淄博鸟类多样性与植被恢复研究
摘要
植被是地球表面生态系统最基本的组成成分,而绿色植物又是生态系统核心中的核心。可以说,如果没有绿色植物登陆成功,就不会有今天如此众多的生态系统类型。然而随着人口急剧增长,社会经济发展和自然资源的高度开发、利用等引起的人为干扰胁迫,严重影响了生态系统的稳定,引发了一系列的生态环境问题:森林生态功能不断退化、草地退化愈演愈烈、水土流失严重、土地沙漠化加剧,动物的多样性受到极大威胁等。本文首先从理论上阐述了退化生态系统形成的原因及恢复生态学的有关概念,分析了我国退化生态系统的类型,阐明了植被恢复的重要性及动物多样性在植被恢复中,森林动物在传粉、种子传播和植被更新中的作用,动物在矿质循环和土壤改良中的作用。
城市生物多样性是提高城市绿地生态系统功能的前提和城市多样化景观的基础,也是城市绿化水平的重要标志。野生动物尤其是鸟的种类、数量及其生存状态是生态环境的最佳指示生物之一。保护城市生态环境和建设野生动物栖息地,成为现代化城市建设的重要基点,而多数关于城市野生动物的研究都集中在鸟类,城市鸟类群落结构是城市生物多样性的组成部分和环境质量的重要指标,直接反映城市生物多样性水平。不幸的是许多关于鸟类栖息地关系的研究都是在自然生态系统中进行的,而极大地忽视了城市区域。国内外许多鸟类生态学家和城市自然保护者,从不同侧面对城市鸟类多样性及其影响因素进行了研究。
淄博作为一个古老而新生的城市,随着经济建设的快速发展,城市化进程越来越快,自然景观原生面貌也被改变,基质景观破碎程度明显增加,成为人文次生自然景观。次生自然景观虽较好地反映了生物群落与生境间的作用关系,但其生态结构、功能已发生深刻变化,结合淄博市争创“生态城市”先进经验,以及改善人居环境和保护生物多样性研究的需要,减小城市发展对生物多样性的影响,利用生态学原理指导城市规划建设,把生物多样性保护和持续利用密切结合起来,因此选择了淄博四个区县八个样点,研究了淄博地区在植被恢复过程中,对鸟类多样性影响的环境因子,以及淄博地区在植被恢复过程中存在的问题,并结合淄博地区森林植被恢复的现状,提出了淄博地区植被恢复的建议。以期为淄博地区的和谐发展,提高居民的生存质量,实现城市现代化与自然共存、经济建设和生物多样性共存的目标提供一些新的、切合当地实际情况的信息。
Vegetation is the most foundational component in the surface of the earth ecosystem. And the green plants are the core of it. It goes without saying that if there are on green plants landed on the earth succeedingly, the earth ecosystem doesn’t exist as we can see today. However , the man interference,which is caused by the increasing of population, the development of social economy and the excessive exploitation and utilization of natural resources ,has affected the stability of the ecosystem seriously and caused a series of problems about ecological environment。Such as the forest ecological function degeneration,the grass serious degradation,water and soil running off and ground desertification. Firstly the article discusses the forming causes of degraded ecosystem and the conceptions of restoring ecology from the point of theory and analyses the type of degraded ecosystem in China, states the importance of vegetation restoration and the role of the animal’s diversity in vegetation restoration, the role of the forest animals in pollination,seeds spreading and vegetation renewing, the role of the animals in mineral substance cycling and soil amelioration.
Zibo which is a old and renewing city was changed a lot in original apperance of natural landscape and broken violently in base material landscape with the quick development of economic construction, the accelerating process of urbanization. So it becomes the secondary humanistic landscape. Though the secondary landscape reflects the relationship between biological community and entironment much better but it has been a deep change in ecological structure and function. Combining the advanced experience of Zibo competing for“Ecological City”and the needs for the improvement of habitancy environment and the research on the diversity of biological protecting, we should reduce the influence on the diversity of biology and guide the town planning construction by using ecological theory, band together the diversity of biological protecting with persistent utilization. Eight sample positions in four zones and counties are chosen to study the environmental elements which influences the birds’varieties in the vegetation’restoration in Zibo district and problems during this process. It proposes some suggestions combined with forest vegetation restoration reality in order to provide new and practical information of Zibo’s harmonious development, living quality improvement, realization of city modernization and co-existence with the nature, and co-existence of economic construction and biology varieties.
