Huggins, D.R., Smucker, A.J.M., Paul, E.A.,2000. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in long-term corn belt agroecosystems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32,157-168.
Compton, J.E., Boone, R.D., Motzkin, G., Foster, D.R.,1998. Soil carbon and nitrogen in a pine-oak sand plain in central Massachusetts:Role of vegetation and land-use history. Oecologia 116,536-542.
Daily, G.G.,1995. Restoring value to the worlds degraded lands. Science 269, 350-354.
Dexter, A.R.,2004. Soil physical quality Part Ⅰ. Theory, effects of soil texture, density, and organic matter, and effects on root growth. Geoderma 120,201-214.
Doran, J.W., Parkin, T.B.1994. Defining and assessing soil quality. In:Doran J.W. eds. Defining Soil Quality for A Sustainable Environment. SSSA Spec. Publ.35. SSSA and ASA. Madison, WI. pp3-21
Fan, J., Hao, M.D., Shao, M.A.,2004. Soil desiccation and nitrogen consumption of artificial measow in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources 19,201-206 (In Chinese).
Fine, P.V.A., Mesones, I., Coley, P.D.,2004. Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science 305,663-665.
Franzluebbers, A.J.,2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil & Tillage Research 66,95-106.
Fraser, P.M., Williams, P.H., Haynes, R.J.,1996. Earthworm species, population size and biomass under different cropping systems across the Canterbuty Plains, New Zealand. Applied Soil Ecology 3,49-57.
Fu, X.L., Shao, M.A., Wei, X.R. and Horton, R.,2009. Effects of two perennial, fallow and millet on distribution of phosphorus in soil and biomass on sloping loess land, China. Catena 77,200-206.
Gao, L.,2005. Rules of runoff and sediment generation under different measures in Fuxing watershed of the fifth sub-region in loess hully-gully region. Science of Soil and Water Conservation 3,123-125(in Chinese with English abstract).
Givi, J., Prasher, S.O., Patel, R.M.,2004. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions in predicting the soil water contents at field capacity and wilting point. Agricultural Water Management 70,83-96.
Gregorich, E.G., Ellert, B.H.,1993. Light fraction and macroorganic matter in mineral soils. In:Carter, M.R. (Ed.), soil sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers, Division of CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.397-407
Gregorich, E.G., Cater, M.R., Angers, D.A., Monreal, C.M., Ellert, B.H.,1994. Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic-matter quality in agricultural soils. Canadian Jouranl of Soil Science 74,367-385.
Gregorich, E.G., Cater, M.R., Doran, J.W., Pankhurst, C.E., Dwyer, L.M.,1997. Biological attributes of soil quality. In:Greforich EG, Cater MR (ed) Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Elsevier, New York, pp.81-113.
Guo, L.B., Gifford, R.M.,2002. Soil carbon stocks and land use change:a meta analysis. Global Change Biology 8(4),345-354
Haddad, N.M., Tilman, D., Knops, J.,2002. Long-term oscillations in grassland productivity induced by drought. Ecology 5,110-120.
Haynes, R.J., Tregurtha, R.,1999. Effects of increasing periods under intensive arable vegetation production on biological, chemical and physical indices if soil quality. Boil. Fertil. Soils 28,259-266.
Haynes, R.J.,2000. Lable organic matter as an indicator of organic matter quality in arable and pastoral soils in New Zealand. Soil Biology & Biochemisty 32, 211-219.
Hesterman, O.B., Sheaffer, C.C., Barnes D.K., Lueschen W.E., Ford J.H.1986. Alfalfa dry matter and nitrogen production, and fertilizer nitrogen response in legume-corn rotations. Agron. J.78,19-23.
Hobbs, J.A.1987. Yields and protein contents of crop in various rotations. Agron. J., 79,832-836.
Houghton, R.A.,1994. The worldwide extent of land-use change. Bioscience 44, 305-313.
Hoyt, P.B., Leitch, R.H.,1983. Effects of forage legumes species on soil moisture, nitrogen and yields of barley crops. Can. J. Soil Sci.,63,125-136.
Huang, C.Y.,2000. Soil Science. China Agriculture Press, Beijing China, in Chinese.
Huang, Y, Liu, S., Shen, Q., Zong, L.,2002. Influence of environmental factors on the decomposition of organic carbon in agricultural soils. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 13,709-714 (In Chinese).
Imeson, A.C., Verstraten, J.M.,1985. The erodibility of highly calcareous soil material from southern spain. Catena 12,291-306.
Jaiyeoba, I.A.,1995. Changes in soil properties related to different land use in part of the Nigerian semi-arid Savannah. Soil Use and Management 11,84-89.
Janzen, H. H., Compbell, C. A., Brandt, S. A., Lafond, G. P., Townley-Smith L.,1992. Light fraction organic matter in soils from long-term crop rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56,1799-1806.
Janzen, H.H., Campbell, C.A., Gregorich, E.G., et al.1997. Soil carbon dynamics in Canadian agroecosystems. Lal R, et al. Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. Boca Raton:CRC Press,57-80.
Jia, Y., Li, F.M., Wang, X.L.,2006. Soil quality response to alfalfa watered with a field micro-catchment technique in the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research 95,64-74.
Jiang, H.M., Jiang, J.P., Jia, Y., Li, F.M., Xu, J.Zh.,2006. Soil carbon pool and effects of soil fertility in seeded alfalfa fields on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. Soil Biology & Biochemisty 38,2350-2358.
Johnson, A.H., Friedland, A.J., Miller, A.J. and Siccama, T.G,1994. Acid rain and the soils of the Adirondacks. Ⅲ. Rates of soil acidification in a montane spruce-fir forest at Whiteface Mountain, New York. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24,663-669.
Koutika, L.-S., Chone, Th., Andreux, F., Cerri, C.C.,2000. Carbon decomposition of the topsoils and soil fractions under forest and pasture in the western Brazillian Amazon Basin, Rond 6 nia. Biol. Fertil. Soils 30,284-287.
Kosmas, C., Gerontidis, S. and Marathianou, M.,2000. The effect of land use change on soils and vegetation over various lithological formation on Lesvos(Greece). Catena,40,51-68.
Lal, R., Follett, R.F., Kimble, J., et al.1999a. Management U. S. cropland to sequester carbon in soil. Journal of Soil and Water Cons.54,374-381.
Lal, R., Mokma, D., Lowery, B.,1999b. Relation between soil quality and erosion. In: Lal R et al. (ed) Soil Quality and Soil Erosion. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 237-259.
Lal, R.,2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climatechange and food security. Science 304,1623—1627.
Lauenroth, W. K., Sala, O.E.,1992. Long-term forage production of North American
shortgrass steppe. Ecological Applications 2,397-403.
Lauenroth, W.K., Burke, I.C., Gutmann, M.P.,1999. The structure and function of ecosystems in the Central North American grassland region. Great Plains Research 9,223-259.
Lawes, R.A., Oliver,Y.M., Robertson, M.J.,2009. Integrating the effects of climate and plant available soil water holding capacity on wheat yield. Field Crops Research 3,297-305.
Li, F.-M., Wang, T.C., Cao, J.,1998. Effect of organic matter on total amount and availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in loess soil of Northwest China. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29,947-953.
Li, F.M.,1999. On agricultural productivity and ecosystem's sustainability in semiarid areas of China. Resources Science 21,25-30 (in Chinese).
Li, F.M., Xu, J.Z., Sun, G.J.,2003. Restoration of degraded ecosystem and development of water-harvesting ecological agriculture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 23,1901-1909 (In Chinese).
Li, F.M., Song, Q.H., Jjemba, P.K., Shi, Y.C.,2004. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36,1893-1902.
Li, JinHua, Xu, Dang-Hui, Wang, Gang,2008. Weed inhibition by sowing legume species in early succession of abandoned fields on Loess Plateau, China. Acta Oecologica 33,10-14.
Li, X.Y., Gong, J.D.,2002. Compacted microcatchments with local earth materials for rainwater harvesting in the semiarid region of China. Journal of Hydrology 257, 134-144.
Li, Y.Y., Shao, M.A.,2006. Change of soil physical properties under long-term natural vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Arid Environment 64,77-96.
Li, Y,1983. The properties of water cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica 3,91-101(in Chinese).
Liu, C.A., Jin S.L., Zhou L.M., Jia Y, Li F.M., Xiong Y.C. and Li X.G.,2009. Effects
of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters. European Journal of Agronomy 3,241-249.
