原油库能量系统的热力学分析
|
摘要
原油库是协调油田生产与供应的纽带,本身是一个巨大的耗能系统。随着我国原油储备能力的增加,原油库的规模必然朝着大型化的方向发展,其生产能耗将进一步增大。因此,对原油库系统进行能量分析,了解其用能水平,为原油库的节能改造提供科学的理论依据进而挖掘系统节能潜力是十分必要的。对于这种由储油罐、输油泵、加热炉等用能单元按照一定拓扑关系衔接组成的复杂用能系统,本文运用热力学能量系统分析方法对其进行全面的系统的分析,找到了用能的薄弱环节,提出了一些节能技改措施。本文的主要内容包括:阐述了当前我国的能源形势、原油库的发展趋势、用能研究现状及热力学能量系统分析方法;介绍了的概念、分析的基本方法,包括概念的历史溯源、的定义、值的计算、平衡方程、损失的计算以及分析准则;运用热力学的“三箱”分析模型,建立了原油库设备及系统的用能分析模型,给出了用能设备及系统的评价准则;借助C++ Builder 6.0语言编制了油库系统分析的计算程序。在确定系统收、发油过程节点参数分布状况的基础上,从正反平衡两方面计算了系统的效率,找出了外输泵、加热炉、外输管道等设备的主要损环节,分析了各损的产生机制;介绍了外输泵变频调速的节能原理,给出了外输泵变频后的扬程–流量及效率–流量计算公式,并探讨了外输泵变频后的节能与节效果。
As a link to coordinate field production and supply, crude oil depot is a huge energy consumption system in itself. With the increase of our country's crude oil reserves capacity, expanding production scale is the inevitable tendency of crude oil depot, so its energy consumption will further increase. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a scientific basis of energy saving and then tap the energy potential on the foundation of carrying out energy analysis and realizing its energy consumption levels. For this kind of complex and dynamic energy consumption system which is composed of oil storage tank, transfer pump, heating furnace and the other energy consumption unit according to certain topological relationships, this thesis uses thermodynamics energy system analysis method to perform a comprehensive analysis of the system, find the weak link of energy consumption and then put forward some energy saving measures. Firstly, the current energy situation in China, development trends of crude oil depot, research status of energy consumption and thermodynamics energy system analysis method are elaborated in detail. Secondly, the concept of exergy and basic exergy analysis method is introduced, including historical source of exergy, the definition of exergy, exergy balance equation, exergy loss and evaluation index of exergy analysis. Thirdly, with the help of three-box exergy analysis models, energy consumption analysis models of equipments and systems are established, then, evaluation criteria of each energy consumption equipment and the system are presented, exergy analysis simulation programs of crude oil depot are compiled with C++ Builder 6.0. Fourthly, on the basis of determining node parameter distribution situation in sending and receiving oil process, exergy efficiency of crude oil depot is calculated from the two aspects of positive and negative balance. Then, the exergy loss links of transfer pumps, heating furnace and pipelines are found out and generating mechanism of each exergy loss is analyzed. In the end, energy conservation principle of transfer pump frequency control is introduced, lift-flow and efficiency-flow calculation formulas are given after pump's frequency control, furthermore, energy-saving and exergy-saving effect are analyzed after pump's frequency control.
As a link to coordinate field production and supply, crude oil depot is a huge energy consumption system in itself. With the increase of our country's crude oil reserves capacity, expanding production scale is the inevitable tendency of crude oil depot, so its energy consumption will further increase. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a scientific basis of energy saving and then tap the energy potential on the foundation of carrying out energy analysis and realizing its energy consumption levels. For this kind of complex and dynamic energy consumption system which is composed of oil storage tank, transfer pump, heating furnace and the other energy consumption unit according to certain topological relationships, this thesis uses thermodynamics energy system analysis method to perform a comprehensive analysis of the system, find the weak link of energy consumption and then put forward some energy saving measures. Firstly, the current energy situation in China, development trends of crude oil depot, research status of energy consumption and thermodynamics energy system analysis method are elaborated in detail. Secondly, the concept of exergy and basic exergy analysis method is introduced, including historical source of exergy, the definition of exergy, exergy balance equation, exergy loss and evaluation index of exergy analysis. Thirdly, with the help of three-box exergy analysis models, energy consumption analysis models of equipments and systems are established, then, evaluation criteria of each energy consumption equipment and the system are presented, exergy analysis simulation programs of crude oil depot are compiled with C++ Builder 6.0. Fourthly, on the basis of determining node parameter distribution situation in sending and receiving oil process, exergy efficiency of crude oil depot is calculated from the two aspects of positive and negative balance. Then, the exergy loss links of transfer pumps, heating furnace and pipelines are found out and generating mechanism of each exergy loss is analyzed. In the end, energy conservation principle of transfer pump frequency control is introduced, lift-flow and efficiency-flow calculation formulas are given after pump's frequency control, furthermore, energy-saving and exergy-saving effect are analyzed after pump's frequency control.