城市生物多样性是提高城市绿地生态系统功能的前提和城市多样化景观的基础,也是城市绿化水平的重要标志。野生动物尤其是鸟的种类、数量及其生存状态是生态环境的最佳指示生物之一。保护城市生态环境和建设野生动物栖息地,成为现代化城市建设的重要基点,而多数关于城市野生动物的研究都集中在鸟类,城市鸟类群落结构是城市生物多样性的组成部分和环境质量的重要指标,直接反映城市生物多样性水平。不幸的是许多关于鸟类栖息地关系的研究都是在自然生态系统中进行的,而极大地忽视了城市区域。国内外许多鸟类生态学家和城市自然保护者,从不同侧面对城市鸟类多样性及其影响因素进行了研究。
淄博作为一个古老而新生的城市,随着经济建设的快速发展,城市化进程越来越快,自然景观原生面貌也被改变,基质景观破碎程度明显增加,成为人文次生自然景观。次生自然景观虽较好地反映了生物群落与生境间的作用关系,但其生态结构、功能已发生深刻变化,结合淄博市争创“生态城市”先进经验,以及改善人居环境和保护生物多样性研究的需要,减小城市发展对生物多样性的影响,利用生态学原理指导城市规划建设,把生物多样性保护和持续利用密切结合起来,因此选择了淄博四个区县八个样点,研究了淄博地区在植被恢复过程中,对鸟类多样性影响的环境因子,以及淄博地区在植被恢复过程中存在的问题,并结合淄博地区森林植被恢复的现状,提出了淄博地区植被恢复的建议。以期为淄博地区的和谐发展,提高居民的生存质量,实现城市现代化与自然共存、经济建设和生物多样性共存的目标提供一些新的、切合当地实际情况的信息。
Vegetation is the most foundational component in the surface of the earth ecosystem. And the green plants are the core of it. It goes without saying that if there are on green plants landed on the earth succeedingly, the earth ecosystem doesn’t exist as we can see today. However , the man interference,which is caused by the increasing of population, the development of social economy and the excessive exploitation and utilization of natural resources ,has affected the stability of the ecosystem seriously and caused a series of problems about ecological environment。Such as the forest ecological function degeneration,the grass serious degradation,water and soil running off and ground desertification. Firstly the article discusses the forming causes of degraded ecosystem and the conceptions of restoring ecology from the point of theory and analyses the type of degraded ecosystem in China, states the importance of vegetation restoration and the role of the animal’s diversity in vegetation restoration, the role of the forest animals in pollination,seeds spreading and vegetation renewing, the role of the animals in mineral substance cycling and soil amelioration.
Zibo which is a old and renewing city was changed a lot in original apperance of natural landscape and broken violently in base material landscape with the quick development of economic construction, the accelerating process of urbanization. So it becomes the secondary humanistic landscape. Though the secondary landscape reflects the relationship between biological community and entironment much better but it has been a deep change in ecological structure and function. Combining the advanced experience of Zibo competing for“Ecological City”and the needs for the improvement of habitancy environment and the research on the diversity of biological protecting, we should reduce the influence on the diversity of biology and guide the town planning construction by using ecological theory, band together the diversity of biological protecting with persistent utilization. Eight sample positions in four zones and counties are chosen to study the environmental elements which influences the birds’varieties in the vegetation’restoration in Zibo district and problems during this process. It proposes some suggestions combined with forest vegetation restoration reality in order to provide new and practical information of Zibo’s harmonious development, living quality improvement, realization of city modernization and co-existence with the nature, and co-existence of economic construction and biology varieties.
引文
[1] 任海,彭少麟,陆宏芳.退化生态系统恢复与恢复生态学.生态学报,2004,24(8):1760-1766.
[2] 任海,彭少麟.恢复生态学导论.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[3] 张明亮,焦士兴.我国生态环境进化的问题分析及对策.国土与自然资源研究,2003,32(3)32-34.
[4] 刘国华,傅伯杰,等.中国生态退化的主要类型、特征及分布.生态学报,2000,20(1):13-19.
[5] 黄春晖,高峻.生态构建——恢复生态学的新观点.地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(4):51-55.
[6] 向成华,刘洪英,何成元.恢复生态学的研究动态.四川林业科技,2003,24(2):16-21.
[7] 孙儒泳,李庆芬,牛崔娟,娄安如.生态学.北京科学出版社:2000.
[8] 肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻,常禹,李团胜.景观生态学.北京:科学出版社,2003.
[9] 陈蓉霞.时间舞台上的物种.上海:科学技术出版社,2002.
[10]李凤,陈法扬.生态恢复与可持续发展.水土保持,2004,18(6):187-189.
[11]何跃军,叶小齐.恢复生态学理论对退化生态系统恢复的重要性.贵州林业科学,2004,32(2):8-11.
[12]师尚礼.生态恢复理论与技术研究现状及浅析.草业科学,2004,21(5):1-5.
[13]张金屯.黄土高原植被恢复与建设的理论和技术问题. 水土保持学报,2004,18(5):120-123.
[14]张海峰,刘峰贵,周强,等.青海南部高原高寒草场退化机理及生态重建. 自然灾害学报,2004,13(4):115-119.
[15]梅再美,王代懿,熊康宇,等.不同强度等级沙漠化土地植被恢复技术初步研究.中国岩源,2004,23(3):253-257.
