二硫氰基甲烷防治番茄根结线虫病（Meloidogyne spp.）的研究及其对土壤生态的影响
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摘要
根结线虫病是许多蔬菜上发生的最严重病害之一，尤其在保护地蔬菜栽培中，常造成严重的产量损失；同时根结线虫的危害又加重了土传真菌性病害和部分细菌性病害的发生。除了利用抗病寄主、轮作和物理防治以外，化学防治是控制蔬菜根结线虫病的重要措施。传统的熏蒸性和非熏蒸性化学杀线虫剂多为高毒、高残留的农药，对环境污染严重，使用过程中对人、畜也不安全，其中许多杀线虫剂已被陆续禁用。寻找和开发新的高效、低毒、低残留、高选择性的杀线虫剂已成当务之急。二硫氰基甲烷(methylene bisthiocyanate)是一种挥发性、水难溶的有机硫氰化合物，具有强烈杀菌、杀线虫活性，并已成功用于水稻干尖线虫病的防治。本文系统研究了二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫不同虫态的毒力、对幼虫的作用方式及对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果和防治机制，并研究了施入土壤中的二硫氰基甲烷对土壤物理、化学和生物学性状及微生物群落的影响，为二硫氰基甲烷用于防治根结线虫病提供科学理论和技术。
本文首先研究了离体条件下，二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫的毒力。结果表明，二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫二龄幼虫、分散卵及卵囊孵化均有毒杀和抑制作用。4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC在1．25μg／mL时对二龄幼虫的致死率达97％以上，对根结线虫分散卵及卵囊孵化的抑制率高达94％以上。浓度低于5μg／mL时，相同浓度下96％二硫氰基甲烷原药对二龄幼虫、卵及卵囊的活性低于4．2％乳油制剂。相同浓度下4．2％的二硫氰基甲烷EC对二龄幼虫及分散卵的活性高于对照药剂98％阿维菌素，但对卵囊孵化的抑制活性与阿维菌素相当。这一结果预示二硫氰基甲烷可以作为防治根结线虫的潜在药剂进行研究、开发，以期成为传统的高毒、高残留杀线剂的替代品，丰富杀线虫剂品种资源。
盆栽试验结果表明4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC的550倍液处理土壤，每公顷用量90kg，对间隔7d和9d移栽的6周龄番茄苗安全，而对间隔5d移栽的番茄苗的生长有抑制作用。提高土壤处理的药剂剂量，缩短药剂处理至苗移栽前的天数或增加移栽番茄的苗龄均可提高4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC对番茄根结线虫病的防效。4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC 550倍液处理土壤，7d后移栽7周龄番茄苗，28d后调查对根结线虫病的防效可达100％；1110倍液处理土壤，13 d后移栽6周龄番茄苗，对根结线虫病的防效只有34．79％。1110倍液及666倍液土壤处理后，间隔9 d，移栽7周龄番茄苗，对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果在一个月时分别达65．20％和86．94％，二个月时分别达41．53％和46．15％；对照药剂0．5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对根结线虫病的防治效果在一个月及两个月的防效分别为69．56％和43．08％；对土壤中根结线虫二龄幼虫群体数量的抑制率在30d时分别达58．57％和77．33％，50 d时可达38．22％和61．45％，不同处理间具有显著差异；田间大棚试验表明666倍液的4．2％二硫氰基甲烷在一个月时防效高达83．43％，明显高于1110倍液及0．5％阿维菌素颗粒剂，二个月后防治效果下降，各处理间没有显著差别。
研究了96％二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫二龄幼虫呼吸作用及体液渗漏的影响。结果表明96％二硫氰基甲烷能够抑制线虫的呼吸作用，虽然在0．5μg／mL较低浓度药剂处理幼虫5min时，对线虫呼吸表现短暂的刺激作用，但随药剂处理时间延长和浓度增加，表现强烈抑制线虫的呼吸作用，2．5μg／mL的二硫氰基甲烷处理5min～12h，线虫呼吸抑制率从31．8％升至68．0％；药剂处理的线虫悬浮液电导率明显高于对照，且药剂浓度越高，悬浮液的电导率越大，在药剂处理的15～120min内，0．5μg／mL和2．5μg／mL处理的幼虫悬浮液的电导率分别比对照高了约3．8％和6．8％，说明二硫氰基甲烷在很短的处理时间内就能破坏线虫体壁。
