用PAM及波涌技术优化地表灌溉控制地下水位并减少盐碱化
摘要
本文通过室内试验，分析了灌水方式、PAM、不同流量、不同坡度对灌水入渗速度，
沟灌土壤侵蚀的影响，结果表明PAM不但可以显著地减少土壤侵蚀，土壤侵蚀量只有对照
的10％～53.8％，而且可以大大地减少试验土壤的入渗速度，10ppm的PAM处理下的土壤
入渗率只有对照的54％，20ppm的PAM处理土壤入渗率只有对照的42％；而灌水方式不
具有减少土壤侵蚀的作用，但可以提高灌水效率；另外田间试验结果表明，流量的大小直
接影响到灌水的效率，流量大不仅可以节省灌水时间，还可以提高灌水均匀度；同时研究
了地下水对作物产量的影响，结果表明地下水的加入可显著地降低供试作物的产量，10％
的地下水含量，可使产量减少11.8％，当地下水含量增加到20％时，则减产达到18.1％；
与传统的漫灌方式相比，沟灌方式可以大大地增加宽行作物的产量，沟灌条件下的作物产
量提高20.3％。
Abstract
Four factors, the irrigation method, PAM, flow rate and slop are analyzed in laboratory experiments. Furrow erosion was significantly reduced by the PAM treatment, the erosion with PAM treatment was only 10%~53.8% of those without PAM. PAM application with lOppm reduced the infiltration rate (IR) by 54% compared with the treatments without PAM, and only 42% for 20ppm PAM application. Compared with PAM effects, surge irrigation can not reduce soil erosion, but can increase the efficiency of the water use in surface irrigation. Besides the laboratory experiments, the field experiments also performed in Hetao region. The field experiments showed that large flow rate can not only reduce much irrigation time, but can also increase irrigation efficiency. The crop can be significantly affected by ground water, the yield of corn with 10% ground water concentration was 11.8% lower than those with pure Yellow River water, and 18.1% was lower with 20% ground water contained in the irrigation water. Compared with basin irrigation, the yield in furrow irrigation area was 20.3% higher.
沟灌土壤侵蚀的影响，结果表明PAM不但可以显著地减少土壤侵蚀，土壤侵蚀量只有对照
的10％～53.8％，而且可以大大地减少试验土壤的入渗速度，10ppm的PAM处理下的土壤
入渗率只有对照的54％，20ppm的PAM处理土壤入渗率只有对照的42％；而灌水方式不
具有减少土壤侵蚀的作用，但可以提高灌水效率；另外田间试验结果表明，流量的大小直
接影响到灌水的效率，流量大不仅可以节省灌水时间，还可以提高灌水均匀度；同时研究
了地下水对作物产量的影响，结果表明地下水的加入可显著地降低供试作物的产量，10％
的地下水含量，可使产量减少11.8％，当地下水含量增加到20％时，则减产达到18.1％；
与传统的漫灌方式相比，沟灌方式可以大大地增加宽行作物的产量，沟灌条件下的作物产
量提高20.3％。
Abstract
Four factors, the irrigation method, PAM, flow rate and slop are analyzed in laboratory experiments. Furrow erosion was significantly reduced by the PAM treatment, the erosion with PAM treatment was only 10%~53.8% of those without PAM. PAM application with lOppm reduced the infiltration rate (IR) by 54% compared with the treatments without PAM, and only 42% for 20ppm PAM application. Compared with PAM effects, surge irrigation can not reduce soil erosion, but can increase the efficiency of the water use in surface irrigation. Besides the laboratory experiments, the field experiments also performed in Hetao region. The field experiments showed that large flow rate can not only reduce much irrigation time, but can also increase irrigation efficiency. The crop can be significantly affected by ground water, the yield of corn with 10% ground water concentration was 11.8% lower than those with pure Yellow River water, and 18.1% was lower with 20% ground water contained in the irrigation water. Compared with basin irrigation, the yield in furrow irrigation area was 20.3% higher.