Liu, G., Xu, M., Ritsema, C.,2003. A study of soil surface characteristics in a small watershed in the hilly, gullied area on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Catena 54, 31-44.
Lopez-Bermudez, F., Romero-Diaz, A., Martinez-Fernandez, J.,1996. The EI Ardal field site:soil and vegetation cover. In:Brandt, J., Thornes, J. (Eds.), Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use. Wiley, pp.169-188.
Lopez-Bucio, J., Cruz-Ramirez, A. and Herrera-Estrella, L.,2003. The role of nutrient availability in regulating root architecture. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6, 280-287.
Malhi, S.S., Zentner, R.P., Heier, K.,2002. Effectiveness of alfalfa in reducing fertilizer N input for optimum forage yield, protein concentration, returns and energy performance of bromegrass-alfalfa mixtures. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62,219-227.
Ma, Z.Q.,2001. Vegetation in Shanxi province. China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, pp.1-301.
Marilyn, M.,2001. Deer Herbivory and Old-Field Succession. PhD Thesis. Southern Illinois University, USA.
Marrs, R.H.,1993. Soil fertility and nature conservation in Europe:theoretical considerations and practical management solutions. Adavances in Ecological Reserach 24,241-300.
Marquez, C.O., Cambardella, C.A., Isenhart, T.M., Schultz, R.C.,1999. Assessing soil quality in a riparian buffer by testing organic matter fractions in central Iowa, USA. Agroforestry Systems 44,133-140.
McGill, W.B., Cannon, K.R., Robertson, J.A. and Cook, F.D.,1986. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and water-soluble organic C in Breton L. after 50 years of cropping to two rotations. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66,1-19.
Mekuria, W., Veldkamp, E., Haile, M., Nyssen, J., Muys, B. and Gebrehiwot, K.,2007. Effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded soils as a result of overgrazing in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments 69,270-284.
Mendonca-Santos M.L., Minasny B., Mcbratney A.B.,2005. Predicao e mapeamento decapacidalde de retencao de agua do solo usando funcoes de pedotransferencia e modelagem quantitative. Anais do 30° Congresso Brasileiro de Ciencia do Solo.17-22 July 2005, Recife, Brazil, CD-ROM.
Mielnick, P.C., Dugas, W.A.,2000. Soil CO2 flux in a tallgrass prairie. Soil Biology & Biochenistry 32,221-228
Moore, J. M., Klose, S., Tabatabai, M.A.,2000. Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as affected by cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31, 200-210.
Mortenson, M.C., Schuman, G.E.,2004. Carbon Sequestration in Rangelands Interseeded with Yellow-Flowering Alfalfa (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata). Environmental Management 33 (Supplement 1), S475-S481
Mouazen, A.M., Ramon, H., Baerdemaeker, J.D.,2003. Modelling compaction from on-line measurement of soil properties and sensor draught. Precision Agriculture 4,203-212.
Neill, C., Piccolo, M.C., Cerri, C.C., Steudler, P.A., Melillo, J.M., Brito, M.,1997. Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates in soils following deforesatation for pasture across the southwestern Brazillian Amazon Basin landscape. Oecologia 110,243-252
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E.,1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In:Page AL et al. (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis; Part 2 2 nd ed. Agronomy Monograph, vol.9. American Socienty of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of American, Madison, WI, pp.539-579.
Neumann, G.. and Martinoia, E.,2002. Cluster roots-an underground adaptation for extreme environments. Trends in Plant Science 7,162-167.
Nobel, P.S.,1991. Physiochemical and Environment in the Soil-Root System. Berkeley:Blackwell.
Noellemeyer, E., Frank, F., Alvarez, C., Morazzo, G, Quiroga, A.,2008. Carbon contents and aggregation related to soil physical and biological properties under
a land-use sequence in the semiarid region of central Argentina. Soil & Till Research 99,179-190.
Oktem, A.,2008. Effect of water shortage on yield, and protein and mineral compositions of drip-irrigated sweet corn in sustainable agricultural systems. Agricultural water management.95,1003-1010.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., Dean, L.A.,1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circ.939, USDA, Washington, DC.
Post, W.M., Kwon, K.C.,2000. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Global Change Biology 6,317-327
Parr, J. F., Papendick, R. I., Hornick, S. B.,1992. Soil quality:Attributes and relationship to alternative and sustainable agriculture. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7,5-11.
Pastor, J., Aber, J.D., McClaugherty, C.A. and Melillo, J.M.,1984. Abovegound production and N and P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin. Ecology 65,256-268.
Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., Crist, S., Shpritz, L., Fitton, L., Saffouri, R. and Blair, R.,1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267, 1117-1123.
Pini, R., Paris, P., Benetti, A., Vigna Guidi, G., Pisanelli, A.,1999. Soil physical characteristics and understory management in a walnut (Juglans regia L.) plantation in central Italy. Agroforestry Systems 46,95-105.
Post, W.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P. J., et al.,1982. Soil carbonpools and world life zones. Nature 298,156-159.
Powlson, D.S., Prookes, P.C. and Christensen, B.T.,1987. Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation. Soil Biology & Biochemisty 19,159-164.
Puget, P., Chenu, C., Balesdent, J.,2000. Dynanics of soil organicmatter associated
with particle-size fractions of waterstableaggregstes. European Journal of soil science 51,595-605.
Reeves, D.W.,1997. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quqlity in continuous cropping systems. Soil Tillage & Research.43,131-167.
Reid, R.S., Serneels, S., Nyabenge, M., Hanson, J.,2005. The changing face of pastoral systems in grass dominated ecosystem of Eastern Africa. In:Suttie JM, Reynolds SG and Batello C (ed) Grasslands of the World. FAO Plant Production and Protection Ser, No 34, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Ren, H., Peng, S.L.,1998. Restoration and rebuilding of degraded ecosystem. Youth Geography 3 (3),7-11.
Robertson, G.P., Bledsoe, C.S., Coleman, D.C., Sollins, P.,1999. Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York, pp75-77
Romkens, P.F.A.M., Van der Plicht, J., Hassink, J.,1999. Soil organic matter dynamics after the conversion of arable land to pasture. Biology and Fertility of Soils 28,277-284
Saggar, S., Yeates, G.W., Shepherd, T.G.,2001. Cultivation effects on soil biological properties, microfauna and organic matter dynamics in Eutric Gleysol and Gleyic Luvisol soils in New Zealand. Soil & Tillage Research 58,55-68.
Schachtman, D.P., Reid, R.J., Ayling, S.L.,1998. Phosphorus uptake by plants:from soil to cells. Plant Physiology 116,447-453.
Schlesinger, W.H.,1997. Biogeochemistry:an analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Sharma, P. K., Aggarwal, G. C.,1984. Soil structure under different land uses. Catena 11,91—201.
Shi, Z.Y., Liu, W.Z., Guo, S.L., Li, F.M.,2003. Moilsture properties in soil profiles and their relation to landform at Zhonglianchuan watershed. Agricultural Research of Arid Areas 21,101-104 (In Chinese).
Silver, W.L., Kueppers, L.M., Lugo, A.E., Ostertag, R., Matzek, V.,2004. Carbon sequestration and plant community dynamics following reforestation of tropical
pasture. Ecological Applications 14,1115-1127.
Six, J., Paustian, K., Elliott, E.T. and Combrink, C.,2000. Soil Structure and Organic Matter:I. Distribution of Aggregate-Size Classes and Aggregate-Associated Carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64,681-689.
Solomon, D., Lehmann, J., Zech, W.,2000. Land use effects on soil organic matter properties of chromic luvisols in semi-arid northern Tanzania:carbon, nitrogen, lignin and carbohydrates. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 78, 203-213.
Sparling, G.P.,1992. Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon is a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30,195-207.
Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P., Bekker, R.M.,1997. Soil seed banks Nw Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tian, Y, Su, D.R., Li, F.R., Li, X.L.,2003. Effect of rainwater harvesting with ridge and furrow on yield of potato in semiarid areas. Field Crops Research.84, 385-391.
Tisdall, J.M., Oades, J.M.,1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science 33,141-163.
Vance, E. D.. Brookes, P.C., J enkinson, D. S.,1987. An extractionmethod for measuring soil microbial biomass. SoilBiology and Biochemistry 19,703-707.
Van der Putten, W.H., Mortimer, S.R., Hedlund, K., et al.,2000. Plant species diversity as a driver of early succession in abandoned fields:a multi-site approach. Oecologica 124,91-99.