引文
[1] BP Statistical Review of World Energy.BP.2004,(6).
[2]李仕婷.中国石油安全战略分析[D].陕西:西北工业大学.2007,15~16.
[3] BP Statistical Review of World Energy.BP.2006,(6).
[4] BP Statistical Review of World Energy.BP.2005,(6).
[5]田春荣.2009年中国石油进出口状况分析[J].国际石油经济,2010,(3):4~13.
[6]谢殿卿.试论世界石油市场与中国石油安全战略[D].吉林:吉林大学,2007.
[7]张远.关于资源价格改革的几点思考[J].价格理论与实践,2006,(1):13~16.
[8]张磊.中国石油安全分析与对策研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007.
[9]董翔.中国石油储备方式与效益研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007.
[10]楼群华.原油输油站的能量分析与节能[J].油气储运,2004,23(2):36~38.
[11]徐康,杨肖曦,王弥康等.过剩空气系数对原油加热炉热效率的影响[J].油气储运,2000,19(12):51~53.
[12]许铁,许彦博,王春荣等.加热炉、锅炉节能测试与分析[J].油气储运,2009,28(4):56~61.
[13]项新耀.加热炉的分析计算[J].油田地面工程,1987,6(1):28~37.
[14]段光才,赵飞松.加热炉热平衡测试及分析[J].油气储运,2005,24(6):50~52.
[15]郑英蜚.加热炉和输油站效率的计算[J].油气储运,1991,10(2):51~57.
[16]赵孟姣,陈保东,陈继程.炼厂泵的分析及节能方法[J].节能,2005,10:21~22.
[17]孙邈,王岳,曲道天等.输油泵变频节能工艺技术研究[J].石油与化工设备,2010,13:66~68.
[18]李春宁.工频与变频输油泵并联运行的流量调节[J].油气储运,2009,28(7):57~59.
[19]张瑞华,吴丙山,许圣章.高压变频器在并联输油泵机组上的应用与节能分析[J].变频器世界,2010,82~85.
[20]孔庆钫,夏德帧,王宝东.濮临输油管道一泵到底输油工艺分析[J].油气储运,1996,15(7):3~5,26.
[21]罗焕,刘扬,马明利,魏立新.原油库输油泵辅助调度决策方法研究[J].油气储运,2010,29(2):12~13.
[22]费爱华,楚海明,张灯贵.黄岛原油外输工艺改造与效能分析[J].油气储运,2004,23(2):8~9.
[23]刘二恒,华贲.油品储运系统工艺参数的关联分析和用能优化措施[J].石化技术与应用,2009,27(5):436~440.
[24]张赞牢,王建华,秦蔚.粘油库内输转经济加热温度的确定[J].天然气与石油,1994,12(4):1~5.
[25]张赞牢,唐晓寅,王建华,黄磊.油库高粘油品输转作业新方法[J].后勤工程学院学报,2007,23(3):28~31.
[26]李德海.原油库加热节能研究[D].成都:西南石油大学.2004.
[27]宫超.采用精细化节能措施取消原油罐区维温蒸汽[J].石油炼制与化工,2008,39(11):62~65.
[28]彭国庆.原油储罐的热能消耗分析及控制措施[J].油气储运,2001,20(5):49~52.
[29]范景彩.炼油厂油品罐区降低消耗的探讨[J].应用能源技术,2007,(9):14~16.
[30]胡文华,李进.降低油品储运系统能耗浅议[J].兰化科技,1998,9:176~177.
[31] J.E.艾亨.能量系统的分析方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981,4~5.
[32]项新耀.工程分析方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[33] K.Wark著,马元等译.热力学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1981,4~5.
[34] Linnhoff B,Vredeveld D R.Pinch technology has come of age[J].Chemical engineering progress,1984,(7):33~40.
[35] Linnhoff B.Pinch technology guides retrofit[J].Oil and Gas Journal,1986,84:54~65.
[36] Linnhoff B,Ahamd S,Smith R.Cost optimum heat exchanger networks,part 1:Minimum energy and capital using simple models for capital cost[J].Computers and Chemical Engineering,1990,14(7):729~750.
[37] Ahamd S,Linnhoff B, Smith R.Cost optimum heat exchanger networks,part 2:Targets and design for detailed capital cost models [J].Computers and Chemical Engineering,1990,14(7):751~767.
[38]傅秦生.能量系统的热力学分析方法[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2005.
[39] Townsend D W,Linnhoff B.Minimum Energy Design.ICHE,1982:91.