通过测定药剂处理过的根结线虫幼虫、卵、卵囊及根结对番茄根的致病力，研究了二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫的防病机制。结果表明，二硫氰基甲烷对二龄幼虫的致病力影响最大，1μg／mL的二硫氰基甲烷处理二龄幼虫10min以上就能明显降低二龄幼虫的致病力，处理30min以上能够降低卵的致病力，而在试验设定的药剂浓度1μg／mL和666倍液及时间为30min和60min内，药剂不影响卵囊和根结的致病力。这说明二硫氰基甲烷即使没有杀死幼虫和卵的情况下，也能通过影响幼虫的致病力达到防治根结线虫病的目的。
进入土壤中的二硫氰基甲烷会对土壤生态产生一定影响。通过平板稀释法及蔗糖饱和溶液悬浮法测定了二硫氰基甲烷对土壤中微生物及线虫的作用。结果表明二硫氰基甲烷处理土壤后对土壤中真菌、放线菌、线虫具有强烈的抑制作用，浓度越高，抑制作用越强。二硫氰基甲烷在处理土壤后10 d，对土壤中的真菌、放线菌和线虫的抑制作用达到最高峰，然后，随着时间推移，抑制作用下降，真菌、放线茵、线虫的数量均回升，但50天时仍没有恢复至对照水平；二硫氰基甲烷能刺激土壤中细菌增生，666倍液处理的土壤中细菌群体数量增生高于1110倍液处理的土壤，在药剂处理10d时，分别比对照高281．11％和201．43％。二硫氰基甲烷处理土壤10-30 d时，能促进土壤呼吸，且666倍液对土壤的呼吸作用高于1110倍液，即使在药剂处理50d时，仍分别比对照高92％和50％。
4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC对土壤化学性质及土壤酶活性具有不同的影响。结果表明，666倍液及1110倍液的二硫氰基甲烷处理土壤后，土壤的酸破度和土壤的电导率与对照土壤没有显著差异。但是，二硫氰基甲烷处理能够提高土壤脲酶活性，在药剂处理后10d，土壤脲酶的活性最高，且666倍液处理的土壤脲酶活性高于1110倍液，随着药剂处理时间延长，脲酶活性下降，至试验结束时的50 d，脲酶活性仍没有恢复至对照水平；1110倍液的二硫氰基甲烷能抑制土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性，随着药剂处理时间的延长，药剂对过氧化氢酶的活性抑制作用下降；而666倍液处理的土壤过氧化氢酶在测定时间内表现为激活一受到抑制一再激活现象。
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are highly damaging to many vegetablecrops and cause significant yield loss, especially to greenhouse vegetable and to thoseplanted in tropical and subtropical regions. Root-knot nematodes have also been shown topredispose plants to infection by fungal or bacterial pathogens, which contribute toadditional yield reductions. Besides of use of resistance cultivars, agricultural practice andphysical measurement, use of chemical nematicides and fumigants is an important means ofcontrolling root-knot nematodes. Problems can occur with conventional nematicides andfumigants usage, however, as many cannot be applied to vegetables because of the high riskof potential toxicity to non-target organisms, residues and environmental hazards. Newnematicides are needed to replace conventional chemicals, likely to be phased out in thenear future. Methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) is a volatile, water insoluble, organicthiocyanic compound and shows considerable activity against many different nematodesand microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. 4.2% MBT emulsifiable concentrate (EC)has been used as a seed treatment agent for controlling rice seed-born nematode diseasecaused by Aphelenchoides besseyi for a decade, but it has not yet been tested onMeloidogyne spp.
