生态主义视域下《美丽新世界》主题研究
|
摘要
阿道斯·赫胥黎是20世纪英国著名的小说家、小品文作家、社会评论家、剧作家、诗人、神秘主义者。他一生创作了五十多部各种类型的作品,这些作品涉及到政治、哲学、文学、音乐、美术、建筑、宗教、科学技术等各个方面,为后人的文学研究提供了丰富的素材。
本文以阿道斯·赫胥黎的小说《美丽新世界》为文本主线,以主体研究为切入角度,以生态批评主义为理论依据,分析阐述该作品所反映的深刻主题以及现实意义。
第一部分简介赫胥黎及其文学成就,《美丽新世界》的故事梗概以及本文的研究重点。通过呈现赫胥黎作品及其思想的国内外研究状况,得出结论,将生态主义批评理论与《美丽新世界》相结合,从全新的角度解读文本的主题意义,也将是一个新的研究方向。
第二部分为理论基础部分。首先介绍生态批评主义的起源,然后阐述生态批评的两大领域,即自然生态与精神生态,最后点名生态主义的批评原则,运用该理论来解读赫胥黎的小说,从而展示赫胥黎小说的艺术价值。
第三部分为生态批评思想在《美丽新世界》中的体现。《美丽新世界》中存在两个社会,一个是以自然为主导的现实社会——保留地；另一个是科技控制下的未来社会——世界国。本章节中分别选取来自两个世界的代表人物,并对其性格特征的分析。在世界国中,科技是一切的主导,世界国居民的情感甚至通过药丸来控制,没有自己真实的喜怒哀乐,这正体现生态批评对人类征服自然、控制自然的思想的批判,并指出由于人类无穷的欲望最终会导致精神真空化、行为无能化、生活风格的齐一化、存在的疏离化及心灵的拜物化。而与其相对应的自然社会保留地,则是生态批评思想对自然生态的召唤,警醒人们要摆脱科技欲望的束缚,使心灵回归,注重环境,关怀自然。
第四部分阐述中所折射出的主题。运用科技控制社会的发展,导致社会已然变为消费社会,并且毫无幸福感可言,感情以不复存在。
第五部分主要阐述《美丽新世界》的现实意义,这一对文本解读的“外部研究”有助于我们更深入准确地认识赫胥黎小说的主题以及其现实价值。最后,概括本文得出结论。
Aldous Huxley is a famous novelist, essay writer, social critic, play writer, poet and mysterist in the 20th England society. He created more than fifty works of different kinds, whose themes include politics, philosophy, literature, music, art, architecture and science and technology. His works provide a great many materials for the literature study.
Based on Huxley's novel Brave New World and by cutting into the theme study as the main view, this thesis analyzes and explains the deep theme and the realistic significance on the theoretical basis of ecocriticism.
In Chapter One, I briefly introduce Huxley and his great achievements, the summary of the novel and the focus of my thesis. First, the thesis will present the research situation on Huxley and his thoughts, and then it will analyze the text on the theoretical basis of ecociticism.
Chapter Two is the theory foundation which provides huge support for the analysis of the text. This chapter includes the origin of ecocriticism and then states the two fields of ecocriticism—natural ecology and spiritual ecology. What's more, in this chapter, the principles of ecocriticism are pointed out accurately.
In Chapter Three, I mainly analyze the ecocriticism thoughts reflected in Brave New World. Two worlds exist in Brave New World:one is the realistic society Reservation dominated by nature while the other one is World State, a future society under the control of technology. World State is a morbid society in which everything is resigned to technology, including man's feelings. Ecocriticm is the critique to the abuse of technology. But the Reservation is the reflection of summons to nature embodied in the thoughts of ecocriticism.
In Chapter Four, I state the themes embodied in the novel. Under the contro of technology, society will become a consumer society. In such a society, people have no feelings of happiness and they have no ability of love or sadness.
Chapter Five expounds the realistic significance of Brave New World. This "external study" which complements the above-mentioned literature—The "internal research", will help us understand the true themes and the full value of Huxley's novels
The final part summarizes and concludes this thesis.
