初中生性别角色认同与学业成绩的相关研究
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摘要
性别角色认同是指获得真正的性别角色，即根据社会文化对男性、女性的期望而形成相应的动机、态度、价值观和行为，并发展为性格方面的男女特征。本研究采用问卷调查和统计分析等技术探讨初中生的性别角色认同发展特点、学业成绩的性别差异以及性别角色认同水平与学业成绩的关系。研究结果表明：⒈ 初中生性别角色认同水平存在显著的性别差异。男生普遍认同社会文化所规定的男性标准，表现出很强的男性气质；而女生则对社会文化规定的男性与女性标准的认同水平都很低，呈现出未分化的状态。⒉ 初中女生性别角色认同的发展呈现年级差异：初二、初三女生的性别角色认同水平比初一女生低且呈下降趋势。⒊初中生的学业成绩与性别角色认同水平之间存在联系。语文和英语成绩高分组男生的女性气质得分显著高于低分组男生的女性气质得分（P< 0.05）。几何成绩、总成绩及文理科成绩差高分组女生的男性气质得分显著高于低分组女生的男性气质得分（P< 0.05）。
The research on the relationship between school course scores of middle-school students and the level of identification of sex role.
Identification of sex role means the formation process of sex role, including the motives,attitudes,value conceptions and behaviors ,which is formated according to the expectation of social culture to the male and female .And,all of those become the gender character of male or female .Questionnair among middle -school students and Stat. Analysis were employed in this research ,which focused on the characters of identification of sex role ,the gender difference of school course scores,and the relationship between identification of sex role and school course scores .The results of our research show: 1.There was a significant difference in the levels of identification of sex role between the male and female students .The male students consisted with the male standard generally, which is designed by the social culture.And at the same time,they didn't consisted with the female standard .The male students showed a obvious masculinity.While ,the female students consisted with neither the male nor female standard ,showing undifferentiated .2. The levels of identification of sex role of the females was different among every grade .The level of grade 2 and 3 , which showing a decreasing tendency, was lower than the one of grade 1. 3. The school course scores of middle-school students related with the level of identification of sex
role.The femininity scores of male student with a higher Chinese and English score were higher than those with a lower score. While, The masculinity scores of female student with a higher geometry ,total score and the difference score between science course and social course ,were higher than those with a lower scores .
The research on the relationship between school course scores of middle-school students and the level of identification of sex role.
Identification of sex role means the formation process of sex role, including the motives,attitudes,value conceptions and behaviors ,which is formated according to the expectation of social culture to the male and female .And,all of those become the gender character of male or female .Questionnair among middle -school students and Stat. Analysis were employed in this research ,which focused on the characters of identification of sex role ,the gender difference of school course scores,and the relationship between identification of sex role and school course scores .The results of our research show: 1.There was a significant difference in the levels of identification of sex role between the male and female students .The male students consisted with the male standard generally, which is designed by the social culture.And at the same time,they didn't consisted with the female standard .The male students showed a obvious masculinity.While ,the female students consisted with neither the male nor female standard ,showing undifferentiated .2. The levels of identification of sex role of the females was different among every grade .The level of grade 2 and 3 , which showing a decreasing tendency, was lower than the one of grade 1. 3. The school course scores of middle-school students related with the level of identification of sex
role.The femininity scores of male student with a higher Chinese and English score were higher than those with a lower score. While, The masculinity scores of female student with a higher geometry ,total score and the difference score between science course and social course ,were higher than those with a lower scores .
引文
1中国大百科全书心理学卷。中国大百科全书出版社，1991，469。
2郑新蓉、杜芳琴主编。社会性别与妇女发展。陕西人民出版社，2000，25
3李林仙。关于性别角色刻板观念的一些研究。心理学动态，1995，4，17-22
4时蓉华主编。现代社会心理学。华东师范大学出版社，1989，131-155
5 张文新。儿童社会性发展。北京师范大学出版社，1999，427
6 蔺桂端等。性心理与人才发展。世界图书出版公司，2001，257
7珍妮特·希伯莱·海德。妇女心理学。广东高等教育出版社，1987，131
8 林崇德。发展心理学。浙江教育出版社，2002，397
9 Sndra Lipsitz Bem, "Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration." In Theo B.Sonderegger(Ed.) Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1984: Psychology and Gender,Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 1985:186.