The objectives of this research were to verify the possibility of using 4.2% MBT EC tocontrol tomato root-knot nematodes by determining the bioactivity and control efficacy ofthe compound on Meloidogyne spp. in vivo and in vitro, the mode of action to Meloidogynespp. juveniles and the controlling mechanism against tomato root-knot nematode, Its effectson soil ecology were studied in the paper, too.
This paper reported firstly the nematicidal activity of MBT and abamectin onMeloidogyne spp. juveniles, individual egg and eggs in masses hatching in vitro. Themortality ratio of the second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. was over 97% and theinhibition of individual egg and eggs in masses hatching was above 94% when they weretreated by 4.2% MBT EC at 1.25μg/mL dosage. When the concentration was below5μg/mL, the toxicity of the MBT of industrial grade against the second-stage juveniles, individual egg and the eggs in masses was lower than that of 4.2% MBT EC formulation.The activity of abamectin to the second-stage juveniles and individual egg was lower thanthat of 4.2% MBT EC. But, the activity to eggs in masses hatching was equivalent to that of4.2% MBT EC. These results implied that MBT should be studied to implode as a potentialnematicide that replaces chemical nematicides and fumigants.
The soil in pots was drenched with 550-fold dilution of 4.2% MBT EC (90kg/hm~2).The six-week-old tomato seedlings were transplanted 5 days, 7 days and 9 days aftertreatment. The results showed the tomato seedlings transplanted 7days and 9 days aftertreatment were safe to 550-fold dilution of 4.2% MBT EC although the growth of theseedlings transplanted 5 days after treatment were inhibited by 550-fold dilution of 4.2%MBT EC. The efficacy of 4.2% MBT EC controlling root-knot nematode on tomato wastested in pots by soil drenching with its dilutions of 550, 666, 832, 1110 folds, respectivelybefore transportation. The results revealed that efficacy of 4.2% MBT EC increased byadding treating dosage and weeks of seedlings, or decreasing interval days from soiltreatment to transplantation of seedlings. 100% and 34.79% efficacies of 4.2% MBT ECcontrolling root-knot nematode disease have been achieved when the seven-week-oldseedlings were transplanted 7 days after soil treatment with 550-fold dilution and thesix-week-old seedlings were transplanted 13 days after treatment with 1110-fold dilution,respectively. The control efficacies of 550-fold and 666-fold dilutions of 4.2% MBT againstthe root-knot nematode disease on the seven-week-old tomato seedlings transplanted 9 daysafter treatment were 65.20% and 86.94% in one month, respectively, and 41.53% and46.15% in two months after treatment. 69.56% and 43.08% efficacies of abamectincontrolling the root-knot nematode disease have been achieved in one month and twomonths, respectively. The inhibitions of 1110-fold and 666-fold dilutions against thepopulation of the second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. in soil were 58.57% and77.33% in 30 days, respectively, and 38.22% and 61.45% in 50 days after treatment. Therewas significantly different among treatments. The control efficacy of 666-fold dilution withits efficacy at 83.43% against the root-knot nematode was higher significantly than that of1110-fold dilution of 4.2% MBT EC and 0.5% abamectin. The control efficacies ofdifferent treatments decline and were not significant after two months.
The Effects of MBT on the respiratory and leakage of body fluid of Meloidogyne spp.juveniles were studied. The results showed that the respiratory of juveniles was inhibitedstrongly by MBT with adding treatment time and concentration although the respiratory of juveniles treated by MBT at 0.5μg/mL for 5min was stimulated transitorily. The inhibitionof MBT at 2.5μg/mL on the respiratory of juveniles increased from 31.8% to 68% after5min and 12hs' treatment, respectively. The electrolyte conductivity of the solution of thejuveniles treated with MBT increased with the concentration of the nematicide rising.Especially, the electrolyte conductivity of the solution of the juveniles treated with0.5μg/mL and 2.5μg/mL MBT were about 3.8% and 6.8% higher than that of the controlstably within 15～120 min. This implied that MBT can destroyed the body wall of juvenilesin shorter treatment time
Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles, eggs, egg masses and tomato root-knotstreated by MBT were researched. The results showed that pathogenicity of the second-stagejuveniles of Meloidogyne spp. declined significantly with MBT treatment above 10min at1μg/mL and pathogenicity of eggs descend significantly only above 30min treatment. MBTdid not affect the pathogenicity of egg masses and tomato root knot in concentration at1μg/mL and 666 fold dilutions and treatment time with 30min and 60min designed. Theresult that MBT can control root-knot nematode by affecting mainly the pathogenicity ofMeloidogyne spp. juveniles in under of no killing juveniles and eggs was achieved.
