应用于数字版权保护的文本数字水印技术研究
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摘要
互联网技术日新月异,极大的推动了网络出版行业的快速发展。网上交易和传播的电子产品越来越多,随之而来的盗版和非法传播现象也越来越严重,数字版权保护问题成为了网络出版行业发展的瓶颈。而数字水印技术的提出,为解决数字版权保护问题提供了新思路。目前在网络出版的电子文档中,PDF格式的文档居多,因而研究针对PDF文档的数字水印技术在数字版权保护领域具有重要的应用价值。
本文通过分析PDF文档的结构及相关数字水印算法,针对现有一些水印嵌入算法存在的不足,提出了基于PDF文档结构和基于PDF文档ID的两种数字水印算法。其中基于PDF文档结构的数字水印算法利用行末标识符不会在文档中显示的特性,通过等量替换PDF文档中具有固定格式的交叉引用表的行末标识符,来实现水印信息的间接嵌入。而基于PDF文档ID的数字水印算法则是通过替换ID的第一组字符串来实现水印信息的嵌入。由于PDF文档的ID具有唯一不变性,因而嵌入的水印信息不易被去除,具备很好的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,上述算法水印容量都能满足数字版权保护的要求,隐蔽性好,具有较好的实用性。
在上述算法研究成果的基础上,设计并实现了一个文本水印系统,实现电子文档的版权信息嵌入和提取,并对系统的性能进行了测试和分析。该系统在网络出版行业具有广阔的应用前景及实用价值。
The Internet technology is developing rapidly, which greatly promotes the development of network publishing industry. More and more electronic products are traded and propagated online, and piracy and illegal propagation phenomenon is more and more serious, Digital copyright protection problems become a bottleneck of the network publishing industry development. And the digital watermarking technology provides a new thought to solve the digital copyright protection problem. At present, most of the electronic documents published in network are PDF documents, therefore, the study of digital watermarking technology according to PDF documents will have an important application value in the field of digital copyright protection.
According to the shortages of some existing watermark embedding algorithms, through analysis the structure of PDF documents and its related digital watermarking algorithm, this paper proposed two kinds of digital watermarking algorithm, one is based on PDF document structure and the other is based on PDF document ID. As to the digital watermarking algorithm based on PDF document structure, considering the characteristics that end-of-line marker cannot be showed in the document, this algorithm manages to embed watermark through replacing end-of-line markers of the cross-reference table with a fixed format. And the watermarking algorithm based on PDF document ID manages to embed watermark through replacing the first group string of ID. Due to the PDF document ID is sole and invariant, the embedded watermark is not easy to be removed, thus its robustness is good. The experimental results show that, the proposed algorithms can not only reach the standard of watermark capacity required by digital copyright protection, but have good concealment and practical applicability as well.
Based on the above algorithm research achievements, this paper designs and implements a text watermarking system, which can embed the copyright information to the electronic document, meanwhile extract the copyright information from it. And the performance of the system is. tested and analyzed. This system has a broad application prospect and practical value in the network publishing industry.
本文通过分析PDF文档的结构及相关数字水印算法,针对现有一些水印嵌入算法存在的不足,提出了基于PDF文档结构和基于PDF文档ID的两种数字水印算法。其中基于PDF文档结构的数字水印算法利用行末标识符不会在文档中显示的特性,通过等量替换PDF文档中具有固定格式的交叉引用表的行末标识符,来实现水印信息的间接嵌入。而基于PDF文档ID的数字水印算法则是通过替换ID的第一组字符串来实现水印信息的嵌入。由于PDF文档的ID具有唯一不变性,因而嵌入的水印信息不易被去除,具备很好的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,上述算法水印容量都能满足数字版权保护的要求,隐蔽性好,具有较好的实用性。
在上述算法研究成果的基础上,设计并实现了一个文本水印系统,实现电子文档的版权信息嵌入和提取,并对系统的性能进行了测试和分析。该系统在网络出版行业具有广阔的应用前景及实用价值。
The Internet technology is developing rapidly, which greatly promotes the development of network publishing industry. More and more electronic products are traded and propagated online, and piracy and illegal propagation phenomenon is more and more serious, Digital copyright protection problems become a bottleneck of the network publishing industry development. And the digital watermarking technology provides a new thought to solve the digital copyright protection problem. At present, most of the electronic documents published in network are PDF documents, therefore, the study of digital watermarking technology according to PDF documents will have an important application value in the field of digital copyright protection.