本文以阿道斯·赫胥黎的小说《美丽新世界》为文本主线,以主体研究为切入角度,以生态批评主义为理论依据,分析阐述该作品所反映的深刻主题以及现实意义。
第一部分简介赫胥黎及其文学成就,《美丽新世界》的故事梗概以及本文的研究重点。通过呈现赫胥黎作品及其思想的国内外研究状况,得出结论,将生态主义批评理论与《美丽新世界》相结合,从全新的角度解读文本的主题意义,也将是一个新的研究方向。
第二部分为理论基础部分。首先介绍生态批评主义的起源,然后阐述生态批评的两大领域,即自然生态与精神生态,最后点名生态主义的批评原则,运用该理论来解读赫胥黎的小说,从而展示赫胥黎小说的艺术价值。
第三部分为生态批评思想在《美丽新世界》中的体现。《美丽新世界》中存在两个社会,一个是以自然为主导的现实社会——保留地；另一个是科技控制下的未来社会——世界国。本章节中分别选取来自两个世界的代表人物,并对其性格特征的分析。在世界国中,科技是一切的主导,世界国居民的情感甚至通过药丸来控制,没有自己真实的喜怒哀乐,这正体现生态批评对人类征服自然、控制自然的思想的批判,并指出由于人类无穷的欲望最终会导致精神真空化、行为无能化、生活风格的齐一化、存在的疏离化及心灵的拜物化。而与其相对应的自然社会保留地,则是生态批评思想对自然生态的召唤,警醒人们要摆脱科技欲望的束缚,使心灵回归,注重环境,关怀自然。
第四部分阐述中所折射出的主题。运用科技控制社会的发展,导致社会已然变为消费社会,并且毫无幸福感可言,感情以不复存在。
第五部分主要阐述《美丽新世界》的现实意义,这一对文本解读的“外部研究”有助于我们更深入准确地认识赫胥黎小说的主题以及其现实价值。最后,概括本文得出结论。
Aldous Huxley is a famous novelist, essay writer, social critic, play writer, poet and mysterist in the 20th England society. He created more than fifty works of different kinds, whose themes include politics, philosophy, literature, music, art, architecture and science and technology. His works provide a great many materials for the literature study.
Based on Huxley's novel Brave New World and by cutting into the theme study as the main view, this thesis analyzes and explains the deep theme and the realistic significance on the theoretical basis of ecocriticism.
In Chapter One, I briefly introduce Huxley and his great achievements, the summary of the novel and the focus of my thesis. First, the thesis will present the research situation on Huxley and his thoughts, and then it will analyze the text on the theoretical basis of ecociticism.
Chapter Two is the theory foundation which provides huge support for the analysis of the text. This chapter includes the origin of ecocriticism and then states the two fields of ecocriticism—natural ecology and spiritual ecology. What's more, in this chapter, the principles of ecocriticism are pointed out accurately.
In Chapter Three, I mainly analyze the ecocriticism thoughts reflected in Brave New World. Two worlds exist in Brave New World:one is the realistic society Reservation dominated by nature while the other one is World State, a future society under the control of technology. World State is a morbid society in which everything is resigned to technology, including man's feelings. Ecocriticm is the critique to the abuse of technology. But the Reservation is the reflection of summons to nature embodied in the thoughts of ecocriticism.
In Chapter Four, I state the themes embodied in the novel. Under the contro of technology, society will become a consumer society. In such a society, people have no feelings of happiness and they have no ability of love or sadness.
Chapter Five expounds the realistic significance of Brave New World. This "external study" which complements the above-mentioned literature—The "internal research", will help us understand the true themes and the full value of Huxley's novels
The final part summarizes and concludes this thesis.
引文
[1]Sybille Bedford. Aldous Huxley:a biography[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1974:3.
[2]Letters from Mrs. Humphry Ward's daughter, Dorothy Ward, to her friend, Miss Jewett,13 December 1908.
[3]Interview in Hollywood with students of Los Angeles School of Journalism,18 December 1957. Text in UCLA Huxley Collection.
[4]Aldous Huxley. Eyeless in Gaza[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers,1936:36.
[5]Aldous Huxley. Brave New World Revisited[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers,1989:1-2.