Vitousek, P.M., Hooper, D.U.,1993. Biological diversity and terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry. In:Schulze, E.D., Mooney, H.A., (Ed.), Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp.3-14.
Voroney, R.P., Winter, J.P., Beyaert, R.P.,1993. Soil microbial biomass C and N. In: Carter, M.R. (ed) Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Lewis Publishers, Division of CRC Press, Boca Raton, F.L., pp.277-286.
UNEP.,1992. States of Desertification and Implemetion of United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification..
Unger, P.W.,1997. Management-induced aggregation and organic carbon concentrations in the surface layer of a Torrertic Pateustoll. Soil and Tillage Research 42,185-208.
Unger, P. W.,1997. Aggregate and organic carbon concentration interrelationships of a Torrertic Paleustoll. Soil and Tillage Research 42,95-113.
Wang, G.-H.,2002. Plant traits and soil chemical variables during a secondary vegetation succession in abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau. Acta Botanica Sinica 44 (8),990-998
Wang, J., Fu, B.J., Qiu, Y., Chen, L.,2003. Analysis on soil nutrient characteristics for sustainable land use in Dananggou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Catena 54,17-29.
Wang,, L., Shao, M.A., Hou, Q.C.,2001. The primary research on dried soil layer in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry 29,34-38 (In Chinese).
Wang, X. L., Li, F. M., Jia,Y., et al.,2005. Increasing potato yields with additional water and increased soil temperature. Agriculture Water Management 78,181— 194.
Wang, Y.J., Xie, Z.K., Malhi, S.S., Vera, C.L., Zhang, Y.B., Wang, J.N.,2009. Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Agricultural Water Management.96,374-383.
Warkentin, B.P.,1995. The changing concept of soil quality. Journal of Soil Water Conservation 50,226-228.
Wick, B., Kuhne, R.F., Vlek, P.L.G.,1998. Soil microbiological parameters as indicators of soil quality under improved fallow management system in south-western Nigeria. Plant and Soil 202,97-107.
Williams, R.J.B.,1970. Relationships between the composition of soils and physical measurements made on them. Report of Rothamsted Experimental Station, Pt 2, 5-35.
W u, T., Schoenau, J. J., Li, F., Malhi, S. S., et al.,2003. Effect of tillageand rotation on organic forms of chernozemic soils inSaskachwan. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166,328-335.
Xu, Q. F., Xu, J. M.,2003. Changes in soil carbon pools induced by substitution of plantation for native forest. Pedosphere 13(3),271—278.
Xue, Z.D., Hou, Q.C., Han, R.L., Wang, S.Q.,2002. Trails and research on ecological restoration by Sophora viciifolia in Gullied Rolling Loess Region. Journal of Northwest Forestry University 17,26-29.
Yang, J.J., Li, H.K. and Yan, W.H.,2004. The research on effect on alfalfa with sideward mulch. Shaanxi Agric. Sci.1,6-8 (in Chinese).
Zha, X., Tang, K.,2003. Change about soil erosion and soil properties in reclaimed forestland of loess hilly region. Acta Geographica Sinica 58,464-469.
Zhang, J.T., Qiu, Y., Cai, B.F., Zheng, F.Y.,2000. Succession analysis of plant communities in Yancun low-middle hills of Luliang Mountains. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment 9,34-39.
Zhang, B.C., Li, F.M., Huang, G.B, Cheng, Z.Y, Zhang, Y.H.,2006. Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area. Agricultural water management.79,28-42.
Zhao, Y.C., Wang, P., Li, J.L., Chen, Y.R., Ying, X.Z., Liu, S.Y.,2009. The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat-maize cropping system. European Journal of Agronomy 31, 36-42.
Zhao, W.Z., Xiao, H.L., Liu, Z.M., Li, J.,2005. Soil degradation and restoration as affected by land use change in the semiarid Bashang area, northern China. Catena 59,173-186.
Zhou, L.M., Li, F.M., Jin, S.L., Song, Y.J.,2009. How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water, soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research.113,41-47.
Zou, H.Y., Chen, J.M., Zhou, L.,1998. Natural recoverage succession and regulation
of the prairie vegetation on the Loess Plateau. Research of Soil and Water Conservation 5,126-138.
Whisenant, S.G.,1999. Repairing damaged wildlands. Cambridge (UK):Cambridge University Press(赵忠,译.受损自然生境修复学.北京：科学出版社,2008).
包兴国,1990。草木樨在甘肃河西灌漠土上的培肥改土效益。耕作与栽培,1990年4月,46-47。
陈伏生,2004。曾德慧,陈广生,等。开垦对草甸土有机碳的影响。土壤通报,33(4)：49—53。
董水丽,刘恩斌,2003。绿肥培肥新修梯田的效果研究。陕西农业科学,4,17-19。
高照良,李永红,徐佳,王珍珍,赵晶,郭文,宋慧斌,张兴昌,彭珂珊。黄土高原水土流失治理进展及其对策。科技和产业,9(10),1-12。
葛文华,魏怀芳,李勇,1991。草木樨生产力系列测定。中国草地,No 1,13-16。
傅伯杰,陈利顶,邱扬,王军,孟庆华,2002。黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤利用结构与生态过程。商务出版社,北京。
耿华珠,1995。中国苜蓿。北京,中国农业出版社。
巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,2004。黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响。应用生态学报,15(12)：2292—2296。
巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,虎陈霞,卫伟,2005。黄土丘陵小流域植被恢复的土壤养分效应研究。水土保持学报,19(1)：93-96。
韩建国,李鸿翔,马春晖,2000。施肥对草木樨生产性能的影响。草业学报,9(1)：15-16。
韩建国,韩永伟,孙铁军,2004。农牧交错带退耕还草对土壤有机质和氮的影响。草业学报,8：21—28。
郝明德,梁银丽,1998。长武农业生态系统结构、功能及调控原理与技术.北京：气象出版社,21-23。
何志明,1995。论紫花苜蓿在庆阳地区经济建设中的重要作用。草业科学,12(6)：50-52。
洪瑜,方晰,田大伦,2006。湘中丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤碳氮含量的特征。中南林学院学报,26(6)：9-16。
侯庆春,韩蕊莲,韩仕峰,1999。黄土高原人工草地“土壤干层”问题初探。中国水土保持,5：11-14。
黄昌勇,2000。土壤科学,中国农业出版社,北京。
贾松伟,何秀斌,陈云明,2004。黄土丘陵区退耕撂荒对土壤有机碳的积累及其活性的影响。水土保持学报,18(3)：78-84。
雷明德,1999。陕西植被。北京：科学出版社。
李凤民,赵松龄,段舜山,高世铭,冯波,1995。黄土高原半干旱区春小麦农田有限灌溉对策初探。应用生态学报,6(3)：259-264。
李凤民,1999。论我国半干旱区农业生产力与生态系统可持续发展。资源科学,21(5)：25-30。
李凤民,徐进章,2002。黄土高原半干旱区集水型生态农业分析。中国生态农业学报,10(1)：101-103。
李福岭,1993。鲁北滨海地区三县牧草引种,推广,草、粮、棉轮作初报。草业科学,1(10)：30-35。
李辉信,袁颖红,黄欠如,胡蜂,潘根兴,2006。不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分别的影响。土壤学报,3(43)：422-429。
李小刚,李银科,张平良,等,2007。土地利用方式对荒漠土壤有机碳和养分含量的影响。甘肃农业大学学报,4(2)：103—107。
李玉山,郭明航,董大学,1991。长武王东沟高效生态经济系统综合研究。北京：科学技术文献出版社。
李玉山,黄土高原治理开发与黄河断流的关系。水土保持通报,6(17)：41-45。
李玉山,2002。苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应。土壤学报,39(3)：404-411。
梁一民,李代琼,1990。沙打旺草地产量动态及水分利用研究。水土保持学报,3(4)：29-35。
廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘劭权,王海明,2005。三峡库区紫色土坡耕地不同利用方式的水土流失特征。水土保持研究,1(12)：159-161。
刘东生.黄土与环境,1985。北京：科学出版社,191-364;411。
刘连友,王建华,李小雁,1998。耕作土壤可蚀性颗粒的风洞模拟测定。科学通
报,43(15)：1663—1666。
刘世梁,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明,2006。岷江上游退耕还林与生态恢复的问题和对策。长江流域资源与环境,4(15)：506-510.