According to the shortages of some existing watermark embedding algorithms, through analysis the structure of PDF documents and its related digital watermarking algorithm, this paper proposed two kinds of digital watermarking algorithm, one is based on PDF document structure and the other is based on PDF document ID. As to the digital watermarking algorithm based on PDF document structure, considering the characteristics that end-of-line marker cannot be showed in the document, this algorithm manages to embed watermark through replacing end-of-line markers of the cross-reference table with a fixed format. And the watermarking algorithm based on PDF document ID manages to embed watermark through replacing the first group string of ID. Due to the PDF document ID is sole and invariant, the embedded watermark is not easy to be removed, thus its robustness is good. The experimental results show that, the proposed algorithms can not only reach the standard of watermark capacity required by digital copyright protection, but have good concealment and practical applicability as well.
Based on the above algorithm research achievements, this paper designs and implements a text watermarking system, which can embed the copyright information to the electronic document, meanwhile extract the copyright information from it. And the performance of the system is. tested and analyzed. This system has a broad application prospect and practical value in the network publishing industry.
引文
[1]辛友强.文本数字水印在版权保护中的应用研究.[硕士学位论文].西安：西安电子科技大学,2008.
[2]刘旻昊,张茹,钮心忻.文本数字水印技术研究综述[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(z1)：225-230.
[3]杨义先,钮心忻.《数字水印理论与技术》[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006：15-21.
[4]孙圣和,陆哲明,牛夏牧.《数字水印技术及应用》[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,36-37,536-575.
[5]Brassil J, Low s, Maxemchuk N F. Electronic marking and identification techniques to discourage document copying[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1995,13(8):1495-1504.
[6]BRASSIL J T, LOW S, MAXEMCHUK N F. Copyright protection for the electronic distribution of text documents [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1999,87(7): 1181-1196.
[7]黄华,齐春,李俊.一种新的文本数字水印标记策略和检测方法[J].西安交通大学学报,2002.2：35-39.
[8]Ding Huang, Hong Yan. Interword distance changes represented by sine waves for watermarking text images[J]. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2001,11(12):1237-1245.
[9]Choo Hyon-Gon, Kim Whoi-Yul. Data-hiding capacity improvement for text watermarking using space coding method[c]//The Second International Workshop, IWDW 2003. Seoul, Korea,2003:593-599.
[10]Kim Young-won, Moon Kyoun-Ae, Oh Il—Seok. A text watermarking algorithm based on word classification and inter-word space statistics[c]//Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR03. Edinburgh, Scotland,2003:775-779.
[11]Yang Huijuan, Kot A c. Text document authentication by integrating inter character and word spaces watermarking[c]//Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME2004. Taipei, china,2004,2:955-958.
[12]Borges P V K, Mayer J. Document watermarking via character luminance modulation[c]//Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2006. Toulouse,. France,2006,2:317-320.
[13]Stefan Thiemert, Martin Steinebach, Patrick wolf. A digital watermark for vector-based fonts[c]//Proceeding of the 8th ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop. Geneva, Switzerland,2006:120-123.
[14]Sun X M, Luo G., Huang H J. Component-based digital watermarking of Chinese texts[c]//Proceeding of Third International Conference on Information Security. Shanghai, China,2004,85:76-81.
[15]Sun X M, Chen H W, Yang L H, et al. Mathematical representation of a Chinese character and its applications[J]. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,2002,16(8):735-747.