[6]William Rueckert. Literature and Ecology:An Experiment in Ecocriticism[M]. New York:Scribner's,1972:212.
[7]梭罗.瓦尔登湖[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1997：127.
[8]P.迪维诺.生态学概论[M].北京：北京科学出版社,1987：333.
[9]阿尔·戈尔.濒临失衡的地球[M].北京：中央编译出版社,1997：191.
[10]王克俭.生态文艺学：现代性与前瞻性[J].文艺报,2000.
[11]陈茂林.质疑和解构人类中心主义—论生态批评在文学实践中的策略[J].当代文坛,2004(4)：34.
[12]唐锡阳.尊重自然是现代生态学的一面旗帜,http://www.eedu.org.cn/greensos.
[13]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper&Row Publishers,1969:89.
[14]Robert S. Baker and James Sexton, ed. Aldous Huxley Complete Essays Volume 1930-1935[C]. Chicago:Van R.Dee,2001:408.
[15]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:145.
[16]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:147.
[17]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:169.
[18]Grover Smith, ed. Letters of Aldous Huxley[M]. London:Chatto,1969:362.
[19]Robert S. Baker, James Sexton,ed. Aldous Huxley Complete Essays Volume Ⅲ [C]. 1930—1935:436.
[20]John Atkins. Aldous Huxley[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1972:69.
[21]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:245.
[22]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:354.
[23]D. Richads. Four Utopias [J]. Slavonic & East European Revien,1962:252.
[24]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:365.
[25]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:421.
[26]利奥波德.沙乡年鉴[M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1997：216.
[27]曾永成.文艺的绿色之思——文艺生态学引论[M].北京：人民文学出版社,2000：137.
[28]李培超.自然伦理的尊严[M].江西：江西人民出版社,2001：94.
[29]阿尔贝特·史韦兹.敬畏生命[M].上海：上海社会科学出版社,1996：88.
[30]王诺.欧美生态文学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2003：64.
[31]王诺.欧美生态文学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2003：64-65.
[32]鲁春芳.现实语境华斯华兹自然观[J].浙江：浙江师范大学学报,2005,(5)：79-82.
1 Bloy, Myron. The Crisis of Valves. New York:Seabury Press,1962
2 Braneh, Miehael, ed. Reading the Earth:New Direetions in the Literature and Environment. Idaho:University of Idaho Press,1988
3 Cheryll Glotfelty, Harold Fromm. The Ecocriticism Reader:Land-marks in Literary Ecology. Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1996
4 D. Richads. Four Utopias. Slavonic & East European Revien,1962
5 Firchow, Evelyn S.and Nugel, Bernfried. Reluctant Modernists:Aldous Huxley and Some Contemporaries (A Collection of Essays by Peter Edgerly Firchow). New York:Die Deutsche Bibliothek,2002
6 Firchow, Peter. Aldous Huxley:Satirist and Novelist. London:Oxford University Press,1972
7 Grover Smith. Letters of Aldous Huxley. London:Chatto,1969
8 Higdon, David Leon. The Provocations of Lenina in Huxley's Brave New World. New York:International Fiction Review,2002
9 Aldous Huxley. Brave New World. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969
10 Aldous Huxley. Brave New World Revisited. New York:Harper Collins Publishers, 1989
11 Izzo, David Garrett. Aldous Huxley:The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Volume: 25. Issue:3. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005
12 Joseph W. Meeker. The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology. New York:Scribner's,1972
13 Robert S. Baker, James Sexton, ed. Aldous Huxley Complete Essays Volume 1930-1935. Chicago:Van R.Dee,2001