Effects of 4.2% MBT EC on the soil ecology were studied by determining the microbeand nematode populations in soil treated by 4.2% MBT EC. 4.2% MBT EC showed morehigh inhibition effects on the populations of fungi, actinomyces and nematodes with theincreasing 4.2% MBT EC concentration. The strongest inhibition of MBT on the microbeand nematode populations appeared in 10 d after treatment. Along with prolonging thetreatment time the inhibition effects of MBT decreased and the populations of fungi,actinomyces and nematodes in soil rose. The populations of fungi, actinomyces andnematodes were still lower than that of control in 50 d after treatment. The populations ofthe bacterium in soil treated rose dramatically 10 d after treatment and the populations insoil treated by 666-fold dilution were higher than that in soil treated by 1110-fold dilution.The populations of the bacterium in soil treated by 666-fold and 1110-fold dilutions rosedramatically 10 d after treatment and were 281.11% and 201.43% higher than that in thecontrol soil. The respiration in soil treated was higher than that of the control soil andrespiration in soil treated by 666-fold dilution of MBT increased faster than that of1110-fold dilution from 10 d to 30 d after treatment. Even the respiration in soil treated by666-fold and 1110-fold dilution of MBT is still 92% and 50% higher, respectively, than thatof the control soil in 50 d after treatment.
The effects of 4.2% MBT EC on characteristics and enzyme activities of soil werestudied in the paper. The results showed that there were no significantly difference of thepH values and electrolyte conductivity between the soil treated with MBT EC at 666 or1110-fold dilution and soil treated with water as check. The urease and catalase activity haddifferent respond to MBT EC treatment. The activity of the urease got higher and it of thecatalase got decreased in treated soil. The urease activity of treated soil with 666-fold washigher than that of 1110-fold and became decreasing with the time going on. However, theurease activity still didn't recover the same level as the check even 50 days later oftreatment. 4.2% MBT EC at 1110-fold treatment could inhibit the activity of catalase, andthe inhibition decreased with the longer treatment. Whereas 4.2% MBT EC at 666-foldcould activate, then inhibit, finally re-activate the activity of catalase during the test time.
本文首先研究了离体条件下，二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫的毒力。结果表明，二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫二龄幼虫、分散卵及卵囊孵化均有毒杀和抑制作用。4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC在1．25μg／mL时对二龄幼虫的致死率达97％以上，对根结线虫分散卵及卵囊孵化的抑制率高达94％以上。浓度低于5μg／mL时，相同浓度下96％二硫氰基甲烷原药对二龄幼虫、卵及卵囊的活性低于4．2％乳油制剂。相同浓度下4．2％的二硫氰基甲烷EC对二龄幼虫及分散卵的活性高于对照药剂98％阿维菌素，但对卵囊孵化的抑制活性与阿维菌素相当。这一结果预示二硫氰基甲烷可以作为防治根结线虫的潜在药剂进行研究、开发，以期成为传统的高毒、高残留杀线剂的替代品，丰富杀线虫剂品种资源。
盆栽试验结果表明4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC的550倍液处理土壤，每公顷用量90kg，对间隔7d和9d移栽的6周龄番茄苗安全，而对间隔5d移栽的番茄苗的生长有抑制作用。提高土壤处理的药剂剂量，缩短药剂处理至苗移栽前的天数或增加移栽番茄的苗龄均可提高4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC对番茄根结线虫病的防效。4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC 550倍液处理土壤，7d后移栽7周龄番茄苗，28d后调查对根结线虫病的防效可达100％；1110倍液处理土壤，13 d后移栽6周龄番茄苗，对根结线虫病的防效只有34．79％。1110倍液及666倍液土壤处理后，间隔9 d，移栽7周龄番茄苗，对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果在一个月时分别达65．20％和86．94％，二个月时分别达41．53％和46．15％；对照药剂0．5％阿维菌素颗粒剂对根结线虫病的防治效果在一个月及两个月的防效分别为69．56％和43．08％；对土壤中根结线虫二龄幼虫群体数量的抑制率在30d时分别达58．57％和77．33％，50 d时可达38．22％和61．45％，不同处理间具有显著差异；田间大棚试验表明666倍液的4．2％二硫氰基甲烷在一个月时防效高达83．43％，明显高于1110倍液及0．5％阿维菌素颗粒剂，二个月后防治效果下降，各处理间没有显著差别。
