直接甲醇燃料电池内的两相流与热质传输特性研究
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摘要
随着移动电话、个人数字设备、笔记本电脑等便携式电子产品的迅猛发展,目前现有的二次电池技术已无法满足日益增长的高能耗需求。直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)由于具有系统结构简单、能量密度高、环境友好、更换燃料方便、可在常温下工作等优点,因而已成为便携式设备最有前景的可替代电源之一
目前国内外研究主要集中在工作温度60℃以上的DMFC,而手机、笔记本电脑等便携式电子产品需要在常温(25℃左右)下工作。因此,开展常温下DMFC的研究具有非常重要的意义。
本文的工作主要分为两部分：一部分是对液相进料DMFC进行实验研究,另一部分是对空气自呼吸式DMFC进行实验研究。空气自呼吸式DMFC是液相进料DMFC的特殊情况,二者都有可能取代二次电池作为便携式电子设备的电源。
首先,本文研究了液相进料DMFC内两相流动及其传输特性,主要内容包括：利用可视化技术研究了阳极和阴极流场内的两相流动与传输特性,研究了阳极流场两相流动阻力特性,进一步分析了阳极和阴极流场组合对电池性能的影响。主要结果如下：
(1)研究了阳极流场内的两相流动与传输特性。在阳极蛇形流场中,流道中CO2气泡数量随着电流密度的增大而增多,低电流密度时,流道内以泡状流为主,中等电流密度时,泡状流开始转变成弹状流,高电流密度时,流道内开始出现段塞流,其它文献中并未出现。甲醇流量增大,流道内气泡数量减少,增强了甲醇的传质过程,但甲醇流量过高,会导致甲醇渗透增加,并且带走更多的热量,降低电池温度,导致电池性能下降。因此,选择合适的甲醇流量对低温运行的DMFC非常重要。实验发现蛇形流场不会发生“气体堵塞”现象,而高电流密度时平行流场和交指流场均会产生“气体堵塞”现象,平行流场的“气体堵塞”一般出现在流道与出口总管接口处,而交指流场的“气体堵塞”则一般出现在进口流道。
(2)研究了阳极流场两相流动阻力特性。在小流量情况下,阳极蛇形流场进出口压降随着电流密度增大先升高后降低最后趋于稳定；在大流量情况下,蛇形流场进出口压降随电流密度增大一直增加直到稳定。随着甲醇浓度的增大,蛇形流场进出口压降有所减小,但是变化不大,说明甲醇浓度对阳极进出口压降的影响较小。在相同流量情况下,蛇形流场内的压降比平行流场和交指流场的大；随甲醇流速增大,蛇形流场和交指流场的压降增加幅度远较平行流场快。
(3)研究了阴极流场内的两相流动与传输特性。在阴极蛇形流场中,放电开始阶段,流道内中下游产生水雾,然后才出现水滴,且优先出现在肋板和碳纸界面处；之后液态水的分布形成一个循环过程(水滴—水弹—水膜),流型主要是膜状流。恒电流放电时,相同放电时间,随着电流密度增加,流道内液态水增多；中低电流密度时,电压随放电时间逐渐下降,而高电流密度时,电压则先上升后下降。氧气流量增大,流道内液态水分布较少,保证了氧气往催化层的传输过程,性能变好。对于平行流场,高电流密度时,会发生“水淹”现象,增大氧气流量,延缓并减轻了“水淹”现象,电池性能有所提高。对于交指流场,氧气流量较低时,少部分进口流道会出现一些“水柱”,而氧气流量较高时,则不会出现这种现象。流道内发生水淹现象,导致氧气传质过程的恶化,电池性能迅速下降。因此,常温下阴极流场的水管理工作非常必要。
(4)对于阳极流场,蛇形流场因其更易于排除C02气泡而性能最好,而平行和交指流场中则出现了CO2气泡堵塞流道的现象,影响了甲醇的传输,性能较差；对于阴极流场,平行流场下半部分流道出现了“水淹”现象,影响了氧气的传输,电池性能较差。对于阴极流场,蛇形和交指流场均能顺利排除水滴,性能比平行流场的好；交指流场能保证氧气的充足供应,高电流密度时比蛇形流场的电池性能好。蛇形流场作为阳极流场和交指流场作为阴极流场将是电池性能较好的流场组合形式之一,在室温25℃时,电池功率密度最高达到45mW.cm-2。
其次,本文针对空气自呼吸式DMFC单电池,对开路阶段和放电阶段电池温度特性进行实验研究；接着采用可视化手段对阳极气泡和阴极水滴分布特性进行了研究；最后分析了集流板结构对空气自呼吸式DMFC性能的影响。得出的主要结论如下：
(1)放置时间达到30min时,电池的各参数值(开路电压、阳极温差、阴极温差、甲醇溶液温差)基本上稳定,便可以进行数据采集；为了得到更准确的测量结果,可以适当的把放置时间增加到60min。电池温差随电流密度的增大而增大。当电流密度为20mA·cm-2时,温差先升高后降低；当电流密度为50mA·cm-2时,放电时间较短,并未出现温差降低的现象。甲醇溶液量越少,温差越高,电池性能越好,可以通过减小甲醇储液腔的容量来提高电池的性能。
(2)在阳极孔型集流板中,随电流密度增加,呼吸孔内气泡增多,大多出现在孔的上半部分。相对于孔型集流板中,竖直放置平行集流板内CO2气泡排出少一个竖直方向的阻力,更易于气泡的排出,高电流密度时,平行集流板的电池性能要优于孔型集流板的电池。平行集流板流道竖直放置比水平放置时更容易排出CO2气泡,因而竖直放置时电池性能更好。
(3)在阴极孔型集流板中,恒电流放电,放电开始阶段,水滴出现的较慢,而放电后期,水滴产生较快；水滴的分布不是均匀的,总在某些特定的位置出现。恒电流放电,在相同放电时间内,随着电流密度的增大,阴极侧的水增多。在高电流密度(大于50mA·cm-2)时,相对于孔型集流板,平行集流板更有利于氧气传输和水的排除,因而性能较好。
(4)由于平行集流板(PACC)有利于CO_2的排出,所以PACC用作阳极集流板时电池的性能最佳。而由于孔型集流板(PECC-1)的开孔率较低所以不论它用作阳极还是阴极集流板时效果都不理想。当甲醇浓度为2mol·L-1寸,阴极采用孔型集流板(PECC-2)寸电池性能最好；当甲醇浓度为4mol·L~1时,电流密度较高时阴极采用PACC寸电池性能最好。
In recent years, with the rapid development of electric devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants and laptop computers, which demand much more power due to new functions, the present battery technology is unlikely to keep pace with these growing power demands. The air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which is considered as promising substitution to the conventional power sources for portable devices because of its simple system, high energy density, environmental benignancy, fast refueling and low operating temperature, has been a research hotspot in the field of electrochemistry and energy science.