14 Schaer, Roland. Utopia:The Search for the Ideal Society in the Western World. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000
15 Sybille Bedford. Aldous Huxley:A Biography. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1974
16 William Rueckert. Literature and Ecology:An Experiment in Ec-ocriticism. Lowa Review,1978
17阿尔贝特·史韦兹.敬畏生命.上海：上海社会科学出版社,1996
18阿尔·戈尔.濒临失衡的地球—生态与人类精神.北京：北京中央翻译出版社,1997
19阿道斯·赫胥黎.美丽新世界.南京：南京译林出版社,2000
20陈茂林.质疑和解构人类中心主义—论生态批评在文学实践中的策略.当代文坛,2004(4)
21大卫·雷·格里芬.后现代精神.北京：中央编译出版社,1998
22侯维瑞.现代英国小说选读.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1990
23霍尔姆斯·罗尔斯顿.环境伦理学.北京：中国社会科学出社,2000
24卡尔·雅斯贝斯.时代的精神状况.上海：上海译文出版社,2003
25卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯.当代精神的处境.北京：北京三联书,1992
26刘小妮.幻灭的新世界—对《美丽新世界》的解读.沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004
27鲁春芳.现实语境华斯华兹自然观.浙江：浙江师范大学学报,2005
28鲁枢元.生态文艺学.陕西：陕西人民教育出版社,2000
29鲁枢元.猞猁言说：关于文学、精神、生态的思考.北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001
30鲁枢元.生态批评的空间.上海：华东师范大学出版社,2006
31舍勒.人在宇宙中的地位.贵州：贵州人民出版社,1989
32史怀泽.敬畏生命.上海：上海社会科学院出版社,1992
33汤平.永远的警示—人的异化在《美丽新世界》和《一九八四》中的体现.四川大学硕士学位论文,2005
34王克俭.生态文艺学：现代性与前瞻性.文艺报,2000
35王宁.文化研究在九十年代的新发展.北京：教学与研究,1999
36王诺.欧美生态文学.北京：北京大学出版社,2003
37王诺.欧美生态批评.上海：学林出版社,2008
38姚全兴.生命审美价值描述.上海：上海大学学报(社会科学版),2001
39仪平策.从现代人类学范式看生态美学研究.学术月刊,2003
40曾建平.自然之思：西方生态伦理思想探究.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004
[2]Letters from Mrs. Humphry Ward's daughter, Dorothy Ward, to her friend, Miss Jewett,13 December 1908.
[3]Interview in Hollywood with students of Los Angeles School of Journalism,18 December 1957. Text in UCLA Huxley Collection.
[4]Aldous Huxley. Eyeless in Gaza[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers,1936:36.
[5]Aldous Huxley. Brave New World Revisited[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers,1989:1-2.
[6]William Rueckert. Literature and Ecology:An Experiment in Ecocriticism[M]. New York:Scribner's,1972:212.
[7]梭罗.瓦尔登湖[M].上海：上海人民出版社,1997：127.
[8]P.迪维诺.生态学概论[M].北京：北京科学出版社,1987：333.
[9]阿尔·戈尔.濒临失衡的地球[M].北京：中央编译出版社,1997：191.
[10]王克俭.生态文艺学：现代性与前瞻性[J].文艺报,2000.
[11]陈茂林.质疑和解构人类中心主义—论生态批评在文学实践中的策略[J].当代文坛,2004(4)：34.
[12]唐锡阳.尊重自然是现代生态学的一面旗帜,http://www.eedu.org.cn/greensos.
[13]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper&Row Publishers,1969:89.
[14]Robert S. Baker and James Sexton, ed. Aldous Huxley Complete Essays Volume 1930-1935[C]. Chicago:Van R.Dee,2001:408.
[15]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:145.
[16]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:147.
[17]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:169.
[18]Grover Smith, ed. Letters of Aldous Huxley[M]. London:Chatto,1969:362.
[19]Robert S. Baker, James Sexton,ed. Aldous Huxley Complete Essays Volume Ⅲ [C]. 1930—1935:436.
[20]John Atkins. Aldous Huxley[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1972:69.
[21]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:245.
[22]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:354.
[23]D. Richads. Four Utopias [J]. Slavonic & East European Revien,1962:252.
[24]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:365.
[25]Huxley. Brave New World[M]. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969:421.
[26]利奥波德.沙乡年鉴[M].吉林：吉林人民出版社,1997：216.
[27]曾永成.文艺的绿色之思——文艺生态学引论[M].北京：人民文学出版社,2000：137.
[28]李培超.自然伦理的尊严[M].江西：江西人民出版社,2001：94.
