Ad Hoc网络中AODV路由算法及相关问题的研究
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摘要
移动Ad hoc网络是一种特殊的无线移动网络,其路由设计问题是无线移动网络领域的热点问题。随着制造工艺和设备性能的不断进步以及基础理论研究的不断深入,移动Ad hoc网络开始从军用进入商用和民用领域,如会议数据分发、数字化农业、保健医疗、智能公路等。因此如何进一步提高路由协议的性能是当前急需解决的重要问题。
本文的主要研究对象是无线自组网按需平面距离矢量路由协议(AODV)。由于其实现简单、开销小,是目前的研究热点。本文主要对AODV协议进行了分析和研究,探究了其自身的局限性,并在文中给出了解决方案。
本文的主要工作和研究成果如下:
①对AODV和AOMDV的链路探测机制进行了研究。AOMDV是一种基于AODV的多径扩展协议,它维护多条备份路径,在主路径失效时可以使用它们。AODV和AOMDV协议都包括两种链路探测方法:HELLO消息探测和链路层(802.11)反馈。在本文中,对AODV和AOMDV的两种链路探测机制进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,在AODV和AOMDV路由协议中,通过链路层反馈进行链路探测比利用HELLO消息进行链路探测具有更高的数据分组投递率、更低的归一化路由开销、更高的端到端平均时延和路由发起频率。
②对AODV路由协议的本地修复机制进行了研究。在本文中,主要对AODV路由协议中的本地修复的最大修复长度进行了分析和研究。对于最大修复长度,我们是以原协议的最大修复长度(MAX_REPAIR_TTL)为中心,分别取7个值。实验结果表明,最大修复长度越大,则协议的数据分组投递率越高、归一化路由开销越大、端到端平均时延越长、路由发起频率越高;最大修复长度越小,则协议的数据分组投递率越低、归一化路由开销越小、端到端平均时延越短、路由发起频率越低。
③对AODV路由算法进行优化。在本文中,主要根据两跳路由信息和一跳邻居信息,对AODV路由算法进行优化,使得AODV路由协议能够自动适应网络拓扑的动态变化,能够对活动路由进行动态优化。实验结果表明,改进后的协议在数据分组投递率等性能方面比原协议的效果要好。
Mobile Ad Hoc Network is one kind of special wireless mobile network, and its routing design is a hot topic in the field of wireless mobile network.With the continuous progress of manufacturing processes and equipment’s performance and with the depth study of basic theory, mobile Ad hoc network started from the applications of military into commercial and civil areas, such as meeting data distribution, digital agriculture, health care,smart highways and so on. So how to further improve the performance of routing protocols is the current important issue that needs to be resolved.
The main object of study is AODV in this thesis. Because of its simple and low overhead, it has become a current hot issue. Through the analysis and study about AODV, its own limitation is explored and the solution is given in this thesis.
The main achievements of this thesis are as follows:
①Some researches on the link detection mechanism of AODV and AOMDV are done. AOMDV which is based on AODV is one kind of multipath extended protocol, and it maintains multiple backup paths.When the primary path fails, backup paths will be used.Both AODV and AOMDV protocols include two kinds of link detection method: HELLO messages detection and link layer (802.11) feedback. In this thesis,comparative analysis researches on link detection mechanism of AODV and AOMDV are done. Experimental results show that the detection of link layer feedback mechanism has higher data packet delivery ratio、lower normalized routing load、higher end-to-end average delay and higher route discovery frequency than HELLO messages in the AODV and AOMDV routing protocols.
②Some researches on the local repair of AODV routing protocol are done. The maximum repair length of local repair about AODV is analyzed and studied in this thesis. As for the maximum repair length, the maximum repair length of the original protocol(MAX_REPAIR_TTL) was set as the center, taking seven values respectively. Experimental results show that the greater the maximum repair length is, the higher the data packet delivery ratio is, the greater the normalized routing load is, the longer end-to-end average delay is and the higher the route discovery frequency is; the smaller the maximum repair length is, the lower the data packet delivery ratio is, the smaller the normalized routing load is, the shorter the end-to-end average delay is and the lower the route discovery frequency is.
③AODV routing algorithm is optimized. In this thesis, based on two hop routing information and one hop neighbor information, AODV routing algorithm is optimized, making the AODV protocol automatically adapt to the dynamic changes of the network topology and active routes be optimized dynamically.Experimental results show that the improved protocol has better results than the original protocol in data packet delivery ratio.