10 Johnson M M.Sex role rearing in the nuclear family. Child Development,1963,(34):354-364
11时蓉华主编。两性世界——男女性别差异的心理剖析。华东师范大学出版社，1992，119
12 强海燕。性别差异与教育。陕西人民出版社，2000年，74-75
13 周宗奎。儿童社会化。湖北少年儿童出版社，1995年，141
14 Janis E Jacobs. The impact of mather's gender-role stereotypic beliefs on other's and childen's ability perceptions. Journal of persnonality and social psychology,1992,63(6):512-519.
15郑新蓉、杜芳琴主编。社会性别与妇女发展。陕西人民出版社，2000，25
16 方俊明。性别差异与两性化人格。陕西师范大学学报，1996，3，165-167
17 Jan D.Sinnott. Sex Role and Aging: Theory and Research from a Systems Perspective. New York,1986.P9
18赵叶珠、林钟敏。大学生空间思维的性别差异研究。心理科学，1993，2，80-83
19施铁如。中学生性别心理差异的研究。心理科学，1995，2，57-59
20唐得阳。诺贝尔奖获得者全书。团结出版社，1994
21 Hyde，J.S.Fennema,E. & Lamon,S.j(1990)Gender and the emergaence of leaders:A meta-analysis.Journal of personality and social Psychology.60,685-710
22李美枝。社会心理学。大洋出版社，1979，420
23张荣华。西方性差异研究的若干特点和问题。心理科学通讯，1990，3，49-53
24珍尼特·希伯雷·海登， B·G·罗森伯格。范志强，周晓虹译。妇女心理学。云南人民出版社。1986，80
25钱铭怡等。女性心理与性别差异。北京大学出版社，1995。
26邢强。性别形成和差异的社会认知理论述评。南京大学学报：社科版，2002，2，96-103
27扬雄。关于性别心理差异研究的几个问题。西南师范大学学报：哲社版，1996，4，46-51
28万明钢。关于性别与性别角色差异的一些跨文化研究。心理学动态，1993，4，24-28
29郭彦霞。关于儿童性认知发展的初步研究。社会心理研究，2002，2，16-21
30郭爱妹，张雷。西方性别角色态度研究述评。山东师大学报，200，5，73-76
31 Kohlberg L K,Ullian D Z.stages in the development of Psychosexual concepts and attitudes.In:R C Freidman,R M Richart,R L Vande Wiede(Eds),Sex differences in behavior.New Yorker:Wiley,1974.209-222
32 Leve L D ,Fagot B I.Gender-role socialization and discipline processes in
one-and two-parent families.Sex Role,1997,(36):1-21
33 Harris J R.Where is the child's environment?A group socialization theory of development.1995,102 (3) :419-457.
34Lytton H,Romney D M .Parents' socialition of boys and girls : A meta-analysis .Psychological Bulletin,1991,(109):267-296
35秦启文、余华。性别角色刻板印象的调查。心理科学，2001，5，593-594
36钱铭怡、罗珊红等。关于性别刻板印象的初步调查。应用心理学，1999，1，14-19
37张德。论性别偏见。社会心理研究，1993，2，20-40
38施建农、徐凡等人。从中德儿童技术创造性跨文化研究结果看性别差异。心理学报，1999，4，428-434
39刘永芳，周仁来。对性别角色知觉差异的一项归因研究。心理科学，1998，2，174-177
40朱莉琪、方富熹。儿童性别角色发展的理论研究。心理学动态，1998，4，31-35
41葛明贵。性别加工的记忆效应与内隐性别刻板印象。心理科学，1998，3，238-241
42 Sara Delamont,Sex Roles and the School,1990,44-66
43 Lloyd B.Lueptow,Adolescent Sex Roles and Social Chance.1984,1-18
44杨丽珠。教育科学研究方法，辽宁师范大学出版社，1995。
45魏华忠。教育评价与技术。辽宁师范大学出版社，1995。
2郑新蓉、杜芳琴主编。社会性别与妇女发展。陕西人民出版社，2000，25
3李林仙。关于性别角色刻板观念的一些研究。心理学动态，1995，4，17-22
4时蓉华主编。现代社会心理学。华东师范大学出版社，1989，131-155
5 张文新。儿童社会性发展。北京师范大学出版社，1999，427
6 蔺桂端等。性心理与人才发展。世界图书出版公司，2001，257
7珍妮特·希伯莱·海德。妇女心理学。广东高等教育出版社，1987，131
8 林崇德。发展心理学。浙江教育出版社，2002，397
9 Sndra Lipsitz Bem, "Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration." In Theo B.Sonderegger(Ed.) Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1984: Psychology and Gender,Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 1985:186.