引文
1．雷志栋，杨诗秀，谢森传．土壤水动力学，清华大学出版社，1988．
2．王文焰等．波涌灌溉试验研究与应用，西北工业大学出版社，1994．
3．郭元裕．农田水利学，水利水电出版社，1986．
4．黎庆淮．土壤学与农作学，水利水电出版社，1986．
5．庄楚强，吴亚森．应用数理统计基础，华南理工大学出版社，1999．
6．刘洪禄．波涌灌溉机理及其灌水技术的研究．北京农业工程大学博士学位论文，1993．7．
7．赵作善．试验设计，中国农业大学自编教材．
8．汪志荣，惠爱瑙．波涌灌土壤的粒度组成研究。灌溉排水：1994．13(1)．
9．汪志荣，王文焰，张建丰．波涌畦灌入渗规律及数值模拟．水利学报：1995．1．
10．刘贤赵，康绍忠．连续与间歇积水入渗对比试验研究．水科学进展：1999．3，Vol．10．No．1．
11．孙西欢、王文焰．沟道间歇积水入渗的减渗率模型，水利学报：1994．4．
12．费良军，王云涛．波涌畦灌田面水流运动特性的试验研究．灌溉排水：1995．14(2)．
13．司徒淞，张薇，王和洲．间歇灌节水高产机理研究．灌溉排水：1994．13(3)．
14．费良军，王文焰．浑水波涌畦灌技术要素试验研究．人民黄河：1998 Vol．20 No．6．
15．费良军，王文焰．浑水间歇入渗模型研究．水利学报：1999．2．
16．赵竞成．沟、畦灌溉技术的完善与改进．中国农村水利水电：1998．3．
17．王云涛，施丽贞．涌流灌溉技术．节水灌溉：1998．1．
18．费良军，王文焰．浑水波涌畦灌条件下的间歇入渗试验研究．水利学报：1998．5．
19．孙西欢，王文焰．波涌沟灌节水机理与效果的试验分析．农业工程学报：Vol．13 No．4．
20．王立正，刘国富，张可保．波涌灌在引黄灌区的节水效果及其影响因素．灌溉排水：1997．16(4)．
21．汪志荣，王文焰，王全九等．浑水波涌灌溉入渗机制及其Green-Ampt模型．水利学报：1998．10．
22．屈忠义，李茂．对河套灌区节水灌溉技术的思考．河套水利,2000．1．
23．范定邦．黄河上游水源污染对巴彦淖尔盟生态环境的影响．河套水利，1999．3．
24. Bruce Withers, Stantey Vipond. Irrigation: design and practice (second edition). Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York.
25. A.R. Mitchell, 1986. Polyacrylamide Application in Irrigation Water to Increase Infiltration. Soil Science Vol. 141, No. 5.
26. B. Izadi, D. F. Heermann, A. Klute, 1990. The Role of Redistribution and Hysteresis in the Phenomena. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 33(3).
27. C. Saiz-Jimenez, O. E. Trubetskaya, O. A. Trubetskoj, and B. Hermosin. Polycrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Soil Humic Acids, Lignins, Model Phenolic Polymers, and Fungal Melanins. COMMUN. SOIL. SCI. PLANT ANAL., 30(3&4).
28. D.E. Eisenhauer, D. F. Heermann, A. Klute, 1992. Surface Sealing Effects on Infiltration
with Surface Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 35(6) .
29． D. R. Purkey, W. W. Wallender, 1989． Surge Flow Infiltration Variability. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 32(3) .
30． Forrest T. Izuno, Terence H. Podmore, 1985． Kinematic Wave Model for Surge Irrigation Research in Furrows. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 28(4) .
31． Forrest T. Izuno, Terence H. Podmore, Harold R. Duke, 1985． Infiltration Under Surge Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 28(2) .
32． G. J. Levy, M. Ben-Hur, and M. Agassi, 1991． The effect of polyacrylamide on runoff, erosion, and cotton yield from fields irrigated with moving sprinkler systems. Irrigation Science 1991． 12．
33． H. R. Jalali-farahani, D. F. Heermann, H. R. Duke, 1993． Physics of surge Irrigation Ⅱ. Relationship Between Soil Physical and Hydraulic Parameters. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 36(1) .
34． H. R. Jalali-farahani, H. R. Duke, D. F. Heermann, 1993． Physics of surge Irrigation Ⅰ . Relationship Between Soil Physical and Hydraulic Parameters. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 36(1) .
35． I. Shainberg, D. N. Warrington, and P. Rengasamy, 1990． Water Quality and PAM Interactions in Reducing Surface Sealing. Soil Science Vol. 149, No. 5．
36． J. Kristian Aase, David L. Bjorneberg, and Robert E. Sojka, 1998． Sprinkler Irrigation Runoff and Erosion Control with Polyacrylamide-Laboratory Tests. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 62．
37． Mohammad H. Alemi, David A. Goldhsmer, 1988． Surge Irrigation Optimization Model. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 31(2) .