本文的主要研究对象是无线自组网按需平面距离矢量路由协议(AODV)。由于其实现简单、开销小,是目前的研究热点。本文主要对AODV协议进行了分析和研究,探究了其自身的局限性,并在文中给出了解决方案。
本文的主要工作和研究成果如下:
①对AODV和AOMDV的链路探测机制进行了研究。AOMDV是一种基于AODV的多径扩展协议,它维护多条备份路径,在主路径失效时可以使用它们。AODV和AOMDV协议都包括两种链路探测方法:HELLO消息探测和链路层(802.11)反馈。在本文中,对AODV和AOMDV的两种链路探测机制进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,在AODV和AOMDV路由协议中,通过链路层反馈进行链路探测比利用HELLO消息进行链路探测具有更高的数据分组投递率、更低的归一化路由开销、更高的端到端平均时延和路由发起频率。
②对AODV路由协议的本地修复机制进行了研究。在本文中,主要对AODV路由协议中的本地修复的最大修复长度进行了分析和研究。对于最大修复长度,我们是以原协议的最大修复长度(MAX_REPAIR_TTL)为中心,分别取7个值。实验结果表明,最大修复长度越大,则协议的数据分组投递率越高、归一化路由开销越大、端到端平均时延越长、路由发起频率越高;最大修复长度越小,则协议的数据分组投递率越低、归一化路由开销越小、端到端平均时延越短、路由发起频率越低。
③对AODV路由算法进行优化。在本文中,主要根据两跳路由信息和一跳邻居信息,对AODV路由算法进行优化,使得AODV路由协议能够自动适应网络拓扑的动态变化,能够对活动路由进行动态优化。实验结果表明,改进后的协议在数据分组投递率等性能方面比原协议的效果要好。
Mobile Ad Hoc Network is one kind of special wireless mobile network, and its routing design is a hot topic in the field of wireless mobile network.With the continuous progress of manufacturing processes and equipment’s performance and with the depth study of basic theory, mobile Ad hoc network started from the applications of military into commercial and civil areas, such as meeting data distribution, digital agriculture, health care,smart highways and so on. So how to further improve the performance of routing protocols is the current important issue that needs to be resolved.
The main object of study is AODV in this thesis. Because of its simple and low overhead, it has become a current hot issue. Through the analysis and study about AODV, its own limitation is explored and the solution is given in this thesis.
The main achievements of this thesis are as follows:
①Some researches on the link detection mechanism of AODV and AOMDV are done. AOMDV which is based on AODV is one kind of multipath extended protocol, and it maintains multiple backup paths.When the primary path fails, backup paths will be used.Both AODV and AOMDV protocols include two kinds of link detection method: HELLO messages detection and link layer (802.11) feedback. In this thesis,comparative analysis researches on link detection mechanism of AODV and AOMDV are done. Experimental results show that the detection of link layer feedback mechanism has higher data packet delivery ratio、lower normalized routing load、higher end-to-end average delay and higher route discovery frequency than HELLO messages in the AODV and AOMDV routing protocols.
②Some researches on the local repair of AODV routing protocol are done. The maximum repair length of local repair about AODV is analyzed and studied in this thesis. As for the maximum repair length, the maximum repair length of the original protocol(MAX_REPAIR_TTL) was set as the center, taking seven values respectively. Experimental results show that the greater the maximum repair length is, the higher the data packet delivery ratio is, the greater the normalized routing load is, the longer end-to-end average delay is and the higher the route discovery frequency is; the smaller the maximum repair length is, the lower the data packet delivery ratio is, the smaller the normalized routing load is, the shorter the end-to-end average delay is and the lower the route discovery frequency is.
③AODV routing algorithm is optimized. In this thesis, based on two hop routing information and one hop neighbor information, AODV routing algorithm is optimized, making the AODV protocol automatically adapt to the dynamic changes of the network topology and active routes be optimized dynamically.Experimental results show that the improved protocol has better results than the original protocol in data packet delivery ratio.
引文
[1]安辉耀,王新安,李挥等.移动自组网中的先进路由算法与路由协议[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[2]张天明. Ad hoc网络路由协议研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2009.
[3]徐佳.移动Ad Hoc网络路由协议研究[D].南京:南京理工大学, 2010.
[4]朱洪波,傅海阳,吴志忠等.无线接入网[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2000.
[5] C Perkins,E Belding-Royer,S Das.Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)Routing[S]. IETF RFC 3561, July 2003.
[6] Duble R,Rais C D,Wang K Y et al.Signal Stability Based Adaptive Routing(SSA) for Ad hoc Mobile Network[J].IEEE Personal Conference Communications Magazine,1997,4(1):36-45.
[7] HUSSAIN S A, MAHMOOD K, GARCIA E. Factors affecting performance of AODV[J]. Information Technology Journal, 2007, 6 (2):237-241.
[8] RFC 3626.Optimized Link State Routing Protocol(OLSR)[EB/OL]. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3626.txt, 2003.
[9]祝思路. Ad hoc网络AODV及OLSR路由协议研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.
[10]张媛媛.无线自组网多径路由算法研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2009.
[11]刘明娜.移动自组网中多径QoS路由协议[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.
[12] S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in AdHoc Networks[C]. //Proceedings of IEEE WCNC,2000:156-162.
[13] M.K.Marina,S.R.Das.Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing[C].//Proceedings of 9th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP),2001:14-23.
[14] Lee S J,Gerla M.Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks [C]. //Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications,2001:3201-3205.