10 Johnson M M.Sex role rearing in the nuclear family. Child Development,1963,(34):354-364
11时蓉华主编。两性世界——男女性别差异的心理剖析。华东师范大学出版社，1992，119
12 强海燕。性别差异与教育。陕西人民出版社，2000年，74-75
13 周宗奎。儿童社会化。湖北少年儿童出版社，1995年，141
14 Janis E Jacobs. The impact of mather's gender-role stereotypic beliefs on other's and childen's ability perceptions. Journal of persnonality and social psychology,1992,63(6):512-519.
15郑新蓉、杜芳琴主编。社会性别与妇女发展。陕西人民出版社，2000，25
16 方俊明。性别差异与两性化人格。陕西师范大学学报，1996，3，165-167
17 Jan D.Sinnott. Sex Role and Aging: Theory and Research from a Systems Perspective. New York,1986.P9
18赵叶珠、林钟敏。大学生空间思维的性别差异研究。心理科学，1993，2，80-83
19施铁如。中学生性别心理差异的研究。心理科学，1995，2，57-59
20唐得阳。诺贝尔奖获得者全书。团结出版社，1994
21 Hyde，J.S.Fennema,E. & Lamon,S.j(1990)Gender and the emergaence of leaders:A meta-analysis.Journal of personality and social Psychology.60,685-710
22李美枝。社会心理学。大洋出版社，1979，420
23张荣华。西方性差异研究的若干特点和问题。心理科学通讯，1990，3，49-53
24珍尼特·希伯雷·海登， B·G·罗森伯格。范志强，周晓虹译。妇女心理学。云南人民出版社。1986，80
25钱铭怡等。女性心理与性别差异。北京大学出版社，1995。
26邢强。性别形成和差异的社会认知理论述评。南京大学学报：社科版，2002，2，96-103
27扬雄。关于性别心理差异研究的几个问题。西南师范大学学报：哲社版，1996，4，46-51
28万明钢。关于性别与性别角色差异的一些跨文化研究。心理学动态，1993，4，24-28
29郭彦霞。关于儿童性认知发展的初步研究。社会心理研究，2002，2，16-21
30郭爱妹，张雷。西方性别角色态度研究述评。山东师大学报，200，5，73-76
31 Kohlberg L K,Ullian D Z.stages in the development of Psychosexual concepts and attitudes.In:R C Freidman,R M Richart,R L Vande Wiede(Eds),Sex differences in behavior.New Yorker:Wiley,1974.209-222
32 Leve L D ,Fagot B I.Gender-role socialization and discipline processes in
one-and two-parent families.Sex Role,1997,(36):1-21
33 Harris J R.Where is the child's environment?A group socialization theory of development.1995,102 (3) :419-457.
34Lytton H,Romney D M .Parents' socialition of boys and girls : A meta-analysis .Psychological Bulletin,1991,(109):267-296
35秦启文、余华。性别角色刻板印象的调查。心理科学，2001，5，593-594
36钱铭怡、罗珊红等。关于性别刻板印象的初步调查。应用心理学，1999，1，14-19
37张德。论性别偏见。社会心理研究，1993，2，20-40
38施建农、徐凡等人。从中德儿童技术创造性跨文化研究结果看性别差异。心理学报，1999，4，428-434
39刘永芳，周仁来。对性别角色知觉差异的一项归因研究。心理科学，1998，2，174-177
40朱莉琪、方富熹。儿童性别角色发展的理论研究。心理学动态，1998，4，31-35
41葛明贵。性别加工的记忆效应与内隐性别刻板印象。心理科学，1998，3，238-241
42 Sara Delamont,Sex Roles and the School,1990,44-66
43 Lloyd B.Lueptow,Adolescent Sex Roles and Social Chance.1984,1-18
44杨丽珠。教育科学研究方法，辽宁师范大学出版社，1995。
45魏华忠。教育评价与技术。辽宁师范大学出版社，1995。