工程文化的系统复杂性及其演化机理研究
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摘要
大型建筑工程组织是一个影响因素众多、多层次相互关联、多目标多主体的、非线性动态演化的开放复杂系统。由于目前市场经济的运行机制和配套制度的不完备性,许多工程管理者正尝试用文化管理来应对在追求卓越的工程绩效所面临的现实挑战。本文用定性和定量相结合的方法建立了工程文化的维度模型,验证了工程文化维度与工程绩效的相关性,归纳了工程文化系统具有的自组织系统的特征,运用自组织理论分析了工程文化系统的三个演化机制,运用三种复杂系统的分析工具对工程多参建单位之间的文化观念耦合的非线性突变特征、不同文化观念在动态传播网络上的竞争和协同机制以及工程管理者进行工程文化建设与工程业务动态以及工程绩效之间的循环反馈作用机理这三个专题进行了深入研究,进而根据对工程文化自组织演化规律的探讨,结合实际案例,提出了工程文化建设的技术路线和战略选择。具体的研究内容和取得的结果如下：
首先,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,建立了中国情景的工程文化的五维度模型,设计了工程文化的测量量表对江苏、浙江、广东等地的工程管理者进行了问卷调查,调查结果证明这五个文化维度与工程绩效正相关,不同工程项目特征的项目群体的工程文化有显著差异。
然后,运用观察归纳和理论演绎的方法,发现了工程文化具有自组织系统的特征,运用全息层次分析框架将影响工程文化的因素归纳为六个相互关联的分析维度,基于自组织理论,提出了支配工程文化演化的三个演化机制即工程文化的耗散结构形成机制、工程文化的竞争协同内在动力机制和工程文化超循环关联机制。
随后,考虑工程项目参与群体保持文化独立性的凝聚作用和合作意愿驱动的耦合作用两种对立统一的观念影响力的共同作用下,多参与方的文化观念演化的非线性动力学模型。发现观念演化系统的行为存在尖点突变现象和观念冻结、观念分岔以及观念收敛三个演化区域。在有三个参与方的工程组织中,发现系统的对称性破缺会将工程组织分裂为观念不同的两个阵营。这种被Gabbay所忽视的“组织极化”现象对理解工程项目中多方文化观念演化的特征有重要意义。从系统控制的角度分析了工程文化建设在不同的系统边界内有不同的特征和形式。总结了工程文化传播网络的特征,构建了具有动态复杂网络特征的网络模型,研究了组织结构特征和领导风格对动态传播网络中的工程文化演化的影响,发现组织间耦合强度和层级间权力距离都有利于工程文化快速进入稳态。学习型领导最有利于工程组织快速达到卓越的工程文化统一态。根据工程文化传播与工程业务动态、工程绩效之间的因果反馈循环关系,建立了工程质量文化与工程绩效共同演化的系统动力学模型,探讨质量文化建设与工程管理行为以及工程绩效的耦合演化规律,帮助工程管理者理解质量文化建设存在的动态复杂性。
最后,在对工程文化的特征和自组织演化机制的研究基础上,进一步考虑了工程文化建设的战略选择和建设路径,对苏通大桥的工程管理案例中进行了对照分析,分析结果说明结论具有一定的普适性。
Large-scale construction project organization is a multilevel, open and complex system, which is composed of various participants with their own targets and whose nonlinear dynamics is subjected to a variety of factors. Owing to the incompleteness of current operating mechanism of China's market economy and its supporting systems, many project managers are trying to use the cultural management to address serious challenges faced in the pursuit of excellence in project performance. In this dissertation, a project culture dimension model is established and the correlation of the project cultural dimensions and project performance is verified. The self-organizing characteristics of project culture systems are summarized, and three evolutionary mechanisms of project culture systems are derived by using self-organizing theories. Catastrophic phenomena in the opinion coupling dynamics between cooperative participants, the competition and synergy of different opinions in a dynamic communication network and the coupling evolution between project culture and project performance are analyzed using three different kinds of complex system analysis tools, respectively. Technological roadmaps and strategic choices for project culture construction are also discussed. More details are listed bellow.
Firstly, a five-dimension model of Chinese project culture is established using the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces. The results verified that all five cultural dimensions are positively correlated to the project performances, and there are significant differences in the cultures of the project organizations working on different projects.
Secondly, self-organizing characteristics of project cultures are found using the observational induction and theoretical deduction methods. A hierarchical holographic modeling framework for project culture analysis, which includes six perspectives, is proposed and used to explore the relationship between different factors. Three evolutionary mechanisms, i.e. the formation mechanism of dissipative structures, the power mechanisms of competition and collaboration, and the super cycle interaction mechanism in a project culture system are presented.
Thirdly, an opinion evolutionary model is developed that allows for the initial opinion difference between participants, the cohesive effect of their own corporate culture and the coupling effect of their cooperative willingness. Cusp catastrophe phenomenon and three distinctive evolutionary regimes, i.e. an opinion deadlock regime, an opinion convergence regime and an opinion bifurcation regime are found in the opinion evolutionary system. In the case of three-group project, the symmetry breaking phenomenon may cause the project organization split into two distinct camps. This kind of "organization polarization" ignored by Gabbay has important meaning to understand the opinion dynamic characteristics in a multi-group project. The culture transmission in a dynamic social network of project organization is studied using a culture transmission model with a dynamic complex network. It is found that both the coupling strength between cooperative participants and the power distance between levels contribute to quick access of the culture to a steady state, and the learning leadership is most conducive to quick formation of a unified outstanding culture. A system dynamics model based on the coupling evolution mechanism of project culture transmission, project management practices and project performance is proposed to help project managers explore the dynamics complexity of quality culture construction.