[15] Z.Ye,S.Krishnamurthy,S.Tripathi.A Framework for Reliable Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc networks[C]. //Proceedings of the 22th IEEE Annual Joint Conference on computer and communications societies,2003:270-280.
[16] Ming Hong,Jiang,Rong,Hong Jan.An efficient multiple Paths routing protocol for Ad hoc networks[C].//Proceedings of 15th Intemational Conference on Information Networking,2001: 544-549.
[17] Haas Z J. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad hoc Networks[S].Internet Draft, Nov.1997.
[18] M OHAMMED TARIQUE,KEMAL E TEPE, SASAN ADIBI, et al. Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks[J].Journal of Network and Computer Applicati-ons, 2009, 32(6):1125-1143.
[19]黄化吉,冯穂力,秦丽姣等. NS网络模拟和协议仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2010.
[20]王辉. NS2网络模拟器的原理和应用[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2008.
[21]方路平,刘世华等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2008.
[22]于斌,孙斌,温暖等.NS2与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.
[23]柯志亨,程荣祥,邓德隽.NS2仿真实验-多媒体和无线网络通信[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
[24]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[25]陈旭.Ad Hoc网络系统中AODV协议算法的研究及实现[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2010.
[26]王鲁光,贾智平,李新.AODV和AOMDV路由协议性能分析与比较[J].计算机应用,2010, 30(3):740-744.
[27]屈文杰,吴长奇.AODV和AOMDV路由协议性能仿真与分析[J].计算机工程, 2007, 33 (17) : 143 - 145.
[28]陈晨.在两跳拓扑环境下对AODV协议的改进[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.
[29]张学成. AODV协议本地修复和多路径路由的研究[D].成都:电子科技大学, 2009.
[30]李沁薇. AODV路由协议本地修复机制的改进[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.
[2]张天明. Ad hoc网络路由协议研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2009.
[3]徐佳.移动Ad Hoc网络路由协议研究[D].南京:南京理工大学, 2010.
[4]朱洪波,傅海阳,吴志忠等.无线接入网[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2000.
[5] C Perkins,E Belding-Royer,S Das.Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)Routing[S]. IETF RFC 3561, July 2003.
[6] Duble R,Rais C D,Wang K Y et al.Signal Stability Based Adaptive Routing(SSA) for Ad hoc Mobile Network[J].IEEE Personal Conference Communications Magazine,1997,4(1):36-45.
[7] HUSSAIN S A, MAHMOOD K, GARCIA E. Factors affecting performance of AODV[J]. Information Technology Journal, 2007, 6 (2):237-241.
[8] RFC 3626.Optimized Link State Routing Protocol(OLSR)[EB/OL]. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3626.txt, 2003.
[9]祝思路. Ad hoc网络AODV及OLSR路由协议研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.
[10]张媛媛.无线自组网多径路由算法研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2009.
[11]刘明娜.移动自组网中多径QoS路由协议[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.
[12] S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in AdHoc Networks[C]. //Proceedings of IEEE WCNC,2000:156-162.
[13] M.K.Marina,S.R.Das.Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing[C].//Proceedings of 9th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP),2001:14-23.
[14] Lee S J,Gerla M.Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks [C]. //Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications,2001:3201-3205.
[15] Z.Ye,S.Krishnamurthy,S.Tripathi.A Framework for Reliable Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc networks[C]. //Proceedings of the 22th IEEE Annual Joint Conference on computer and communications societies,2003:270-280.
[16] Ming Hong,Jiang,Rong,Hong Jan.An efficient multiple Paths routing protocol for Ad hoc networks[C].//Proceedings of 15th Intemational Conference on Information Networking,2001: 544-549.
[17] Haas Z J. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad hoc Networks[S].Internet Draft, Nov.1997.
[18] M OHAMMED TARIQUE,KEMAL E TEPE, SASAN ADIBI, et al. Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks[J].Journal of Network and Computer Applicati-ons, 2009, 32(6):1125-1143.
[19]黄化吉,冯穂力,秦丽姣等. NS网络模拟和协议仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2010.
[20]王辉. NS2网络模拟器的原理和应用[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2008.
[21]方路平,刘世华等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2008.
[22]于斌,孙斌,温暖等.NS2与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.
[23]柯志亨,程荣祥,邓德隽.NS2仿真实验-多媒体和无线网络通信[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2009.
[24]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[25]陈旭.Ad Hoc网络系统中AODV协议算法的研究及实现[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2010.
[26]王鲁光,贾智平,李新.AODV和AOMDV路由协议性能分析与比较[J].计算机应用,2010, 30(3):740-744.
[27]屈文杰,吴长奇.AODV和AOMDV路由协议性能仿真与分析[J].计算机工程, 2007, 33 (17) : 143 - 145.
[28]陈晨.在两跳拓扑环境下对AODV协议的改进[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.
[29]张学成. AODV协议本地修复和多路径路由的研究[D].成都:电子科技大学, 2009.
[30]李沁薇. AODV路由协议本地修复机制的改进[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.