[16]李白峰,张学峰,李士江,等.山东省山区生态植被恢复模式的探讨.防护林科技,2004,(2):72-73.
[17]程冬兵,蔡崇法,孙艳艳. 植被恢复研究综述.亚热带水土保持,2006,18(2):24
[18]朱曦.森林动物在森林生态系统中的作用.生态学杂志,1984,4:47-48.
[19]柴发熹,王三英.森林改善环境的生态功能.林业经济,216-217,221.
[20]朱桂林,山仑,刘国彬.黄土高原农牧交错带植被恢复途径.中国水利,2004,8.
[21]孙即玉,刘志纯,宋永贵等. 淄博市农业区划专业文集. 济南,山东科技出版社,1990.
[22] 刘志纯. 淄博生物资源. 北京,中国广播电视出版社,1991.
[23]王仁卿.山东森林植被恢复的理论方法的实践. 山东林业科技,2001,(3):11-15.
[24]贾福功,张佩云,王清斌,孙成南.封山育林理论与实践调查研究报告.山东林业科技,2001,(3):1-4.
[25]中国野生动物保护协会.中国鸟类图鉴.河南科学技术出版社.
[26]袁兴中,刘红.城市生态园林与生物多样保护[J].生态学杂志,1994, 13(4):71- 74
[27]郑光美.北京及其附近地区冬季鸟类的生态分布[J].动物学报,1962,14( 3):321 一 336.
[28] 郑光美.北京及其附近地区夏季鸟类的生态分[ J].动物学研究,1964,5(1):29- 40.
[29] 黎德武.武汉地区夏季鸟类区系和生态分[ J]华中师院院报 1979( 3) : 701 一 783
[2] 任海,彭少麟.恢复生态学导论.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[3] 张明亮,焦士兴.我国生态环境进化的问题分析及对策.国土与自然资源研究,2003,32(3)32-34.
[4] 刘国华,傅伯杰,等.中国生态退化的主要类型、特征及分布.生态学报,2000,20(1):13-19.
[5] 黄春晖,高峻.生态构建——恢复生态学的新观点.地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(4):51-55.
[6] 向成华,刘洪英,何成元.恢复生态学的研究动态.四川林业科技,2003,24(2):16-21.
[7] 孙儒泳,李庆芬,牛崔娟,娄安如.生态学.北京科学出版社:2000.
[8] 肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻,常禹,李团胜.景观生态学.北京:科学出版社,2003.
[9] 陈蓉霞.时间舞台上的物种.上海:科学技术出版社,2002.
[10]李凤,陈法扬.生态恢复与可持续发展.水土保持,2004,18(6):187-189.
[11]何跃军,叶小齐.恢复生态学理论对退化生态系统恢复的重要性.贵州林业科学,2004,32(2):8-11.
[12]师尚礼.生态恢复理论与技术研究现状及浅析.草业科学,2004,21(5):1-5.
[13]张金屯.黄土高原植被恢复与建设的理论和技术问题. 水土保持学报,2004,18(5):120-123.
[14]张海峰,刘峰贵,周强,等.青海南部高原高寒草场退化机理及生态重建. 自然灾害学报,2004,13(4):115-119.
[15]梅再美,王代懿,熊康宇,等.不同强度等级沙漠化土地植被恢复技术初步研究.中国岩源,2004,23(3):253-257.
[16]李白峰,张学峰,李士江,等.山东省山区生态植被恢复模式的探讨.防护林科技,2004,(2):72-73.
[17]程冬兵,蔡崇法,孙艳艳. 植被恢复研究综述.亚热带水土保持,2006,18(2):24
[18]朱曦.森林动物在森林生态系统中的作用.生态学杂志,1984,4:47-48.
[19]柴发熹,王三英.森林改善环境的生态功能.林业经济,216-217,221.
[20]朱桂林,山仑,刘国彬.黄土高原农牧交错带植被恢复途径.中国水利,2004,8.
[21]孙即玉,刘志纯,宋永贵等. 淄博市农业区划专业文集. 济南,山东科技出版社,1990.
[22] 刘志纯. 淄博生物资源. 北京,中国广播电视出版社,1991.
[23]王仁卿.山东森林植被恢复的理论方法的实践. 山东林业科技,2001,(3):11-15.
[24]贾福功,张佩云,王清斌,孙成南.封山育林理论与实践调查研究报告.山东林业科技,2001,(3):1-4.
[25]中国野生动物保护协会.中国鸟类图鉴.河南科学技术出版社.
[26]袁兴中,刘红.城市生态园林与生物多样保护[J].生态学杂志,1994, 13(4):71- 74
[27]郑光美.北京及其附近地区冬季鸟类的生态分布[J].动物学报,1962,14( 3):321 一 336.
[28] 郑光美.北京及其附近地区夏季鸟类的生态分[ J].动物学研究,1964,5(1):29- 40.
[29] 黎德武.武汉地区夏季鸟类区系和生态分[ J]华中师院院报 1979( 3) : 701 一 783