[16]Atallah Mikhail J, Raskin Victor, Crogan Mchael, et al. Natural language watermarking:design, analysis, and a proof-of-concept implementation [c]//The Fourth International Information Hiding Workshop. Pittsburgh,2001:185-199.
[17]Bennett K. Linguistic steganography:survey, analysis, and robustness concerns for hiding information in text[EB/OL]. (2004-5-13)[2007-0510]. https: //www.cerias.purdue.edu/tools_and_resources/bibtex_archive/archive/2004-13.pdf.
[18]J.zhao, E.Koeh. Embedding Robust Labels into Images for Copyright Protection[C]. Proceedings of the International Congress on Intellectual Property Rights for Specialized Information Knowledge and New Technologies, Austria.1995, 242-251.
[19]Min Wu, Tang. E, Lin. B. Data Hiding in Digital Binary Images[C]. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, USA,2000, vol.1:393-396.
[20]Min Wu, Bede Liu. Data Hiding in Binary Image for Authentication and Annotation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, VOL.6, NO.4,2004.8:528-538.
[21]郝振省,等.2008中国数字版权保护研究报告[M].北京：中国书籍出版社,2008：1-3,37.
[22]张军亮,朱学芳.数字水印在数字版权保护中的应用[J].现代情报,2012,32(5)：62-66.
[23]俞银燕,汤帜.数字版权保护技术研究综述[J].计算机学报,2005,28(12)：1957-1968.
[24]Bill Rosenblatt, Bill Trippe, StephenMooney. Digital Right management: Business and Technology [M]. New York:M&T Books,2002:83-84.
[25]孙辉.DRM体系结构研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2007,(12)：45-49.
[26]刘东.新型文本数字水印技术及其典型应用研究.[博士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学,2007.
[27]Barni M, Bartolini F, Piva A. Improved Wavelet-Based Watermarking through Pixel-Wise Masking. IEEE Transaetions on Image Proeessing,2001,10(5):783-791.
[28]周继军,杨著,钮心忻等.文本信息隐藏检测算法研究[J].通讯学报,2004,25(12)：97-101.
[29]Adobe Systems Incorporated. PDF reference(Versionl.7) [J/OL]. [2006-11] http://www.adobe.com.
[30]钟尚平,陈铁睿.基于PDF文档作为掩体的信息隐写方法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(3)：161-163.
[31]刘友继,孙星明,罗刚.一种新的基于PDF文档结构的信息隐藏算法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(17)：230-232.
[32]马秀莹,林家骏.数字水印系统性能评价研究的现状与展望[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(22)：5233-5238.
[33]钟征燕,郭燕慧,徐国爱.基于PDF文档结构的数字水印算法[J].计算机应用.2012,32(10)：2776-2778,2782.
[2]刘旻昊,张茹,钮心忻.文本数字水印技术研究综述[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(z1)：225-230.
[3]杨义先,钮心忻.《数字水印理论与技术》[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006：15-21.
[4]孙圣和,陆哲明,牛夏牧.《数字水印技术及应用》[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,36-37,536-575.
[5]Brassil J, Low s, Maxemchuk N F. Electronic marking and identification techniques to discourage document copying[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1995,13(8):1495-1504.
[6]BRASSIL J T, LOW S, MAXEMCHUK N F. Copyright protection for the electronic distribution of text documents [J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1999,87(7): 1181-1196.
[7]黄华,齐春,李俊.一种新的文本数字水印标记策略和检测方法[J].西安交通大学学报,2002.2：35-39.
[8]Ding Huang, Hong Yan. Interword distance changes represented by sine waves for watermarking text images[J]. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2001,11(12):1237-1245.
[9]Choo Hyon-Gon, Kim Whoi-Yul. Data-hiding capacity improvement for text watermarking using space coding method[c]//The Second International Workshop, IWDW 2003. Seoul, Korea,2003:593-599.