研究了96％二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫二龄幼虫呼吸作用及体液渗漏的影响。结果表明96％二硫氰基甲烷能够抑制线虫的呼吸作用，虽然在0．5μg／mL较低浓度药剂处理幼虫5min时，对线虫呼吸表现短暂的刺激作用，但随药剂处理时间延长和浓度增加，表现强烈抑制线虫的呼吸作用，2．5μg／mL的二硫氰基甲烷处理5min～12h，线虫呼吸抑制率从31．8％升至68．0％；药剂处理的线虫悬浮液电导率明显高于对照，且药剂浓度越高，悬浮液的电导率越大，在药剂处理的15～120min内，0．5μg／mL和2．5μg／mL处理的幼虫悬浮液的电导率分别比对照高了约3．8％和6．8％，说明二硫氰基甲烷在很短的处理时间内就能破坏线虫体壁。
通过测定药剂处理过的根结线虫幼虫、卵、卵囊及根结对番茄根的致病力，研究了二硫氰基甲烷对根结线虫的防病机制。结果表明，二硫氰基甲烷对二龄幼虫的致病力影响最大，1μg／mL的二硫氰基甲烷处理二龄幼虫10min以上就能明显降低二龄幼虫的致病力，处理30min以上能够降低卵的致病力，而在试验设定的药剂浓度1μg／mL和666倍液及时间为30min和60min内，药剂不影响卵囊和根结的致病力。这说明二硫氰基甲烷即使没有杀死幼虫和卵的情况下，也能通过影响幼虫的致病力达到防治根结线虫病的目的。
进入土壤中的二硫氰基甲烷会对土壤生态产生一定影响。通过平板稀释法及蔗糖饱和溶液悬浮法测定了二硫氰基甲烷对土壤中微生物及线虫的作用。结果表明二硫氰基甲烷处理土壤后对土壤中真菌、放线菌、线虫具有强烈的抑制作用，浓度越高，抑制作用越强。二硫氰基甲烷在处理土壤后10 d，对土壤中的真菌、放线菌和线虫的抑制作用达到最高峰，然后，随着时间推移，抑制作用下降，真菌、放线茵、线虫的数量均回升，但50天时仍没有恢复至对照水平；二硫氰基甲烷能刺激土壤中细菌增生，666倍液处理的土壤中细菌群体数量增生高于1110倍液处理的土壤，在药剂处理10d时，分别比对照高281．11％和201．43％。二硫氰基甲烷处理土壤10-30 d时，能促进土壤呼吸，且666倍液对土壤的呼吸作用高于1110倍液，即使在药剂处理50d时，仍分别比对照高92％和50％。
4．2％二硫氰基甲烷EC对土壤化学性质及土壤酶活性具有不同的影响。结果表明，666倍液及1110倍液的二硫氰基甲烷处理土壤后，土壤的酸破度和土壤的电导率与对照土壤没有显著差异。但是，二硫氰基甲烷处理能够提高土壤脲酶活性，在药剂处理后10d，土壤脲酶的活性最高，且666倍液处理的土壤脲酶活性高于1110倍液，随着药剂处理时间延长，脲酶活性下降，至试验结束时的50 d，脲酶活性仍没有恢复至对照水平；1110倍液的二硫氰基甲烷能抑制土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性，随着药剂处理时间的延长，药剂对过氧化氢酶的活性抑制作用下降；而666倍液处理的土壤过氧化氢酶在测定时间内表现为激活一受到抑制一再激活现象。
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are highly damaging to many vegetablecrops and cause significant yield loss, especially to greenhouse vegetable and to thoseplanted in tropical and subtropical regions. Root-knot nematodes have also been shown topredispose plants to infection by fungal or bacterial pathogens, which contribute toadditional yield reductions. Besides of use of resistance cultivars, agricultural practice andphysical measurement, use of chemical nematicides and fumigants is an important means ofcontrolling root-knot nematodes. Problems can occur with conventional nematicides andfumigants usage, however, as many cannot be applied to vegetables because of the high riskof potential toxicity to non-target organisms, residues and environmental hazards. Newnematicides are needed to replace conventional chemicals, likely to be phased out in thenear future. Methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) is a volatile, water insoluble, organicthiocyanic compound and shows considerable activity against many different nematodesand microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. 4.2% MBT emulsifiable concentrate (EC)has been used as a seed treatment agent for controlling rice seed-born nematode diseasecaused by Aphelenchoides besseyi for a decade, but it has not yet been tested onMeloidogyne spp.
The objectives of this research were to verify the possibility of using 4.2% MBT EC tocontrol tomato root-knot nematodes by determining the bioactivity and control efficacy ofthe compound on Meloidogyne spp. in vivo and in vitro, the mode of action to Meloidogynespp. juveniles and the controlling mechanism against tomato root-knot nematode, Its effectson soil ecology were studied in the paper, too.