Based on the literature survey, it is easy to find that many researches are focused on DMFC at the higher temperatures (>60℃). However, mobile phones, laptops and other portable electronic products work at ambient temperature of25℃. Therefore, studies on DMFC at room temperature have very great significance.
The work of this paper is divided into two parts:the liquid-feed DMFC experimental and the experimental study of the air-breathing DMFC. The air-breathing DMFC is one category of DMFC without external pumps or other ancillary devices for fuel and oxidant supply. Both of them are likely to substitue the battery of portable electronic devices as the power.
Firstly, a transparent DMFC was developed to visualize the two-phase flow and transport in the anode and cathode flow field. The main contents are drawn as follows:Two-phase flow and characterization of flow resistance in the anode flow field; Visualization of water flooding in the cathode flow field; Effect of the anode and cathode flow fields on the cell performance.
(1) Investigation on two-phase flow and transport characteristics in the anode flow field were conducted. In the serpentine flow field, the quantity of CO2bubbles increased with the increase of current densities. At low current densities, bubble flow appeared in the anode flow field; at moderate current densities, a number of gas slugs formed, and then bubble flow changed into slug flow; at high current densities, plug flow appeared. As the methanol flow rates increased, the amount of the CO2 bubbles decreased, enhancing the mass transport process of methanol. However, higher methanol flow rate led to an increase of methanol crossover and to take away more heat. This eventually, resulted in a deterioration of cell performance. Therefore, it is significant to use an appropriate methanol flow rate for the portable DMFCs operating at ambient temperature. Channel-blocking phenomenon caused by CO? gas was found in the parallel flow field and interdigitated flow field, but it was not found in the serpentine flow field. The channel-blocking phenomenon was found in the interface of the flow channel and outlet pipes of the parallel flow field and it was found in the inlet flow channel of the interdigitated flow field.
(2) Characterization of flow resistance in the anode flow field was experimentally studied. At low methanol flow rates, the pressure drop enhanced at first, and then decreased and eventually to be stable with increasing current density. Methanol concentration had a significant influence on the cell performance and less effect on the pressure drop. The pressure drop in serpentine flow field was larger than that in parallel flow field and interdigitated flow field under the same operating condition. With the increase in the methanol solution flow rate, pressure drop in serpentine and interdigitated flow field increased, which was lager than that in parallel flow field.