[10]Kim Young-won, Moon Kyoun-Ae, Oh Il—Seok. A text watermarking algorithm based on word classification and inter-word space statistics[c]//Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR03. Edinburgh, Scotland,2003:775-779.
[11]Yang Huijuan, Kot A c. Text document authentication by integrating inter character and word spaces watermarking[c]//Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME2004. Taipei, china,2004,2:955-958.
[12]Borges P V K, Mayer J. Document watermarking via character luminance modulation[c]//Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2006. Toulouse,. France,2006,2:317-320.
[13]Stefan Thiemert, Martin Steinebach, Patrick wolf. A digital watermark for vector-based fonts[c]//Proceeding of the 8th ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop. Geneva, Switzerland,2006:120-123.
[14]Sun X M, Luo G., Huang H J. Component-based digital watermarking of Chinese texts[c]//Proceeding of Third International Conference on Information Security. Shanghai, China,2004,85:76-81.
[15]Sun X M, Chen H W, Yang L H, et al. Mathematical representation of a Chinese character and its applications[J]. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,2002,16(8):735-747.
[16]Atallah Mikhail J, Raskin Victor, Crogan Mchael, et al. Natural language watermarking:design, analysis, and a proof-of-concept implementation [c]//The Fourth International Information Hiding Workshop. Pittsburgh,2001:185-199.
[17]Bennett K. Linguistic steganography:survey, analysis, and robustness concerns for hiding information in text[EB/OL]. (2004-5-13)[2007-0510]. https: //www.cerias.purdue.edu/tools_and_resources/bibtex_archive/archive/2004-13.pdf.
[18]J.zhao, E.Koeh. Embedding Robust Labels into Images for Copyright Protection[C]. Proceedings of the International Congress on Intellectual Property Rights for Specialized Information Knowledge and New Technologies, Austria.1995, 242-251.
[19]Min Wu, Tang. E, Lin. B. Data Hiding in Digital Binary Images[C]. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, USA,2000, vol.1:393-396.
[20]Min Wu, Bede Liu. Data Hiding in Binary Image for Authentication and Annotation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, VOL.6, NO.4,2004.8:528-538.
[21]郝振省,等.2008中国数字版权保护研究报告[M].北京：中国书籍出版社,2008：1-3,37.
[22]张军亮,朱学芳.数字水印在数字版权保护中的应用[J].现代情报,2012,32(5)：62-66.
[23]俞银燕,汤帜.数字版权保护技术研究综述[J].计算机学报,2005,28(12)：1957-1968.
[24]Bill Rosenblatt, Bill Trippe, StephenMooney. Digital Right management: Business and Technology [M]. New York:M&T Books,2002:83-84.
[25]孙辉.DRM体系结构研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2007,(12)：45-49.
[26]刘东.新型文本数字水印技术及其典型应用研究.[博士学位论文].成都：电子科技大学,2007.
[27]Barni M, Bartolini F, Piva A. Improved Wavelet-Based Watermarking through Pixel-Wise Masking. IEEE Transaetions on Image Proeessing,2001,10(5):783-791.
[28]周继军,杨著,钮心忻等.文本信息隐藏检测算法研究[J].通讯学报,2004,25(12)：97-101.
[29]Adobe Systems Incorporated. PDF reference(Versionl.7) [J/OL]. [2006-11] http://www.adobe.com.
[30]钟尚平,陈铁睿.基于PDF文档作为掩体的信息隐写方法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(3)：161-163.
[31]刘友继,孙星明,罗刚.一种新的基于PDF文档结构的信息隐藏算法[J].计算机工程,2006,32(17)：230-232.
[32]马秀莹,林家骏.数字水印系统性能评价研究的现状与展望[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(22)：5233-5238.
[33]钟征燕,郭燕慧,徐国爱.基于PDF文档结构的数字水印算法[J].计算机应用.2012,32(10)：2776-2778,2782.