This paper reported firstly the nematicidal activity of MBT and abamectin onMeloidogyne spp. juveniles, individual egg and eggs in masses hatching in vitro. Themortality ratio of the second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. was over 97% and theinhibition of individual egg and eggs in masses hatching was above 94% when they weretreated by 4.2% MBT EC at 1.25μg/mL dosage. When the concentration was below5μg/mL, the toxicity of the MBT of industrial grade against the second-stage juveniles, individual egg and the eggs in masses was lower than that of 4.2% MBT EC formulation.The activity of abamectin to the second-stage juveniles and individual egg was lower thanthat of 4.2% MBT EC. But, the activity to eggs in masses hatching was equivalent to that of4.2% MBT EC. These results implied that MBT should be studied to implode as a potentialnematicide that replaces chemical nematicides and fumigants.
The soil in pots was drenched with 550-fold dilution of 4.2% MBT EC (90kg/hm~2).The six-week-old tomato seedlings were transplanted 5 days, 7 days and 9 days aftertreatment. The results showed the tomato seedlings transplanted 7days and 9 days aftertreatment were safe to 550-fold dilution of 4.2% MBT EC although the growth of theseedlings transplanted 5 days after treatment were inhibited by 550-fold dilution of 4.2%MBT EC. The efficacy of 4.2% MBT EC controlling root-knot nematode on tomato wastested in pots by soil drenching with its dilutions of 550, 666, 832, 1110 folds, respectivelybefore transportation. The results revealed that efficacy of 4.2% MBT EC increased byadding treating dosage and weeks of seedlings, or decreasing interval days from soiltreatment to transplantation of seedlings. 100% and 34.79% efficacies of 4.2% MBT ECcontrolling root-knot nematode disease have been achieved when the seven-week-oldseedlings were transplanted 7 days after soil treatment with 550-fold dilution and thesix-week-old seedlings were transplanted 13 days after treatment with 1110-fold dilution,respectively. The control efficacies of 550-fold and 666-fold dilutions of 4.2% MBT againstthe root-knot nematode disease on the seven-week-old tomato seedlings transplanted 9 daysafter treatment were 65.20% and 86.94% in one month, respectively, and 41.53% and46.15% in two months after treatment. 69.56% and 43.08% efficacies of abamectincontrolling the root-knot nematode disease have been achieved in one month and twomonths, respectively. The inhibitions of 1110-fold and 666-fold dilutions against thepopulation of the second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. in soil were 58.57% and77.33% in 30 days, respectively, and 38.22% and 61.45% in 50 days after treatment. Therewas significantly different among treatments. The control efficacy of 666-fold dilution withits efficacy at 83.43% against the root-knot nematode was higher significantly than that of1110-fold dilution of 4.2% MBT EC and 0.5% abamectin. The control efficacies ofdifferent treatments decline and were not significant after two months.