[29]阿尔贝特·史韦兹.敬畏生命[M].上海：上海社会科学出版社,1996：88.
[30]王诺.欧美生态文学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2003：64.
[31]王诺.欧美生态文学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2003：64-65.
[32]鲁春芳.现实语境华斯华兹自然观[J].浙江：浙江师范大学学报,2005,(5)：79-82.
1 Bloy, Myron. The Crisis of Valves. New York:Seabury Press,1962
2 Braneh, Miehael, ed. Reading the Earth:New Direetions in the Literature and Environment. Idaho:University of Idaho Press,1988
3 Cheryll Glotfelty, Harold Fromm. The Ecocriticism Reader:Land-marks in Literary Ecology. Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1996
4 D. Richads. Four Utopias. Slavonic & East European Revien,1962
5 Firchow, Evelyn S.and Nugel, Bernfried. Reluctant Modernists:Aldous Huxley and Some Contemporaries (A Collection of Essays by Peter Edgerly Firchow). New York:Die Deutsche Bibliothek,2002
6 Firchow, Peter. Aldous Huxley:Satirist and Novelist. London:Oxford University Press,1972
7 Grover Smith. Letters of Aldous Huxley. London:Chatto,1969
8 Higdon, David Leon. The Provocations of Lenina in Huxley's Brave New World. New York:International Fiction Review,2002
9 Aldous Huxley. Brave New World. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1969
10 Aldous Huxley. Brave New World Revisited. New York:Harper Collins Publishers, 1989
11 Izzo, David Garrett. Aldous Huxley:The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Volume: 25. Issue:3. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005
12 Joseph W. Meeker. The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology. New York:Scribner's,1972
13 Robert S. Baker, James Sexton, ed. Aldous Huxley Complete Essays Volume 1930-1935. Chicago:Van R.Dee,2001
14 Schaer, Roland. Utopia:The Search for the Ideal Society in the Western World. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000
15 Sybille Bedford. Aldous Huxley:A Biography. New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1974
16 William Rueckert. Literature and Ecology:An Experiment in Ec-ocriticism. Lowa Review,1978
17阿尔贝特·史韦兹.敬畏生命.上海：上海社会科学出版社,1996
18阿尔·戈尔.濒临失衡的地球—生态与人类精神.北京：北京中央翻译出版社,1997
19阿道斯·赫胥黎.美丽新世界.南京：南京译林出版社,2000
20陈茂林.质疑和解构人类中心主义—论生态批评在文学实践中的策略.当代文坛,2004(4)
21大卫·雷·格里芬.后现代精神.北京：中央编译出版社,1998
22侯维瑞.现代英国小说选读.上海：上海外语教育出版社,1990
23霍尔姆斯·罗尔斯顿.环境伦理学.北京：中国社会科学出社,2000
24卡尔·雅斯贝斯.时代的精神状况.上海：上海译文出版社,2003
25卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯.当代精神的处境.北京：北京三联书,1992
26刘小妮.幻灭的新世界—对《美丽新世界》的解读.沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004
27鲁春芳.现实语境华斯华兹自然观.浙江：浙江师范大学学报,2005
28鲁枢元.生态文艺学.陕西：陕西人民教育出版社,2000
29鲁枢元.猞猁言说：关于文学、精神、生态的思考.北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001
30鲁枢元.生态批评的空间.上海：华东师范大学出版社,2006
31舍勒.人在宇宙中的地位.贵州：贵州人民出版社,1989
32史怀泽.敬畏生命.上海：上海社会科学院出版社,1992
33汤平.永远的警示—人的异化在《美丽新世界》和《一九八四》中的体现.四川大学硕士学位论文,2005
34王克俭.生态文艺学：现代性与前瞻性.文艺报,2000
35王宁.文化研究在九十年代的新发展.北京：教学与研究,1999
36王诺.欧美生态文学.北京：北京大学出版社,2003
37王诺.欧美生态批评.上海：学林出版社,2008
38姚全兴.生命审美价值描述.上海：上海大学学报(社会科学版),2001
39仪平策.从现代人类学范式看生态美学研究.学术月刊,2003
40曾建平.自然之思：西方生态伦理思想探究.北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004