鄂尔多斯盆地中东部地区古生界热演化史与天然气成藏
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摘要
近年来随着石油天然气勘探开发的不断深入,盆地热演化史恢复已成为地质领域研究的热点。鄂尔多斯盆地绥德县以南、志丹县以东、宜川县以西、洛川县以北地区古生界含气层系多,气藏类型多样,是天然气勘探和研究程度相对较低的地区,到目前为止还没有针对该区古生界开展系统的热演化史、生烃史、排烃史及天然气成藏等研究。因此对于该地区古生界热演化史及天然气成藏研究有助于对天然气勘探进行客观评价,为勘探目标优选提供依据。
     对研究范围内白垩系残存地区、中东部镜质体反射率数据较多的地区和缺乏地化测试数据的地区,分别采取声波时差外推法、镜质体反射率法和沉积体模型法,恢复出了早白垩世以来各套地层剥蚀厚度和剥蚀厚度总量。地层剥蚀总量具有自西向东逐渐增大的规律,西部志丹地区不到900m,东部宜川地区剥蚀量最大可达2000m以上。以沉积地层学为原理,采用剥蚀厚度相对数值法,恢复了加里东运动时期马家沟组剥蚀厚度,剥蚀数值范围在0~185m之间。
     通过磷灰石裂变径迹模拟法,建立了多种地质演化模型,通过对比分析,精确地刻画了研究区早白垩世晚期以来的演化过程。精细刻画结果表明:研究区早白垩世晚期以来可以细分为快速抬升阶段(96Ma-40Ma),抬升速率较快;缓慢抬升阶段(40Ma-23Ma),抬升速率不大;再次快速抬升阶段(23Ma~今),抬升速率最大。
     根据含油气盆地理论,采用国际最先进的盆地模拟软件PetroMod,结合油气田勘探开发生产资料,设定合理的地质参数,建立研究区古生界地质模型并恢复埋藏史,揭示了研究区埋藏沉降史规律,指出埋藏沉降史分为四大演化阶段,其中快速沉降阶段发生在中-晚三叠世。在早白垩世晚期地层达到最大埋深之后,又经历了快速抬升-缓慢抬升-再次快速抬升的演化过程。
     在对研究区古大地热流值、各种岩性的热导率等参数讨论的基础上,采用EASY%Ro法恢复了研究区古生界热演化史,并进行了古今地温平面对比、重点层位地温平面演化史、热演化史剖面特征和重点地区热史的差异性对比。研究结果认为:古生界各套烃源岩自沉积后,经历温度逐渐增高,三叠纪末,整体达到了成熟阶段;侏罗纪末,大部分地区处于高成熟阶段;最大埋深期,整体处于生气阶段,西部埋深大的地区,局部达到了干气阶段;之后整体抬升,地层温度逐渐降低。
     统计了研究区古生界烃源岩的类型、丰度及成熟度。在对生烃动力学、有机碳恢复系数、生烃潜力图版等模拟参数选取的基础上,从二维和三维的角度对重点烃源岩层位的生烃强度演化史进行了模拟,并最终进行了生烃量的计算。研究认为山西组生烃量最多,对整个古生界生烃量的贡献率达到37%。各套烃源岩在晚侏罗世至早白垩世生烃贡献率最大,达到整个历史时期的72%。晚白垩世以来的后期抬升阶段,生烃演化可划分为三个次一级的生烃阶段:96~40Ma、40~23Ma和23Ma~现今,其生烃强度逐渐减小至零。
     采用物质平衡法、压差法等技术和原理,在选取适合研究区的排烃参数的基础上,进行了排烃史模拟。模拟结果认为累计排气量以志丹-安塞-延安地区最高,占总排气量的67%。研究区排烃强度可分为四大阶段。其中第三个阶段(晚侏罗世-早白垩世晚期),排气强度最高,志丹县以东地区达到了18.6×108m3/km2,此阶段排烃量为24.66×1012m3,占历史上总排烃量的78%。
     采用烃源岩生烃演化史及关键时刻分析方法和包裹体测温技术指出研究区上古生界石盒子组天然气充注在晚侏罗世(167~153Ma)和早白垩世(147~126Ma)。古生界所有烃源岩层位在晚侏罗世至早白垩世期间,均处在大量生、排烃期,此阶段天然气充注强度大,为天然气主要成藏期。
In recent years, oil and gas basin simulation has become a hot spot in the study of geological field. The region, which is bounded by the SuiDe county, ZhiDan county, YiChuan county and LuoChuan county, has a variety of Paleozoic gas reservoirs. The gas exploration and research level is relatively low in the region, and so far there has no research in Palaeozoic thermal evolution, hydrocarbon generation history, hydrocarbon expulsion history and accumulation. Based on above reasons, the research of thermal evolution helps to evaluate objectively the exploration target and provides the optimization basis.