刘文兆,胡梦君,侯喜禄,李凤民,2003。半干旱黄土丘陵区小流域横断面土壤水分生态特征。干旱地区农业研究,21(4)：95-100。
马世均主编,1991。旱农学,农业出版社。
穆兴民,陈霁巍,1999。黄河断流人之过。科学,(3)：49-50。
南京农工大学,1996。土壤农化分析。中国农业出版社,北京。
彭少麟,2003。热带亚热带恢复生态学研究与实践。科学出版社,北京。
潘根兴,李恋卿,张旭辉,2002。土壤有机碳库与全球变化研究的若干前沿问题——兼开展中国水稻土有机碳固定研究的建议。南京农业大学学报,25(3)：100—109。
潘根兴,2000。地球表层系统土壤学。北京：地质出版社,47—49。
任志远,张艳芳,2003。土地利用变化与生态安全评价,科学出版社。
山仑,刘忠民,辛业权,邓西平,马国忠,1992。宁夏山区田草轮作研究：工不同轮作方式的生产力及效益。水土保持学报,6(4)：60-68。
山仑,陈国良,1993。黄土高原旱地农业的理论与实践。北京：科学出版社。
上官周平,彭珂珊,彭琳,1999。黄土高原粮食生产与可持续发展研究。西安：陕西人民出版社。
宿庆瑞,1998。东北玉米主产区玉米、草木樨间种轮作农牧结合综合效益的研究。中国草地,No 4：17-20。
苏永中,赵哈林,2003。持续放牧和围封对科尔沁退化沙地草地碳截存的影响。环境科学,24(4)：23—28。
谭超夏,李继云,1957。晋南的苜蓿栽培与轮作。农业学报,8(3)：314-327。
汤洁,李月芬,林年丰,郭平,杨有德,2004。应用生物技术改良退化土壤的效果——以黄花草木樨改良盐碱化土壤为例。生态环境,13(1)：51-53。
王百群,苏以荣,吴金水,2007。开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应。核农学报,21(6)：618—622。
王国庆,2006。气候变化对黄河中游水文水资源影响的关键问题研究。南京：河
海大学。
王宏乾,2007。黄河下游引黄供水规模变化及影响因素分析。西安：西安理工大学。
王力,邵明安,侯庆春,2001。黄土高原土壤干层初步研究。西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),29(4)：34-38。
王庆锁,张玉发,苏加楷,张永亭,1999。苜蓿-作物轮作研究。生态农业研究,7(3)：35-38。
王祥忠,马新华,刘喜顺,姚希奎,蓝景芳,魏秋华,1992。草木樨与羊草混播改良退化草场的试验报告。中国草地,(6),41-43。
王晓凌,陈明灿,易现峰,付国占,2009。垄沟覆膜集雨系统垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量的影响。农业工程学报,25(8)：40-47。
王晓燕,2009。黄土高原植被破坏与重建过程中土壤侵蚀强度变化。生态环境学报,18(3)：1083-1087。
文仕康,罗拉体,肖万惠,2004。退耕还林还草中种植牧草的优越性和现实意义。西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),25(11)：6—7。
邢新海,田魁祥,1992。河北省黑龙滩地区苜蓿发展与水分生态系统分析。农业现代化研究,13(4),218-222。
吴建国,张小全,徐德应,2004。土地利用变化对土壤有机碳贮量的影响。应用生态学报,15(4)：593—599。
吴钦孝,杨文治,1998。黄土高原植被建设与可持续性发展。北京：科学出版社,16-35。
杨长明,欧阳竹,杨林章,等,2006。农业土地利用方式对华北平原土壤有机碳组分和团聚体的影响。生态学报,26(12)：4148—4153。
杨维西,1996。试论我国北方地区人工植被的土壤干化问题。林业科学,32(1)：78-84。
杨文治,余存祖,1992。黄土高原区域治理与评价。北京：科学出版社,291-294。
杨文治,邵明安,彭新德,等,1998。黄土高原环境的旱化与黄土中水分关系。中国科学(D辑),28(4)：357-365。
于君宝,刘淑霞,刘景双,等,2004。开垦对黑土有机碳在有机无机复合体分配 的影响。土壤通报,34(6)：13—17。
宇万太,姜子绍,李新宇等,2007。不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤有机碳含量的影响。应用生态学报,18(17)：2760—2764。
张保烈,1986。提高草木樨在粮肥轮作中效益的探讨。土壤通报,17(5)。
张国斌,田大伦,方晰等,2008。会同退耕还林不同模式土壤有机碳分布特征。中南林业科技大学学报,28(2)：8—12。
张国盛,黄高宝,张仁陟,黄鹏,晋小军,李玲玲,2003。种植苜蓿对黄绵土表土理化性质的。草业学报,12(5)：88-93。
张少华,马忠选,常粉玲,席千旺,1998。开发陇东紫花苜蓿,振兴老区畜牧经济。草业科学,15(2)：51-54。
张维邦,1989。论黄土高原生态环境遭到彻底破坏的祸根。水土保持通报,9(1)：21-27。
张蕴薇,韩建国,韩永伟等,2003。不同放牧强度下人工草地土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量。草地学报,22(4)：342—345。
赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,2000。我国北方农牧交错带沙漠化的成因、过程及防治对策。中国沙漠,20(增刊)：22-28。
赵松岭,王静,1995。黄土高原半干旱区水土保持型农业的局限性。西北植物学报,15(8)：14—19。
赵松龄,1996。集水农业引论,陕西科技出版社,西安。
赵文林,黄河泥沙。郑州：黄河水利出版社,35-37。
中国科学院黄土高原综合科学考察队,1991。黄土高原地区自然环境及其演变。北京：科学出版社。
中国科学院中国植被图编委会。中国植被图集,北京：科学出版社,2001.1。
朱士光,1999。黄土高原地区环境变迁及其治理,黄河水利出版社。
朱祖祥,土壤学,1983。北京：农业出版社,276—279。
Adams, T.M. and Adams, S.N.,1983. The effects of liming and soil pH on carbon and nitrogen contained in the soil biomass. Journal of Agricultural Science 101, 553-558.
Alvarez, C.R., Alvarez, R., Grigera, M.S., Lavado, R.S.,1998. Associations between organic matter fractions and the active soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30 (6),767-773.
Anderson, D.W., Coleman, D.C.,1985. The dynamics of organic matter in grassland soils. Journal of Soil and Water Cons.40,211-216.
Baijukya, F.P., de Ridder, N., Giller, K.E.,2006. Nitrogen release from decomposing residues of leguminous cover cropsand their effect on maize yield on depleted soils of Bukoba District, Tanzania. Plant and Soil 279,77-93.
Barber, S.A.,1959. The influence of alfalfa, bromegrass, and corn on soil aggregation and crop yield. Soil Sci. Am. Proc.23,258-259.
Batjes, N.H.,1996. The total C and N in soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science 47,151-163.
Bekker, R.M., Bakker, J.P., Thompson, K.,1997. Dispersal of plant species in time and space:can nature development rely on soil seed banks and dispersal? In: Cooper, A., Power, J. (Eds.), Species dispersal and land use processes. Proceeding of the 6th IALE conference. International Association of landscape Ecology, Aberdeen, pp.247-255.
Bezemer, T.M., Lawson, C.S., Hedlund, K., Edwards, A.R., Brook, A.J., Igual, J.M., Mortimer, S.R., Van Der Putten, W.H.,2006. Plant species and functional group effects on abiotic and microbial soil properties and plant-soil feedback responses in two grasslands. Journal of Ecology 94,893-904.
Binkley, D.,1995. The influence of tree species on forest soils:process and patterns. Pages 1-33 in Mead D.J. and Cornforth I.S., editors. Proceeding of the trees and soil workshop, Lincoln University,1994. Agronomy Society of New Zealand Special Publication Number 10, Lincoln University Press, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Bissonnals, Y.L.E.,1996. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility:theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 425-437.
Boix-Fayos, C., Calvo-Cases, A., Imeson, A.C., Soriano-Soto, M.D.,2001. Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators. Catena 44,47-67.
Brown, V.K., Gange, A.C.,1989. Differential effects of above-and belowground insect herbivoryduring early plant succession. Oikos 54,67-76.
Bruulsema, T.W., Christie, B.R.1987. Nitrogen contribution to succeeding corn from alfalfa and red clover. Agron. J.79,96-100.