[40]华贲.过程能量综合的研究进展与展望[J].石油化工,1996,25:62~69.
[41]华贲.工艺过程用能分析及综合[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1989:71~79.
[42]陈清林,尹清华,王松平等.过程系统能量流结构模型及其应用[J].化工进展,2003,22(3):239~242.
[43]朱明善.能量系统的分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[44]项新耀.分析节能技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[45]朱明善.热力学分析[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1992.
[46] Rant Z.Die heiztechnik und der zweite haupstatz der thermodynamik.Gaswarme,1963,12(8):279.
[47]宋之平,王加璇.节能原理[M].北京:水利水电力出版社,1985,101~106.
[48] GB/T14909-2005,能量系统分析技术导则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[49]赵冠春,钱立伦.分析及其应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1984.
[50]沈维道,蒋智敏,童钧耕.工程热力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[51]谢伟.基于分析和经济分析的过程系统能量综合优化研究[D].郑州:郑州大学.2006.
[52]吴立国.原油提馏装置工艺过程用能分析[D].大庆:大庆石油学院.2003.
[53]杨东华,王灿,邬春懿.效率定义式的成分和结构[J].华东化工学院学报,1986,12(5):661~664.
[54]何耀文,陈霭璠.有效能分析讲座(四)[J].化学工程,1979,4:109~119.
[55] Noel de Nevers.J.D.Seader . Lost Work : A Measure of Thermodynamics Efficiency,Energy,5,1980,8-9,757-769.
[56]郭光臣.油库设计与管理[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,1991.
[57]杨筱蘅.输油管道设计与管理[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006.
[58]周海莲.原油储运库能流模拟及其用能分析[D].大庆:大庆石油学院.2010.
[59]王娜.联合站的运行优化[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东).2008.
[60]刘海涌.孤东油田开发后期原油集输系统能量分析研究[D].山东:山东大学.2005.
[61]杨肖曦,李松岩.油气集输系统分析[J].油气储运,2006,23(2):59~60.
[62]石油部规划设计总院编写.油气田及长输管道能量平衡[M].1982.
[63]胡波,张昆.C++ Builder 6编程实例教程[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社,1998.
[64]李幼仪等.C++ Builder高级应用开发指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[65]成庆林.多势场传递过程的理论研究及其工程应用[D].大庆:大庆石油学院.2004.
[66]付祥钊,王岳人,王元等.流体输配管网[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[67]左行涛.并联水泵变频调速特性分析及在管路中的应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.2006.
[2]李仕婷.中国石油安全战略分析[D].陕西:西北工业大学.2007,15~16.
[3] BP Statistical Review of World Energy.BP.2006,(6).
[4] BP Statistical Review of World Energy.BP.2005,(6).
[5]田春荣.2009年中国石油进出口状况分析[J].国际石油经济,2010,(3):4~13.
[6]谢殿卿.试论世界石油市场与中国石油安全战略[D].吉林:吉林大学,2007.
[7]张远.关于资源价格改革的几点思考[J].价格理论与实践,2006,(1):13~16.
[8]张磊.中国石油安全分析与对策研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007.
[9]董翔.中国石油储备方式与效益研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007.
[10]楼群华.原油输油站的能量分析与节能[J].油气储运,2004,23(2):36~38.
[11]徐康,杨肖曦,王弥康等.过剩空气系数对原油加热炉热效率的影响[J].油气储运,2000,19(12):51~53.
[12]许铁,许彦博,王春荣等.加热炉、锅炉节能测试与分析[J].油气储运,2009,28(4):56~61.
[13]项新耀.加热炉的分析计算[J].油田地面工程,1987,6(1):28~37.
[14]段光才,赵飞松.加热炉热平衡测试及分析[J].油气储运,2005,24(6):50~52.
[15]郑英蜚.加热炉和输油站效率的计算[J].油气储运,1991,10(2):51~57.
[16]赵孟姣,陈保东,陈继程.炼厂泵的分析及节能方法[J].节能,2005,10:21~22.
[17]孙邈,王岳,曲道天等.输油泵变频节能工艺技术研究[J].石油与化工设备,2010,13:66~68.
[18]李春宁.工频与变频输油泵并联运行的流量调节[J].油气储运,2009,28(7):57~59.
[19]张瑞华,吴丙山,许圣章.高压变频器在并联输油泵机组上的应用与节能分析[J].变频器世界,2010,82~85.
[20]孔庆钫,夏德帧,王宝东.濮临输油管道一泵到底输油工艺分析[J].油气储运,1996,15(7):3~5,26.
[21]罗焕,刘扬,马明利,魏立新.原油库输油泵辅助调度决策方法研究[J].油气储运,2010,29(2):12~13.