The Effects of MBT on the respiratory and leakage of body fluid of Meloidogyne spp.juveniles were studied. The results showed that the respiratory of juveniles was inhibitedstrongly by MBT with adding treatment time and concentration although the respiratory of juveniles treated by MBT at 0.5μg/mL for 5min was stimulated transitorily. The inhibitionof MBT at 2.5μg/mL on the respiratory of juveniles increased from 31.8% to 68% after5min and 12hs' treatment, respectively. The electrolyte conductivity of the solution of thejuveniles treated with MBT increased with the concentration of the nematicide rising.Especially, the electrolyte conductivity of the solution of the juveniles treated with0.5μg/mL and 2.5μg/mL MBT were about 3.8% and 6.8% higher than that of the controlstably within 15～120 min. This implied that MBT can destroyed the body wall of juvenilesin shorter treatment time
Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles, eggs, egg masses and tomato root-knotstreated by MBT were researched. The results showed that pathogenicity of the second-stagejuveniles of Meloidogyne spp. declined significantly with MBT treatment above 10min at1μg/mL and pathogenicity of eggs descend significantly only above 30min treatment. MBTdid not affect the pathogenicity of egg masses and tomato root knot in concentration at1μg/mL and 666 fold dilutions and treatment time with 30min and 60min designed. Theresult that MBT can control root-knot nematode by affecting mainly the pathogenicity ofMeloidogyne spp. juveniles in under of no killing juveniles and eggs was achieved.
Effects of 4.2% MBT EC on the soil ecology were studied by determining the microbeand nematode populations in soil treated by 4.2% MBT EC. 4.2% MBT EC showed morehigh inhibition effects on the populations of fungi, actinomyces and nematodes with theincreasing 4.2% MBT EC concentration. The strongest inhibition of MBT on the microbeand nematode populations appeared in 10 d after treatment. Along with prolonging thetreatment time the inhibition effects of MBT decreased and the populations of fungi,actinomyces and nematodes in soil rose. The populations of fungi, actinomyces andnematodes were still lower than that of control in 50 d after treatment. The populations ofthe bacterium in soil treated rose dramatically 10 d after treatment and the populations insoil treated by 666-fold dilution were higher than that in soil treated by 1110-fold dilution.The populations of the bacterium in soil treated by 666-fold and 1110-fold dilutions rosedramatically 10 d after treatment and were 281.11% and 201.43% higher than that in thecontrol soil. The respiration in soil treated was higher than that of the control soil andrespiration in soil treated by 666-fold dilution of MBT increased faster than that of1110-fold dilution from 10 d to 30 d after treatment. Even the respiration in soil treated by666-fold and 1110-fold dilution of MBT is still 92% and 50% higher, respectively, than thatof the control soil in 50 d after treatment.
The effects of 4.2% MBT EC on characteristics and enzyme activities of soil werestudied in the paper. The results showed that there were no significantly difference of thepH values and electrolyte conductivity between the soil treated with MBT EC at 666 or1110-fold dilution and soil treated with water as check. The urease and catalase activity haddifferent respond to MBT EC treatment. The activity of the urease got higher and it of thecatalase got decreased in treated soil. The urease activity of treated soil with 666-fold washigher than that of 1110-fold and became decreasing with the time going on. However, theurease activity still didn't recover the same level as the check even 50 days later oftreatment. 4.2% MBT EC at 1110-fold treatment could inhibit the activity of catalase, andthe inhibition decreased with the longer treatment. Whereas 4.2% MBT EC at 666-foldcould activate, then inhibit, finally re-activate the activity of catalase during the test time.
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