Caporali, F., Onnis, A.,1992. Validity of rotation as an effective agroecological principle for a sustainable agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 41,101-113.
Carlsson, G, Huss-Danell, K.,2003. Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field. Plant and Soil 253,353-372.
Carsky, R.J., Oyewole, B., Tian, G,1999. Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa:legume rotation and fertilizer N. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 55,95-105.
Carter, M.R.,1986. Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen in solonezetic soils: Influence of gypsum and lime amendments. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 531-537.
Carter, M.R., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D.A., et al.,1998. OrganicC and N storage, and organic C fractions. in adjacent cul—tivated and forested soils of eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research 47,253-261.
Celik, I.,2005. Land-use effects on organic matter and physical properties of soil in a southern Mediterranean highland of Turkey. Soil & Tillage Research 83,
270-277.
Cerda, A.,1998. Soil aggregate stability under different Mediterranean vegetation types. Catena 32,73-86.
Cerda, A.,2000. Aggregate stability against water forces under different climates on agricultural land and scrubland in southern Bolivia. Soil & Tillage Research 57, 159-166.
Chapman, G..P.,1992. Desertified grassland. London:Academic Press, pp8-12
Cheng, J.M., Wan, H.E., Wang, J.,2005. Alfalfa growth and its relation with soil water status in loess hilly and gully region. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 16,435-438(in Chinese).
Chen, Y.Z., Luk, S.H.,1989. Sediment sources and recent changes in the sediment load of Yellow River, China. In:Rindwanich, S. (Ed.), Land Conservation for Future Generations. Proceedings of the 5th International Soil Erosion Conference, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand,18-29 January 1988. Department of Land Development, Bangkok, pp.313-323.
Chen, W.X.,1990. Soil Science and Environmental Microbiology. Beijing Agriculture University Press, Beijing, in Chinese.
Chistensen, B.T.,1992. Physical fraction of soil and organic matter in primary particle size and density separates. Adv. Soil Sci.20,2-9.
Chistensen, B.T.,2001. Physical fraction of soil and structural and fractional complexity in organic matter turnover. Euro. J. Soil Sci.52,345-353.
Collins, H.P., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K., Bundy, L.G., Dick, W.A., Huggins, D.R., Smucker, A.J.M., Paul, E.A.,2000. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in long-term corn belt agroecosystems. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32,157-168.
Compton, J.E., Boone, R.D., Motzkin, G., Foster, D.R.,1998. Soil carbon and nitrogen in a pine-oak sand plain in central Massachusetts:Role of vegetation and land-use history. Oecologia 116,536-542.
Daily, G.G.,1995. Restoring value to the worlds degraded lands. Science 269, 350-354.
Dexter, A.R.,2004. Soil physical quality Part Ⅰ. Theory, effects of soil texture, density, and organic matter, and effects on root growth. Geoderma 120,201-214.
Doran, J.W., Parkin, T.B.1994. Defining and assessing soil quality. In:Doran J.W. eds. Defining Soil Quality for A Sustainable Environment. SSSA Spec. Publ.35. SSSA and ASA. Madison, WI. pp3-21
Fan, J., Hao, M.D., Shao, M.A.,2004. Soil desiccation and nitrogen consumption of artificial measow in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources 19,201-206 (In Chinese).
Fine, P.V.A., Mesones, I., Coley, P.D.,2004. Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science 305,663-665.
Franzluebbers, A.J.,2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil & Tillage Research 66,95-106.
Fraser, P.M., Williams, P.H., Haynes, R.J.,1996. Earthworm species, population size and biomass under different cropping systems across the Canterbuty Plains, New Zealand. Applied Soil Ecology 3,49-57.
Fu, X.L., Shao, M.A., Wei, X.R. and Horton, R.,2009. Effects of two perennial, fallow and millet on distribution of phosphorus in soil and biomass on sloping loess land, China. Catena 77,200-206.
Gao, L.,2005. Rules of runoff and sediment generation under different measures in Fuxing watershed of the fifth sub-region in loess hully-gully region. Science of Soil and Water Conservation 3,123-125(in Chinese with English abstract).
Givi, J., Prasher, S.O., Patel, R.M.,2004. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions in predicting the soil water contents at field capacity and wilting point. Agricultural Water Management 70,83-96.
Gregorich, E.G., Ellert, B.H.,1993. Light fraction and macroorganic matter in mineral soils. In:Carter, M.R. (Ed.), soil sampling and Methods of Analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers, Division of CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.397-407
Gregorich, E.G., Cater, M.R., Angers, D.A., Monreal, C.M., Ellert, B.H.,1994. Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic-matter quality in agricultural soils. Canadian Jouranl of Soil Science 74,367-385.
Gregorich, E.G., Cater, M.R., Doran, J.W., Pankhurst, C.E., Dwyer, L.M.,1997. Biological attributes of soil quality. In:Greforich EG, Cater MR (ed) Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Elsevier, New York, pp.81-113.
Guo, L.B., Gifford, R.M.,2002. Soil carbon stocks and land use change:a meta analysis. Global Change Biology 8(4),345-354
Haddad, N.M., Tilman, D., Knops, J.,2002. Long-term oscillations in grassland productivity induced by drought. Ecology 5,110-120.
Haynes, R.J., Tregurtha, R.,1999. Effects of increasing periods under intensive arable vegetation production on biological, chemical and physical indices if soil quality. Boil. Fertil. Soils 28,259-266.
Haynes, R.J.,2000. Lable organic matter as an indicator of organic matter quality in arable and pastoral soils in New Zealand. Soil Biology & Biochemisty 32, 211-219.
Hesterman, O.B., Sheaffer, C.C., Barnes D.K., Lueschen W.E., Ford J.H.1986. Alfalfa dry matter and nitrogen production, and fertilizer nitrogen response in legume-corn rotations. Agron. J.78,19-23.
Hobbs, J.A.1987. Yields and protein contents of crop in various rotations. Agron. J., 79,832-836.
Houghton, R.A.,1994. The worldwide extent of land-use change. Bioscience 44, 305-313.
Hoyt, P.B., Leitch, R.H.,1983. Effects of forage legumes species on soil moisture, nitrogen and yields of barley crops. Can. J. Soil Sci.,63,125-136.
Huang, C.Y.,2000. Soil Science. China Agriculture Press, Beijing China, in Chinese.
Huang, Y, Liu, S., Shen, Q., Zong, L.,2002. Influence of environmental factors on the decomposition of organic carbon in agricultural soils. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 13,709-714 (In Chinese).
Imeson, A.C., Verstraten, J.M.,1985. The erodibility of highly calcareous soil material from southern spain. Catena 12,291-306.
Jaiyeoba, I.A.,1995. Changes in soil properties related to different land use in part of the Nigerian semi-arid Savannah. Soil Use and Management 11,84-89.
Janzen, H. H., Compbell, C. A., Brandt, S. A., Lafond, G. P., Townley-Smith L.,1992. Light fraction organic matter in soils from long-term crop rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56,1799-1806.
Janzen, H.H., Campbell, C.A., Gregorich, E.G., et al.1997. Soil carbon dynamics in Canadian agroecosystems. Lal R, et al. Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. Boca Raton:CRC Press,57-80.
Jia, Y., Li, F.M., Wang, X.L.,2006. Soil quality response to alfalfa watered with a field micro-catchment technique in the Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research 95,64-74.
Jiang, H.M., Jiang, J.P., Jia, Y., Li, F.M., Xu, J.Zh.,2006. Soil carbon pool and effects of soil fertility in seeded alfalfa fields on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. Soil Biology & Biochemisty 38,2350-2358.
Johnson, A.H., Friedland, A.J., Miller, A.J. and Siccama, T.G,1994. Acid rain and the soils of the Adirondacks. Ⅲ. Rates of soil acidification in a montane spruce-fir forest at Whiteface Mountain, New York. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24,663-669.
Koutika, L.-S., Chone, Th., Andreux, F., Cerri, C.C.,2000. Carbon decomposition of the topsoils and soil fractions under forest and pasture in the western Brazillian Amazon Basin, Rond 6 nia. Biol. Fertil. Soils 30,284-287.
Kosmas, C., Gerontidis, S. and Marathianou, M.,2000. The effect of land use change on soils and vegetation over various lithological formation on Lesvos(Greece). Catena,40,51-68.
Lal, R., Follett, R.F., Kimble, J., et al.1999a. Management U. S. cropland to sequester carbon in soil. Journal of Soil and Water Cons.54,374-381.