[22]费爱华,楚海明,张灯贵.黄岛原油外输工艺改造与效能分析[J].油气储运,2004,23(2):8~9.
[23]刘二恒,华贲.油品储运系统工艺参数的关联分析和用能优化措施[J].石化技术与应用,2009,27(5):436~440.
[24]张赞牢,王建华,秦蔚.粘油库内输转经济加热温度的确定[J].天然气与石油,1994,12(4):1~5.
[25]张赞牢,唐晓寅,王建华,黄磊.油库高粘油品输转作业新方法[J].后勤工程学院学报,2007,23(3):28~31.
[26]李德海.原油库加热节能研究[D].成都:西南石油大学.2004.
[27]宫超.采用精细化节能措施取消原油罐区维温蒸汽[J].石油炼制与化工,2008,39(11):62~65.
[28]彭国庆.原油储罐的热能消耗分析及控制措施[J].油气储运,2001,20(5):49~52.
[29]范景彩.炼油厂油品罐区降低消耗的探讨[J].应用能源技术,2007,(9):14~16.
[30]胡文华,李进.降低油品储运系统能耗浅议[J].兰化科技,1998,9:176~177.
[31] J.E.艾亨.能量系统的分析方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1981,4~5.
[32]项新耀.工程分析方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[33] K.Wark著,马元等译.热力学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1981,4~5.
[34] Linnhoff B,Vredeveld D R.Pinch technology has come of age[J].Chemical engineering progress,1984,(7):33~40.
[35] Linnhoff B.Pinch technology guides retrofit[J].Oil and Gas Journal,1986,84:54~65.
[36] Linnhoff B,Ahamd S,Smith R.Cost optimum heat exchanger networks,part 1:Minimum energy and capital using simple models for capital cost[J].Computers and Chemical Engineering,1990,14(7):729~750.
[37] Ahamd S,Linnhoff B, Smith R.Cost optimum heat exchanger networks,part 2:Targets and design for detailed capital cost models [J].Computers and Chemical Engineering,1990,14(7):751~767.
[38]傅秦生.能量系统的热力学分析方法[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2005.
[39] Townsend D W,Linnhoff B.Minimum Energy Design.ICHE,1982:91.
[40]华贲.过程能量综合的研究进展与展望[J].石油化工,1996,25:62~69.
[41]华贲.工艺过程用能分析及综合[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1989:71~79.
[42]陈清林,尹清华,王松平等.过程系统能量流结构模型及其应用[J].化工进展,2003,22(3):239~242.
[43]朱明善.能量系统的分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[44]项新耀.分析节能技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[45]朱明善.热力学分析[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1992.
[46] Rant Z.Die heiztechnik und der zweite haupstatz der thermodynamik.Gaswarme,1963,12(8):279.
[47]宋之平,王加璇.节能原理[M].北京:水利水电力出版社,1985,101~106.
[48] GB/T14909-2005,能量系统分析技术导则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[49]赵冠春,钱立伦.分析及其应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1984.
[50]沈维道,蒋智敏,童钧耕.工程热力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[51]谢伟.基于分析和经济分析的过程系统能量综合优化研究[D].郑州:郑州大学.2006.
[52]吴立国.原油提馏装置工艺过程用能分析[D].大庆:大庆石油学院.2003.
[53]杨东华,王灿,邬春懿.效率定义式的成分和结构[J].华东化工学院学报,1986,12(5):661~664.
[54]何耀文,陈霭璠.有效能分析讲座(四)[J].化学工程,1979,4:109~119.
[55] Noel de Nevers.J.D.Seader . Lost Work : A Measure of Thermodynamics Efficiency,Energy,5,1980,8-9,757-769.
[56]郭光臣.油库设计与管理[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,1991.
[57]杨筱蘅.输油管道设计与管理[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006.
[58]周海莲.原油储运库能流模拟及其用能分析[D].大庆:大庆石油学院.2010.
[59]王娜.联合站的运行优化[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东).2008.
[60]刘海涌.孤东油田开发后期原油集输系统能量分析研究[D].山东:山东大学.2005.
[61]杨肖曦,李松岩.油气集输系统分析[J].油气储运,2006,23(2):59~60.
[62]石油部规划设计总院编写.油气田及长输管道能量平衡[M].1982.
[63]胡波,张昆.C++ Builder 6编程实例教程[M].北京:北京希望电子出版社,1998.
[64]李幼仪等.C++ Builder高级应用开发指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[65]成庆林.多势场传递过程的理论研究及其工程应用[D].大庆:大庆石油学院.2004.
[66]付祥钊,王岳人,王元等.流体输配管网[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[67]左行涛.并联水泵变频调速特性分析及在管路中的应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.2006.