38． P. G. McCornick, H. R. Duke, T. H. Podmore, 1988． Field Evaluation Procedure for Surge Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 31(1) .
39． R. D. Lentz, I. Shainberg, R. E. Sojka, and D. L. Carter, 1992． Preventing Irrigation Furrow Erosion with Small Applications of Polymers. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 56．
40． R. D. Lentz and R. E. Sojka, 1994． Field Results Using Polyacrylamide To Manage Furrow Erosion and Infiltration. Soil Science Vol. 158, No. 4．
41． R. E. Sojka, R. D. Lentz, and D. T. Westermann, 1998． Water and Erosion Management with Multiple Application of Polyacrylamide in Furrow Irrigation. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 62．
42． Roberto Testezlaf, Ronald L. Elliott, James E. Garton, 1987． Furrow Infiltration Under Surge Flow Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 30(1) .
43． T. J. Trout, 1990． Surface Seal Influence on Surge Flow Furrow Infiltration. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 33(5) .
44． T. J. Trout, R. E. Sojka, R. D. Lentz, 1995． Polyacrylamide Effect on Furrow Erosion and Infiltration. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 38(3) .
45． W. D. Kemper, T. J. Trout, A. S. Humpherys, M. S. Bullock, 1988． Mechanisms by which Surge Irrigation Reduces Furrow Infiltration Rates in a Silty Loam Soil. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 31(3) .
46． W. P. Miller, R. L. Willis & G. J. Levy, 1998． Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide. Soil Use and Management (1998) 14．
47． X. C. Zhang, W. P. Miller, M. A. Nearing, L. D. Norton, 1998． Effects of Surface Treatment on Surface Sealing, Runoff, and Interrill Erosion. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 41(4) .
48． X. C. Zhang and W. P. Miller, 1996． Polyacrylamide Effect on Infiltration and Erosion in Furrows. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 60．
49． Zohrab A. Samani. Wynn R. Walker. Lyman S. Willardson, 1985． Infiltration under Surge Flow Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 28(5) .
2．王文焰等．波涌灌溉试验研究与应用，西北工业大学出版社，1994．
3．郭元裕．农田水利学，水利水电出版社，1986．
4．黎庆淮．土壤学与农作学，水利水电出版社，1986．
5．庄楚强，吴亚森．应用数理统计基础，华南理工大学出版社，1999．
6．刘洪禄．波涌灌溉机理及其灌水技术的研究．北京农业工程大学博士学位论文，1993．7．
7．赵作善．试验设计，中国农业大学自编教材．
8．汪志荣，惠爱瑙．波涌灌土壤的粒度组成研究。灌溉排水：1994．13(1)．
9．汪志荣，王文焰，张建丰．波涌畦灌入渗规律及数值模拟．水利学报：1995．1．
10．刘贤赵，康绍忠．连续与间歇积水入渗对比试验研究．水科学进展：1999．3，Vol．10．No．1．
11．孙西欢、王文焰．沟道间歇积水入渗的减渗率模型，水利学报：1994．4．
12．费良军，王云涛．波涌畦灌田面水流运动特性的试验研究．灌溉排水：1995．14(2)．
13．司徒淞，张薇，王和洲．间歇灌节水高产机理研究．灌溉排水：1994．13(3)．
14．费良军，王文焰．浑水波涌畦灌技术要素试验研究．人民黄河：1998 Vol．20 No．6．
15．费良军，王文焰．浑水间歇入渗模型研究．水利学报：1999．2．
16．赵竞成．沟、畦灌溉技术的完善与改进．中国农村水利水电：1998．3．
17．王云涛，施丽贞．涌流灌溉技术．节水灌溉：1998．1．
18．费良军，王文焰．浑水波涌畦灌条件下的间歇入渗试验研究．水利学报：1998．5．
19．孙西欢，王文焰．波涌沟灌节水机理与效果的试验分析．农业工程学报：Vol．13 No．4．
20．王立正，刘国富，张可保．波涌灌在引黄灌区的节水效果及其影响因素．灌溉排水：1997．16(4)．
21．汪志荣，王文焰，王全九等．浑水波涌灌溉入渗机制及其Green-Ampt模型．水利学报：1998．10．
22．屈忠义，李茂．对河套灌区节水灌溉技术的思考．河套水利,2000．1．
23．范定邦．黄河上游水源污染对巴彦淖尔盟生态环境的影响．河套水利，1999．3．
24. Bruce Withers, Stantey Vipond. Irrigation: design and practice (second edition). Cornell University Press Ithaca, New York.
