基于虚拟仪器的汽车悬架特性检测系统的研究
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摘要
面对我国汽车保有量迅速增长,车型多以及现代汽车的结构和使用条件越来越复杂,汽车检测领域所用传统的检测手段已难以满足需要。这就要求我们在大力发展汽车工业的同时,也要加快我国汽车检测行业的发展,以便我们能够利用先进的检测设备对车辆的技术状况做出快速、准确的检测,这是保证汽车具有良好使用性能的重要手段。
    随着测试技术的发展,计算机软件技术和测试系统更紧密地结合成了一个有机整体。仪器的结构概念和设计观点等都发生了突破性的变化,出现了新的仪器概念——虚拟仪器VI(Virtual Instrument)。虚拟仪器应用软件集成了仪器的所有采集、控制、数据分析、结果输出等功能,使传统仪器的某些硬件乃至整个仪器都被计算机软件所代替。虚拟仪器实现了计算机技术与测量技木的紧密结合,代表着仪器发展的方向。
    目前,在汽车检测领域内,传统测试仪器系统,功能单一,自动化程度低,研制周期长,仪器功能难以共享且升级困难,需采取有效的手段对其进行更新、升级或换代。将虚拟仪器技术应用于汽车检测与诊断领域,具有较高的理论研究价值和现实意义。
    本文探索了虚拟仪器在汽车检测领域中的应用,在建立了悬架检测台及检测车辆的“车-台”振动模型的基础上,采用虚拟仪器技术开发了汽车悬架性能测试系统。在四种常见的系统构成方式中,根据实际需求,选择了以PC-DAQ为体系结构的虚拟仪器并进行了深入研究。
    本文详细内容包括以下方面:
    1.测试系统模型的建立。针对汽车悬架性能检测台进行车辆检测的实际情况,将汽车和悬架检测台看作一个振动系统来研究,建立了“车—台”三自由度振动系统模型。在建立这一模型后,一方面可以进一步了解了影响汽车悬架性能好坏的因素,以便于正确评价悬架的性能;另一方面,便于优化悬架检测台的结构设计。
     2.虚拟测试系统的构建,本文分别从硬件和软件方面对系统进行了设计。对虚拟测试系统应用软件的模块化、通用化以及软件的合成作了一定工作。
    首先,实现了系统的硬件设计。系统的基础硬件平台选用pc(Intel Celeron CPU 1.2 ,RAM256)作为硬件系统的核心,集中控制信号采集、
    
    
    分析计算、数据存储、打印和报警输出等;外围硬件则主要实现信号的采集与处理功能,它包括外置的各种传感器、信号调理电路、多功能数据采集卡等。
    信号调理电路设计部分,主要分析常用传感器的信号调理电路要求,根据传感器的特性和共性,设计满足虚拟仪器测试系统要求的调理电路,重点分析信号隔离电路、信号放大器的设计。为了提高测试系统的精确性和稳定性,本系统采取信号接地、光电隔离等措施抑制干扰的产生。
    数据采集卡的选择。设计方案采用高性能、多功能数据采集卡(数据采集卡为中泰研创PCI-8319数据采集卡),并深入研究了数据采集技术。
    其次,进行系统软件设计。利用虚拟仪器检测汽车悬架性能的关键在于软件系统,它包括系统软件和应用软件。系统软件提供了检测系统的工作环境,本系统采用Windows操作系统;选择LabVIEW作为软件开发平台,进行了检测程序的总体设计,运用模块化编程思想,主要讨论虚拟仪器的软件层次结构以及各个软件层的实现方法,并详细介绍各个功能模块的具体流程和关键技术。应用软件对计算机所得到的信号进行软件分析、处理,最终给出检测结果。
     3.对汽车悬架性能检测系统增加了频谱分析功能。通过对系统采集到的波形数据进行频谱分析,可以很容易地得到振动系统车轮部分的固有频率,它取决于系统特性,与振动系统的初始条件无关。一方面可以得出悬架系统的一些特性,作为评价汽车悬架性能的辅助手段;另一方面也可以通过振动衰减的快慢,来评价系统的阻尼特性。这样,虚拟测试系统也就具有了频谱分析仪的功能。
     4.虚拟测试系统的实验验证。运用该测试分析系统对几种车型悬架性能作了多次测试。可以以图、表、文字等多种形式给出被评价车辆的检测结果,并以数据库的方式储存实验数据,便于查询和进一步处理。通过实车实验及对检测结果的分析,可以得出:采用虚拟仪器技术的汽车悬架测试系统与原有系统相比,在检测精度上能满足实际检测的需要;在系统的易用性,可扩展性等方面比传统仪器有更大的优势;而且虚拟仪器开发和维护费用更低,技术更新周期短;软件在仪器中起着关键作用,在开放性、灵活性方面与计算机同步。所建立的虚拟测试系统基本达到了本文的开发目标。
    本课题在利用虚拟仪器技术测试汽车悬架特性方面进行了一次有效的尝试。所建立的系统具备原汽车悬架装置检测台的功能特点和一些使用特点,实现了对模拟量信号的采集和处理,并可对悬架性能进行诊断评价,充分发挥了虚拟仪器提高测试效率、降低测试成本的优势。它将虚拟仪器技术引入汽车检测领域,探索了一种开发汽车性能检测系统的方法。
    