Finally, technological roadmaps and strategic choices for engineering culture construction are discussed based on the study of project culture's dynamics characteristics and evolution mechanisms. A culture construction case in the Sutong Bridge Project is used to verify these roadmaps. The analysis results show that the conclusions obtained in the case have certain universality.
首先,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,建立了中国情景的工程文化的五维度模型,设计了工程文化的测量量表对江苏、浙江、广东等地的工程管理者进行了问卷调查,调查结果证明这五个文化维度与工程绩效正相关,不同工程项目特征的项目群体的工程文化有显著差异。
然后,运用观察归纳和理论演绎的方法,发现了工程文化具有自组织系统的特征,运用全息层次分析框架将影响工程文化的因素归纳为六个相互关联的分析维度,基于自组织理论,提出了支配工程文化演化的三个演化机制即工程文化的耗散结构形成机制、工程文化的竞争协同内在动力机制和工程文化超循环关联机制。
随后,考虑工程项目参与群体保持文化独立性的凝聚作用和合作意愿驱动的耦合作用两种对立统一的观念影响力的共同作用下,多参与方的文化观念演化的非线性动力学模型。发现观念演化系统的行为存在尖点突变现象和观念冻结、观念分岔以及观念收敛三个演化区域。在有三个参与方的工程组织中,发现系统的对称性破缺会将工程组织分裂为观念不同的两个阵营。这种被Gabbay所忽视的“组织极化”现象对理解工程项目中多方文化观念演化的特征有重要意义。从系统控制的角度分析了工程文化建设在不同的系统边界内有不同的特征和形式。总结了工程文化传播网络的特征,构建了具有动态复杂网络特征的网络模型,研究了组织结构特征和领导风格对动态传播网络中的工程文化演化的影响,发现组织间耦合强度和层级间权力距离都有利于工程文化快速进入稳态。学习型领导最有利于工程组织快速达到卓越的工程文化统一态。根据工程文化传播与工程业务动态、工程绩效之间的因果反馈循环关系,建立了工程质量文化与工程绩效共同演化的系统动力学模型,探讨质量文化建设与工程管理行为以及工程绩效的耦合演化规律,帮助工程管理者理解质量文化建设存在的动态复杂性。
最后,在对工程文化的特征和自组织演化机制的研究基础上,进一步考虑了工程文化建设的战略选择和建设路径,对苏通大桥的工程管理案例中进行了对照分析,分析结果说明结论具有一定的普适性。
Large-scale construction project organization is a multilevel, open and complex system, which is composed of various participants with their own targets and whose nonlinear dynamics is subjected to a variety of factors. Owing to the incompleteness of current operating mechanism of China's market economy and its supporting systems, many project managers are trying to use the cultural management to address serious challenges faced in the pursuit of excellence in project performance. In this dissertation, a project culture dimension model is established and the correlation of the project cultural dimensions and project performance is verified. The self-organizing characteristics of project culture systems are summarized, and three evolutionary mechanisms of project culture systems are derived by using self-organizing theories. Catastrophic phenomena in the opinion coupling dynamics between cooperative participants, the competition and synergy of different opinions in a dynamic communication network and the coupling evolution between project culture and project performance are analyzed using three different kinds of complex system analysis tools, respectively. Technological roadmaps and strategic choices for project culture construction are also discussed. More details are listed bellow.
Firstly, a five-dimension model of Chinese project culture is established using the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces. The results verified that all five cultural dimensions are positively correlated to the project performances, and there are significant differences in the cultures of the project organizations working on different projects.
Secondly, self-organizing characteristics of project cultures are found using the observational induction and theoretical deduction methods. A hierarchical holographic modeling framework for project culture analysis, which includes six perspectives, is proposed and used to explore the relationship between different factors. Three evolutionary mechanisms, i.e. the formation mechanism of dissipative structures, the power mechanisms of competition and collaboration, and the super cycle interaction mechanism in a project culture system are presented.
Thirdly, an opinion evolutionary model is developed that allows for the initial opinion difference between participants, the cohesive effect of their own corporate culture and the coupling effect of their cooperative willingness. Cusp catastrophe phenomenon and three distinctive evolutionary regimes, i.e. an opinion deadlock regime, an opinion convergence regime and an opinion bifurcation regime are found in the opinion evolutionary system. In the case of three-group project, the symmetry breaking phenomenon may cause the project organization split into two distinct camps. This kind of "organization polarization" ignored by Gabbay has important meaning to understand the opinion dynamic characteristics in a multi-group project. The culture transmission in a dynamic social network of project organization is studied using a culture transmission model with a dynamic complex network. It is found that both the coupling strength between cooperative participants and the power distance between levels contribute to quick access of the culture to a steady state, and the learning leadership is most conducive to quick formation of a unified outstanding culture. A system dynamics model based on the coupling evolution mechanism of project culture transmission, project management practices and project performance is proposed to help project managers explore the dynamics complexity of quality culture construction.
Finally, technological roadmaps and strategic choices for engineering culture construction are discussed based on the study of project culture's dynamics characteristics and evolution mechanisms. A culture construction case in the Sutong Bridge Project is used to verify these roadmaps. The analysis results show that the conclusions obtained in the case have certain universality.
引文
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