Lal, R., Mokma, D., Lowery, B.,1999b. Relation between soil quality and erosion. In: Lal R et al. (ed) Soil Quality and Soil Erosion. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 237-259.
Lal, R.,2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climatechange and food security. Science 304,1623—1627.
Lauenroth, W. K., Sala, O.E.,1992. Long-term forage production of North American
shortgrass steppe. Ecological Applications 2,397-403.
Lauenroth, W.K., Burke, I.C., Gutmann, M.P.,1999. The structure and function of ecosystems in the Central North American grassland region. Great Plains Research 9,223-259.
Lawes, R.A., Oliver,Y.M., Robertson, M.J.,2009. Integrating the effects of climate and plant available soil water holding capacity on wheat yield. Field Crops Research 3,297-305.
Li, F.-M., Wang, T.C., Cao, J.,1998. Effect of organic matter on total amount and availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in loess soil of Northwest China. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29,947-953.
Li, F.M.,1999. On agricultural productivity and ecosystem's sustainability in semiarid areas of China. Resources Science 21,25-30 (in Chinese).
Li, F.M., Xu, J.Z., Sun, G.J.,2003. Restoration of degraded ecosystem and development of water-harvesting ecological agriculture in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica 23,1901-1909 (In Chinese).
Li, F.M., Song, Q.H., Jjemba, P.K., Shi, Y.C.,2004. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36,1893-1902.
Li, JinHua, Xu, Dang-Hui, Wang, Gang,2008. Weed inhibition by sowing legume species in early succession of abandoned fields on Loess Plateau, China. Acta Oecologica 33,10-14.
Li, X.Y., Gong, J.D.,2002. Compacted microcatchments with local earth materials for rainwater harvesting in the semiarid region of China. Journal of Hydrology 257, 134-144.
Li, Y.Y., Shao, M.A.,2006. Change of soil physical properties under long-term natural vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Arid Environment 64,77-96.
Li, Y,1983. The properties of water cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica 3,91-101(in Chinese).
Liu, C.A., Jin S.L., Zhou L.M., Jia Y, Li F.M., Xiong Y.C. and Li X.G.,2009. Effects
of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters. European Journal of Agronomy 3,241-249.
Liu, G., Xu, M., Ritsema, C.,2003. A study of soil surface characteristics in a small watershed in the hilly, gullied area on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Catena 54, 31-44.
Lopez-Bermudez, F., Romero-Diaz, A., Martinez-Fernandez, J.,1996. The EI Ardal field site:soil and vegetation cover. In:Brandt, J., Thornes, J. (Eds.), Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use. Wiley, pp.169-188.
Lopez-Bucio, J., Cruz-Ramirez, A. and Herrera-Estrella, L.,2003. The role of nutrient availability in regulating root architecture. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6, 280-287.
Malhi, S.S., Zentner, R.P., Heier, K.,2002. Effectiveness of alfalfa in reducing fertilizer N input for optimum forage yield, protein concentration, returns and energy performance of bromegrass-alfalfa mixtures. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 62,219-227.
Ma, Z.Q.,2001. Vegetation in Shanxi province. China Science and Technology Press, Beijing, pp.1-301.
Marilyn, M.,2001. Deer Herbivory and Old-Field Succession. PhD Thesis. Southern Illinois University, USA.
Marrs, R.H.,1993. Soil fertility and nature conservation in Europe:theoretical considerations and practical management solutions. Adavances in Ecological Reserach 24,241-300.
Marquez, C.O., Cambardella, C.A., Isenhart, T.M., Schultz, R.C.,1999. Assessing soil quality in a riparian buffer by testing organic matter fractions in central Iowa, USA. Agroforestry Systems 44,133-140.
McGill, W.B., Cannon, K.R., Robertson, J.A. and Cook, F.D.,1986. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and water-soluble organic C in Breton L. after 50 years of cropping to two rotations. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66,1-19.
Mekuria, W., Veldkamp, E., Haile, M., Nyssen, J., Muys, B. and Gebrehiwot, K.,2007. Effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded soils as a result of overgrazing in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments 69,270-284.
Mendonca-Santos M.L., Minasny B., Mcbratney A.B.,2005. Predicao e mapeamento decapacidalde de retencao de agua do solo usando funcoes de pedotransferencia e modelagem quantitative. Anais do 30° Congresso Brasileiro de Ciencia do Solo.17-22 July 2005, Recife, Brazil, CD-ROM.
Mielnick, P.C., Dugas, W.A.,2000. Soil CO2 flux in a tallgrass prairie. Soil Biology & Biochenistry 32,221-228
Moore, J. M., Klose, S., Tabatabai, M.A.,2000. Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as affected by cropping systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils 31, 200-210.
Mortenson, M.C., Schuman, G.E.,2004. Carbon Sequestration in Rangelands Interseeded with Yellow-Flowering Alfalfa (Medicago sativa ssp. falcata). Environmental Management 33 (Supplement 1), S475-S481
Mouazen, A.M., Ramon, H., Baerdemaeker, J.D.,2003. Modelling compaction from on-line measurement of soil properties and sensor draught. Precision Agriculture 4,203-212.
Neill, C., Piccolo, M.C., Cerri, C.C., Steudler, P.A., Melillo, J.M., Brito, M.,1997. Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates in soils following deforesatation for pasture across the southwestern Brazillian Amazon Basin landscape. Oecologia 110,243-252
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E.,1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In:Page AL et al. (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis; Part 2 2 nd ed. Agronomy Monograph, vol.9. American Socienty of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of American, Madison, WI, pp.539-579.
Neumann, G.. and Martinoia, E.,2002. Cluster roots-an underground adaptation for extreme environments. Trends in Plant Science 7,162-167.
Nobel, P.S.,1991. Physiochemical and Environment in the Soil-Root System. Berkeley:Blackwell.
Noellemeyer, E., Frank, F., Alvarez, C., Morazzo, G, Quiroga, A.,2008. Carbon contents and aggregation related to soil physical and biological properties under
a land-use sequence in the semiarid region of central Argentina. Soil & Till Research 99,179-190.
Oktem, A.,2008. Effect of water shortage on yield, and protein and mineral compositions of drip-irrigated sweet corn in sustainable agricultural systems. Agricultural water management.95,1003-1010.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., Dean, L.A.,1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circ.939, USDA, Washington, DC.
Post, W.M., Kwon, K.C.,2000. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Global Change Biology 6,317-327
Parr, J. F., Papendick, R. I., Hornick, S. B.,1992. Soil quality:Attributes and relationship to alternative and sustainable agriculture. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7,5-11.
Pastor, J., Aber, J.D., McClaugherty, C.A. and Melillo, J.M.,1984. Abovegound production and N and P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin. Ecology 65,256-268.
Pimentel, D., Harvey, C., Resosudarmo, P., Sinclair, K., Kurz, D., McNair, M., Crist, S., Shpritz, L., Fitton, L., Saffouri, R. and Blair, R.,1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267, 1117-1123.
Pini, R., Paris, P., Benetti, A., Vigna Guidi, G., Pisanelli, A.,1999. Soil physical characteristics and understory management in a walnut (Juglans regia L.) plantation in central Italy. Agroforestry Systems 46,95-105.
Post, W.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P. J., et al.,1982. Soil carbonpools and world life zones. Nature 298,156-159.
Powlson, D.S., Prookes, P.C. and Christensen, B.T.,1987. Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation. Soil Biology & Biochemisty 19,159-164.
Puget, P., Chenu, C., Balesdent, J.,2000. Dynanics of soil organicmatter associated
with particle-size fractions of waterstableaggregstes. European Journal of soil science 51,595-605.
Reeves, D.W.,1997. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quqlity in continuous cropping systems. Soil Tillage & Research.43,131-167.
Reid, R.S., Serneels, S., Nyabenge, M., Hanson, J.,2005. The changing face of pastoral systems in grass dominated ecosystem of Eastern Africa. In:Suttie JM, Reynolds SG and Batello C (ed) Grasslands of the World. FAO Plant Production and Protection Ser, No 34, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Ren, H., Peng, S.L.,1998. Restoration and rebuilding of degraded ecosystem. Youth Geography 3 (3),7-11.