     本文构建的虚拟仪器测试系统由于时间、经费方面的限制,还有待于进一步地改进和提高。这次设计采用国产数据采集卡,采用DLL技术,实现了国产数据采集卡与LabVIEW的连接,但在一定程度上影响了测量精度和准确性;现阶段,汽车检测线已基本实现了联网功能,需要增强这一系统的网络化功能,这些都是?
In our country the quantity of automobiles increasing quickly, the types of automobiles being multiple, and the structure and application of them being more and more complex, traditional method of detection can’t meet the demand in automobile detection field. This requires when we vigorously develop auto industry, we should also accelerate the development of automobile detection profession so that we can detect automobile’s technical condition quickly and accurately with advanced detection devices, which is the important means to guarantee that automobiles have good performance.
    With the development of detection technique, computer software technique and detection system combine more tightly just as one whole organism. The structure concept and design viewpoint of instrument change greatly, and this gives birth to a new instrument concept-Virtual Instrument (VI). VI application software integrates all the functions of the instruments such as gathering, controlment, analysis of data, result output, which makes some hardware of traditional instruments even entire instrument is displaced by computer software.VI realizes the combination of computer technique and detection technique, and it stands for the direction of instrument development.
    At present in the field of automobile detection, traditional instrument being single-functioned, low-automatized, difficult to upgrade, etc., it is needed to take some efficient means to update, upgrade or displace it. And it is significant to apply the VI technique into the detection and diagnostic field of auto.
    In this paper the application of VI in the field of auto detection is studied. And a performance detection system of auto suspension is developed applying VI based on building the suspension detection platform and the “automobile-platform model” of the detected automobile.And the VI structured by PC-DAQ is selected from the four familiar structure manners according to actual demand and studied thoroughly.
    This paper involves the following aspects:
    The establishment of detection system model. According to the actual condition that automobiles are detected on the performance detection platform of auto suspension, the automobile and suspension detection platform are regarded as one whole vibration system, and the three-dimensioned “automobile -platform”
    
    
    vibration system model is built. After the establishment of this more reasonable mathematic model, on the one hand, through analyzing the parameters of the system we can acquire father the factors that affect the performance of auto suspension, on the other hand, it is convenient to compare the schemes of system parameters and accordingly optimize the designment of suspension detection platform.
    Study of structure technique of the virtual detecting system. The system is designed respectively from hardware and software. And some works were done such as the modulizatin, generalization and combination of the virtual detecting system’s software.
     First of all, the hardware system is realized. We choose the pc (Intel Celeron CPU 1.2, RAM256) as the core of the basal hardware platform. Pc controls gathering of the signal , analyzing, computation, stores data, prints, warns, etc.; Accessory hardware, which includes various sensors , signal conditioning extensions, multi-functional data acquisition card and various slots of the computer, and so on, primarily realize the function of signal gathering and processing,
    In the part of signal conditioning circuit design, the requirements of the signal conditioning circuit of common sensors is discussed primarily, and according to the commonness and characteristic of the sensors, we design the conditioning circuit which meets the demand of the VI system, and we make a point of designing the signal isolation circuit and signal amplifier. In order to improve the exactness and stability of the system, signal earthing, light-electricity isolation technique, etc. are adopted to restrain the generation of interference.
    In the part of the selection of the data acquisiti
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