25. A.R. Mitchell, 1986. Polyacrylamide Application in Irrigation Water to Increase Infiltration. Soil Science Vol. 141, No. 5.
26. B. Izadi, D. F. Heermann, A. Klute, 1990. The Role of Redistribution and Hysteresis in the Phenomena. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 33(3).
27. C. Saiz-Jimenez, O. E. Trubetskaya, O. A. Trubetskoj, and B. Hermosin. Polycrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Soil Humic Acids, Lignins, Model Phenolic Polymers, and Fungal Melanins. COMMUN. SOIL. SCI. PLANT ANAL., 30(3&4).
28. D.E. Eisenhauer, D. F. Heermann, A. Klute, 1992. Surface Sealing Effects on Infiltration
with Surface Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 35(6) .
29． D. R. Purkey, W. W. Wallender, 1989． Surge Flow Infiltration Variability. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 32(3) .
30． Forrest T. Izuno, Terence H. Podmore, 1985． Kinematic Wave Model for Surge Irrigation Research in Furrows. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 28(4) .
31． Forrest T. Izuno, Terence H. Podmore, Harold R. Duke, 1985． Infiltration Under Surge Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 28(2) .
32． G. J. Levy, M. Ben-Hur, and M. Agassi, 1991． The effect of polyacrylamide on runoff, erosion, and cotton yield from fields irrigated with moving sprinkler systems. Irrigation Science 1991． 12．
33． H. R. Jalali-farahani, D. F. Heermann, H. R. Duke, 1993． Physics of surge Irrigation Ⅱ. Relationship Between Soil Physical and Hydraulic Parameters. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 36(1) .
34． H. R. Jalali-farahani, H. R. Duke, D. F. Heermann, 1993． Physics of surge Irrigation Ⅰ . Relationship Between Soil Physical and Hydraulic Parameters. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 36(1) .
35． I. Shainberg, D. N. Warrington, and P. Rengasamy, 1990． Water Quality and PAM Interactions in Reducing Surface Sealing. Soil Science Vol. 149, No. 5．
36． J. Kristian Aase, David L. Bjorneberg, and Robert E. Sojka, 1998． Sprinkler Irrigation Runoff and Erosion Control with Polyacrylamide-Laboratory Tests. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 62．
37． Mohammad H. Alemi, David A. Goldhsmer, 1988． Surge Irrigation Optimization Model. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 31(2) .
38． P. G. McCornick, H. R. Duke, T. H. Podmore, 1988． Field Evaluation Procedure for Surge Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 31(1) .
39． R. D. Lentz, I. Shainberg, R. E. Sojka, and D. L. Carter, 1992． Preventing Irrigation Furrow Erosion with Small Applications of Polymers. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 56．
40． R. D. Lentz and R. E. Sojka, 1994． Field Results Using Polyacrylamide To Manage Furrow Erosion and Infiltration. Soil Science Vol. 158, No. 4．
41． R. E. Sojka, R. D. Lentz, and D. T. Westermann, 1998． Water and Erosion Management with Multiple Application of Polyacrylamide in Furrow Irrigation. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 62．
42． Roberto Testezlaf, Ronald L. Elliott, James E. Garton, 1987． Furrow Infiltration Under Surge Flow Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 30(1) .
43． T. J. Trout, 1990． Surface Seal Influence on Surge Flow Furrow Infiltration. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 33(5) .
44． T. J. Trout, R. E. Sojka, R. D. Lentz, 1995． Polyacrylamide Effect on Furrow Erosion and Infiltration. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 38(3) .
45． W. D. Kemper, T. J. Trout, A. S. Humpherys, M. S. Bullock, 1988． Mechanisms by which Surge Irrigation Reduces Furrow Infiltration Rates in a Silty Loam Soil. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 31(3) .
46． W. P. Miller, R. L. Willis & G. J. Levy, 1998． Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide. Soil Use and Management (1998) 14．
47． X. C. Zhang, W. P. Miller, M. A. Nearing, L. D. Norton, 1998． Effects of Surface Treatment on Surface Sealing, Runoff, and Interrill Erosion. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 41(4) .
48． X. C. Zhang and W. P. Miller, 1996． Polyacrylamide Effect on Infiltration and Erosion in Furrows. SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 60．
49． Zohrab A. Samani. Wynn R. Walker. Lyman S. Willardson, 1985． Infiltration under Surge Flow Irrigation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE Vol. 28(5) .