Robertson, G.P., Bledsoe, C.S., Coleman, D.C., Sollins, P.,1999. Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York, pp75-77
Romkens, P.F.A.M., Van der Plicht, J., Hassink, J.,1999. Soil organic matter dynamics after the conversion of arable land to pasture. Biology and Fertility of Soils 28,277-284
Saggar, S., Yeates, G.W., Shepherd, T.G.,2001. Cultivation effects on soil biological properties, microfauna and organic matter dynamics in Eutric Gleysol and Gleyic Luvisol soils in New Zealand. Soil & Tillage Research 58,55-68.
Schachtman, D.P., Reid, R.J., Ayling, S.L.,1998. Phosphorus uptake by plants:from soil to cells. Plant Physiology 116,447-453.
Schlesinger, W.H.,1997. Biogeochemistry:an analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Sharma, P. K., Aggarwal, G. C.,1984. Soil structure under different land uses. Catena 11,91—201.
Shi, Z.Y., Liu, W.Z., Guo, S.L., Li, F.M.,2003. Moilsture properties in soil profiles and their relation to landform at Zhonglianchuan watershed. Agricultural Research of Arid Areas 21,101-104 (In Chinese).
Silver, W.L., Kueppers, L.M., Lugo, A.E., Ostertag, R., Matzek, V.,2004. Carbon sequestration and plant community dynamics following reforestation of tropical
pasture. Ecological Applications 14,1115-1127.
Six, J., Paustian, K., Elliott, E.T. and Combrink, C.,2000. Soil Structure and Organic Matter:I. Distribution of Aggregate-Size Classes and Aggregate-Associated Carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64,681-689.
Solomon, D., Lehmann, J., Zech, W.,2000. Land use effects on soil organic matter properties of chromic luvisols in semi-arid northern Tanzania:carbon, nitrogen, lignin and carbohydrates. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 78, 203-213.
Sparling, G.P.,1992. Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon is a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30,195-207.
Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P., Bekker, R.M.,1997. Soil seed banks Nw Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tian, Y, Su, D.R., Li, F.R., Li, X.L.,2003. Effect of rainwater harvesting with ridge and furrow on yield of potato in semiarid areas. Field Crops Research.84, 385-391.
Tisdall, J.M., Oades, J.M.,1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science 33,141-163.
Vance, E. D.. Brookes, P.C., J enkinson, D. S.,1987. An extractionmethod for measuring soil microbial biomass. SoilBiology and Biochemistry 19,703-707.
Van der Putten, W.H., Mortimer, S.R., Hedlund, K., et al.,2000. Plant species diversity as a driver of early succession in abandoned fields:a multi-site approach. Oecologica 124,91-99.
Vitousek, P.M., Hooper, D.U.,1993. Biological diversity and terrestrial ecosystem biogeochemistry. In:Schulze, E.D., Mooney, H.A., (Ed.), Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp.3-14.
Voroney, R.P., Winter, J.P., Beyaert, R.P.,1993. Soil microbial biomass C and N. In: Carter, M.R. (ed) Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Lewis Publishers, Division of CRC Press, Boca Raton, F.L., pp.277-286.
UNEP.,1992. States of Desertification and Implemetion of United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification..
Unger, P.W.,1997. Management-induced aggregation and organic carbon concentrations in the surface layer of a Torrertic Pateustoll. Soil and Tillage Research 42,185-208.
Unger, P. W.,1997. Aggregate and organic carbon concentration interrelationships of a Torrertic Paleustoll. Soil and Tillage Research 42,95-113.
Wang, G.-H.,2002. Plant traits and soil chemical variables during a secondary vegetation succession in abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau. Acta Botanica Sinica 44 (8),990-998
Wang, J., Fu, B.J., Qiu, Y., Chen, L.,2003. Analysis on soil nutrient characteristics for sustainable land use in Dananggou catchment of the Loess Plateau, China. Catena 54,17-29.
Wang,, L., Shao, M.A., Hou, Q.C.,2001. The primary research on dried soil layer in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry 29,34-38 (In Chinese).
Wang, X. L., Li, F. M., Jia,Y., et al.,2005. Increasing potato yields with additional water and increased soil temperature. Agriculture Water Management 78,181— 194.
Wang, Y.J., Xie, Z.K., Malhi, S.S., Vera, C.L., Zhang, Y.B., Wang, J.N.,2009. Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Agricultural Water Management.96,374-383.
Warkentin, B.P.,1995. The changing concept of soil quality. Journal of Soil Water Conservation 50,226-228.
Wick, B., Kuhne, R.F., Vlek, P.L.G.,1998. Soil microbiological parameters as indicators of soil quality under improved fallow management system in south-western Nigeria. Plant and Soil 202,97-107.
Williams, R.J.B.,1970. Relationships between the composition of soils and physical measurements made on them. Report of Rothamsted Experimental Station, Pt 2, 5-35.
W u, T., Schoenau, J. J., Li, F., Malhi, S. S., et al.,2003. Effect of tillageand rotation on organic forms of chernozemic soils inSaskachwan. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 166,328-335.
Xu, Q. F., Xu, J. M.,2003. Changes in soil carbon pools induced by substitution of plantation for native forest. Pedosphere 13(3),271—278.
Xue, Z.D., Hou, Q.C., Han, R.L., Wang, S.Q.,2002. Trails and research on ecological restoration by Sophora viciifolia in Gullied Rolling Loess Region. Journal of Northwest Forestry University 17,26-29.
Yang, J.J., Li, H.K. and Yan, W.H.,2004. The research on effect on alfalfa with sideward mulch. Shaanxi Agric. Sci.1,6-8 (in Chinese).
Zha, X., Tang, K.,2003. Change about soil erosion and soil properties in reclaimed forestland of loess hilly region. Acta Geographica Sinica 58,464-469.
Zhang, J.T., Qiu, Y., Cai, B.F., Zheng, F.Y.,2000. Succession analysis of plant communities in Yancun low-middle hills of Luliang Mountains. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment 9,34-39.
Zhang, B.C., Li, F.M., Huang, G.B, Cheng, Z.Y, Zhang, Y.H.,2006. Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area. Agricultural water management.79,28-42.
Zhao, Y.C., Wang, P., Li, J.L., Chen, Y.R., Ying, X.Z., Liu, S.Y.,2009. The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat-maize cropping system. European Journal of Agronomy 31, 36-42.
Zhao, W.Z., Xiao, H.L., Liu, Z.M., Li, J.,2005. Soil degradation and restoration as affected by land use change in the semiarid Bashang area, northern China. Catena 59,173-186.
Zhou, L.M., Li, F.M., Jin, S.L., Song, Y.J.,2009. How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water, soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Field Crops Research.113,41-47.
Zou, H.Y., Chen, J.M., Zhou, L.,1998. Natural recoverage succession and regulation
of the prairie vegetation on the Loess Plateau. Research of Soil and Water Conservation 5,126-138.
Whisenant, S.G.,1999. Repairing damaged wildlands. Cambridge (UK):Cambridge University Press(赵忠,译.受损自然生境修复学.北京：科学出版社,2008).