     Various erosion thickness restoration method have been used. The Cretaceous residual region used the acoustic time extrapolation method. The central areas, where has vitrinite reflectance data use the vitrinite reflectance method. The region, where is lack of geochemistry data, use the uniform thickness method. The total erosion thickness is restored. It is increased gradually from the west to the east. The ZhiDan county is less than900m. The largest amount in the eastern YiChuan county is up to2000m above. With the sedimentary stratigraphical principle and the erosion thickness relative numerical method, the majiagou erosion thickness has been restored. The erosion thickness distribution is irregular, numerical range from0m to185m.
     With the apatite-fission simulation, a variety of tectonic evolution model was established, and the accurate depiction of the evolution process(since early Cretaceous) has been made. The results showed that since the early Cretaceous late, the study area can be subdivided into rapid uplift stage (96Ma~40Ma), uplifting rate quickly; slow lifting stage (40Ma~23Ma) once again rapid uplift stage (23Ma~now), maximum uplifting rate.
     With the international most advanced basin simulation software PetroMod and practical gas exploration data, the research area burial history is established. The Paleozoic structure evolution is also been recovered. It is pointed out that the burial subsidence history can be divided into four evolutionary stages. The rapid subsidence stage is in the middle-late Triassic. After the time when the formation achieved the maximum buried depth in Cretaceous, the region experienced rapid uplift-slow rise-rapid uplift again-deposition evolution process.
     The paleo-surface temperature, paleo-heat flow, thermal conductivity and heat generation rate are all discussed. With the EASY%R。method, the Paleozoic thermal history has been rebuild. The thermal history has been presented in virous way, including the comparison between paleo-temperature and present temperature, horizontal and sectional temperature characters, comparison between different region. Modeling result shows that the temperature gradually increase since the sedimentation began. The Source rock enters into oil threshold in late Triassic, enters into gas threshold in early Jurassic, reaches the maximum temperature in late period of early Cretaceous, and afterwards the gradual lowering of temperature. The temperature of ZhiDan county is higher than any other places.
     Statistically, the source rock type, abundance and maturity have been discussed in the study area. The hydrocarbon dynamics, organic carbon recovery coefficient, hydrocarbon generation potential parameters chart are all been rebuild. In the view of2d and3d, the hydrocarbon generation capability and generation amount are all been calculated. The ShanXi formation provides the highest contributive rate, nearly about37%. The period between late Jurassic and early Cretaceous provides the highest contributive rate, nearly about72%. The hydrocarbon generation since the late Cretaceous can be divided into three sub stages:96-40Ma,40-23Ma and23Ma-now.
     With the material balance method and the pressure disparity method together, the proper expulsive parameters and the expulsive amount are been calculated. The maximum accumulated expulsive amount is in the center of ZhiDan-AnSai-YanAn region, reaching67%of the expulsive amount. The expulsive intensity and expulsive amount can be divided into four stages. The last stage(since late Cretaceous) can be divided into three sub stages:96-40Ma,40-23Ma and23Ma-now. The maximum expulsive intensity is to the east of ZhiDan county, reaching18.6×108m3/km2.
     Using hydrocarbon-generating key moment analysis method and inclusion thermometry, it is pointed out that the upper Palaeozoic hydrocarbon injection is happened in late Jurassic period (167-153Ma) and early Cretaceous(147-126Ma). Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous is the time when all the Palaeozoic plentifully expulsion happens. It is also the main gas accumulation time.
     The natural gas accumulation is controlled by hydrocarbon generating ability and tectonic thermal evolution history.
引文
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