包兴国,1990。草木樨在甘肃河西灌漠土上的培肥改土效益。耕作与栽培,1990年4月,46-47。
陈伏生,2004。曾德慧,陈广生,等。开垦对草甸土有机碳的影响。土壤通报,33(4)：49—53。
董水丽,刘恩斌,2003。绿肥培肥新修梯田的效果研究。陕西农业科学,4,17-19。
高照良,李永红,徐佳,王珍珍,赵晶,郭文,宋慧斌,张兴昌,彭珂珊。黄土高原水土流失治理进展及其对策。科技和产业,9(10),1-12。
葛文华,魏怀芳,李勇,1991。草木樨生产力系列测定。中国草地,No 1,13-16。
傅伯杰,陈利顶,邱扬,王军,孟庆华,2002。黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤利用结构与生态过程。商务出版社,北京。
耿华珠,1995。中国苜蓿。北京,中国农业出版社。
巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,2004。黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用和植被恢复对土壤质量的影响。应用生态学报,15(12)：2292—2296。
巩杰,陈利顶,傅伯杰,虎陈霞,卫伟,2005。黄土丘陵小流域植被恢复的土壤养分效应研究。水土保持学报,19(1)：93-96。
韩建国,李鸿翔,马春晖,2000。施肥对草木樨生产性能的影响。草业学报,9(1)：15-16。
韩建国,韩永伟,孙铁军,2004。农牧交错带退耕还草对土壤有机质和氮的影响。草业学报,8：21—28。
郝明德,梁银丽,1998。长武农业生态系统结构、功能及调控原理与技术.北京：气象出版社,21-23。
何志明,1995。论紫花苜蓿在庆阳地区经济建设中的重要作用。草业科学,12(6)：50-52。
洪瑜,方晰,田大伦,2006。湘中丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤碳氮含量的特征。中南林学院学报,26(6)：9-16。
侯庆春,韩蕊莲,韩仕峰,1999。黄土高原人工草地“土壤干层”问题初探。中国水土保持,5：11-14。
黄昌勇,2000。土壤科学,中国农业出版社,北京。
贾松伟,何秀斌,陈云明,2004。黄土丘陵区退耕撂荒对土壤有机碳的积累及其活性的影响。水土保持学报,18(3)：78-84。
雷明德,1999。陕西植被。北京：科学出版社。
李凤民,赵松龄,段舜山,高世铭,冯波,1995。黄土高原半干旱区春小麦农田有限灌溉对策初探。应用生态学报,6(3)：259-264。
李凤民,1999。论我国半干旱区农业生产力与生态系统可持续发展。资源科学,21(5)：25-30。
李凤民,徐进章,2002。黄土高原半干旱区集水型生态农业分析。中国生态农业学报,10(1)：101-103。
李福岭,1993。鲁北滨海地区三县牧草引种,推广,草、粮、棉轮作初报。草业科学,1(10)：30-35。
李辉信,袁颖红,黄欠如,胡蜂,潘根兴,2006。不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳分别的影响。土壤学报,3(43)：422-429。
李小刚,李银科,张平良,等,2007。土地利用方式对荒漠土壤有机碳和养分含量的影响。甘肃农业大学学报,4(2)：103—107。
李玉山,郭明航,董大学,1991。长武王东沟高效生态经济系统综合研究。北京：科学技术文献出版社。
李玉山,黄土高原治理开发与黄河断流的关系。水土保持通报,6(17)：41-45。
李玉山,2002。苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应。土壤学报,39(3)：404-411。
梁一民,李代琼,1990。沙打旺草地产量动态及水分利用研究。水土保持学报,3(4)：29-35。
廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘劭权,王海明,2005。三峡库区紫色土坡耕地不同利用方式的水土流失特征。水土保持研究,1(12)：159-161。
刘东生.黄土与环境,1985。北京：科学出版社,191-364;411。
刘连友,王建华,李小雁,1998。耕作土壤可蚀性颗粒的风洞模拟测定。科学通
报,43(15)：1663—1666。
刘世梁,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明,2006。岷江上游退耕还林与生态恢复的问题和对策。长江流域资源与环境,4(15)：506-510.
刘文兆,胡梦君,侯喜禄,李凤民,2003。半干旱黄土丘陵区小流域横断面土壤水分生态特征。干旱地区农业研究,21(4)：95-100。
马世均主编,1991。旱农学,农业出版社。
穆兴民,陈霁巍,1999。黄河断流人之过。科学,(3)：49-50。
南京农工大学,1996。土壤农化分析。中国农业出版社,北京。
彭少麟,2003。热带亚热带恢复生态学研究与实践。科学出版社,北京。
潘根兴,李恋卿,张旭辉,2002。土壤有机碳库与全球变化研究的若干前沿问题——兼开展中国水稻土有机碳固定研究的建议。南京农业大学学报,25(3)：100—109。
潘根兴,2000。地球表层系统土壤学。北京：地质出版社,47—49。
任志远,张艳芳,2003。土地利用变化与生态安全评价,科学出版社。
山仑,刘忠民,辛业权,邓西平,马国忠,1992。宁夏山区田草轮作研究：工不同轮作方式的生产力及效益。水土保持学报,6(4)：60-68。
山仑,陈国良,1993。黄土高原旱地农业的理论与实践。北京：科学出版社。
上官周平,彭珂珊,彭琳,1999。黄土高原粮食生产与可持续发展研究。西安：陕西人民出版社。
宿庆瑞,1998。东北玉米主产区玉米、草木樨间种轮作农牧结合综合效益的研究。中国草地,No 4：17-20。
苏永中,赵哈林,2003。持续放牧和围封对科尔沁退化沙地草地碳截存的影响。环境科学,24(4)：23—28。
谭超夏,李继云,1957。晋南的苜蓿栽培与轮作。农业学报,8(3)：314-327。
汤洁,李月芬,林年丰,郭平,杨有德,2004。应用生物技术改良退化土壤的效果——以黄花草木樨改良盐碱化土壤为例。生态环境,13(1)：51-53。
王百群,苏以荣,吴金水,2007。开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应。核农学报,21(6)：618—622。
王国庆,2006。气候变化对黄河中游水文水资源影响的关键问题研究。南京：河
海大学。
王宏乾,2007。黄河下游引黄供水规模变化及影响因素分析。西安：西安理工大学。
王力,邵明安,侯庆春,2001。黄土高原土壤干层初步研究。西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),29(4)：34-38。
王庆锁,张玉发,苏加楷,张永亭,1999。苜蓿-作物轮作研究。生态农业研究,7(3)：35-38。
王祥忠,马新华,刘喜顺,姚希奎,蓝景芳,魏秋华,1992。草木樨与羊草混播改良退化草场的试验报告。中国草地,(6),41-43。
王晓凌,陈明灿,易现峰,付国占,2009。垄沟覆膜集雨系统垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量的影响。农业工程学报,25(8)：40-47。
王晓燕,2009。黄土高原植被破坏与重建过程中土壤侵蚀强度变化。生态环境学报,18(3)：1083-1087。
文仕康,罗拉体,肖万惠,2004。退耕还林还草中种植牧草的优越性和现实意义。西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),25(11)：6—7。
邢新海,田魁祥,1992。河北省黑龙滩地区苜蓿发展与水分生态系统分析。农业现代化研究,13(4),218-222。
吴建国,张小全,徐德应,2004。土地利用变化对土壤有机碳贮量的影响。应用生态学报,15(4)：593—599。
吴钦孝,杨文治,1998。黄土高原植被建设与可持续性发展。北京：科学出版社,16-35。
杨长明,欧阳竹,杨林章,等,2006。农业土地利用方式对华北平原土壤有机碳组分和团聚体的影响。生态学报,26(12)：4148—4153。
杨维西,1996。试论我国北方地区人工植被的土壤干化问题。林业科学,32(1)：78-84。
杨文治,余存祖,1992。黄土高原区域治理与评价。北京：科学出版社,291-294。
杨文治,邵明安,彭新德,等,1998。黄土高原环境的旱化与黄土中水分关系。中国科学(D辑),28(4)：357-365。
于君宝,刘淑霞,刘景双,等,2004。开垦对黑土有机碳在有机无机复合体分配 的影响。土壤通报,34(6)：13—17。
宇万太,姜子绍,李新宇等,2007。不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤有机碳含量的影响。应用生态学报,18(17)：2760—2764。
张保烈,1986。提高草木樨在粮肥轮作中效益的探讨。土壤通报,17(5)。
张国斌,田大伦,方晰等,2008。会同退耕还林不同模式土壤有机碳分布特征。中南林业科技大学学报,28(2)：8—12。
张国盛,黄高宝,张仁陟,黄鹏,晋小军,李玲玲,2003。种植苜蓿对黄绵土表土理化性质的。草业学报,12(5)：88-93。
张少华,马忠选,常粉玲,席千旺,1998。开发陇东紫花苜蓿,振兴老区畜牧经济。草业科学,15(2)：51-54。
张维邦,1989。论黄土高原生态环境遭到彻底破坏的祸根。水土保持通报,9(1)：21-27。
张蕴薇,韩建国,韩永伟等,2003。不同放牧强度下人工草地土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量。草地学报,22(4)：342—345。
赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,2000。我国北方农牧交错带沙漠化的成因、过程及防治对策。中国沙漠,20(增刊)：22-28。
赵松岭,王静,1995。黄土高原半干旱区水土保持型农业的局限性。西北植物学报,15(8)：14—19。
赵松龄,1996。集水农业引论,陕西科技出版社,西安。
赵文林,黄河泥沙。郑州：黄河水利出版社,35-37。
中国科学院黄土高原综合科学考察队,1991。黄土高原地区自然环境及其演变。北京：科学出版社。
中国科学院中国植被图编委会。中国植被图集,北京：科学出版社,2001.1。
朱士光,1999。黄土高原地区环境变迁及其治理,黄河水利出版社。
朱祖祥,土壤学,1983。北京：农业出版社,276—279。