(3) Two-phase flow and transport characteristics in the anode flow field were experimentally investigated. The water fog appeared in the middle and lower reaches of the anode flow field in the serpentine flow field at the beginning of discharge test; then the water droplets emerged around the corner of the channel ribs; afterwards, the distribution of liquid water formed a cyclic process (water droplet-water slug-water membrane). For the constant current discharge test, at the same discharge time, the amount of water droplets increased with the increase of current density. At low and moderate current densities, the cell voltage decreased with discharge time; while, at high current densities, the cell voltage increased at first and then decreased. With increasing oxygen flow rate, the distribution of water in the flow field became smaller, thus enhancing the mass transfer of the oxygen and improving the cell performance. At high current densities, channel-blocking phenomenon caused by liquid water was found in the parallel flow field. With a higher oxygen flow rate, this phenomenon could be mitigated. For the interdigitated flow field, some water slugs appeared in part of the inlet channel only at low oxygen flow rate, resulting in a small effect on the cell performance.
(4) Effect of the anode and cathode flow fields on the performance of DMFC was experimentally investigated. The serpentine flow field (SFF) as anode flow field had a positive effect on cell voltage and power for the better removal of COt bubbles. It was also found that CO2bubbles blocked the flow channels in the parallel flow field (PFF) and interdigitated flow field (IFF) at high current densities, leading to a worse cell performance. For the cathode flow field, it was found that water drops blocked the flow channels in the PFF, but this channel-blocking phenomenon was never found in the SFF and IFF. The DMFC equipped with the SFF and IFF yielded much better performance than that with the PFF. The IFF enhanced oxygen transport and the cell gained a better performance than that with the SFF at high current densities. It could be deduced that the SFF as the anode flow field and the IFF as the cathode flow field would be one of the best choice for the DMFC with a maximum power density of45mW·cm-2being achieved at25℃
Secondly, a transparent air-breathing DMFC was developed to visualize the two-phase flow and transport process in the anode and cathode flow field. The main study contents include the transient voltage and temperature characteristics of the DMFC in the test and the visualization of the CO2bubble behavior in the anode current-collector and water droplets accumulation in the cathode current-collector. The effect of the anode and cathode current-collectors on the cell performance was also investigated. The main results are summarized as follow:
(1) The transient voltage and temperature of the passive air-breathing DMFCs were investigated experimentally at different discharging current densities and methanol solution quantities. The cell performance became better with the longer waiting time, but became stable when the parameters (open circuit voltage, anode temperature difference, cathode temperature difference and methanol solution temperature difference) approch to steady. When the waiting time was longer than 30min, all of the parameters of cell were basically stable, and then the polarization data could be collected with different concentration of methanol solution. In order to get a more accurate measurement results, the waiting time could be properly extended to60min. The temperature difference increased with an increase in the discharging current density. At the low current density (20mA·cm-2), the temperature difference increased at first and decreased subsequently. At the high current density (50mA·cm-2), the temperature difference did not fall down because of the short discharging time. At the same concentration of methanol solution, with a smaller methanol solution quantity, the cell performance became better due to the higher temperature difference.
(2) Visualization of the CO2bubble behavior in the anode current-collector was investigated. In the perforated current collector, with the increase of current density, the quantity of CO2gas bubbles increased progressively, most of them were presented at the upper portion of the breathing holes. Since the CO2gas bubbles could depart from the parallel current-collector more easily than that from the perforated current collector, the cell performance with parallel current-collector was better than that with perforated current collector. The parallel current-collector placed vertically could eliminate CO2bubbles more efficiently than that placed horizontally. Therefore, it gained a better performance.
(3) The water droplets accumulation in the cathode current-collector was visualized during the constant current discharge test. At the beginning of discharge test, the generation rate of water droplets was slowly. However, at the end of discharge test, the generation rate of water droplets was fast. The distribution of the water droplets was not uniform. Water droplets always emerged at some preferential locations. For the constant current discharge test, at the same discharge time, with the increase of current density, the amount of water droplets increases. At the high current density (>50mA·cm-2), parallel current-collector was more efficient to remove water than the perforated current collector.
(4) The effect of the current-collector structure on the performance of an air-breathing DMFC was investigated. Parallel current-collector (PACC) as anode current-collector had a positive effect on cell voltage and power density. For the cathode current-collector structure, the performance of DMFC increased at the methanol concentration of2mol·L-1for perforated current collector (PECC-2). But the methanol concentration of4mol·L-1led to an enhancement of cell performance that adopting PACC as cathode current-collector.
目前国内外研究主要集中在工作温度60℃以上的DMFC,而手机、笔记本电脑等便携式电子产品需要在常温(25℃左右)下工作。因此,开展常温下DMFC的研究具有非常重要的意义。
本文的工作主要分为两部分：一部分是对液相进料DMFC进行实验研究,另一部分是对空气自呼吸式DMFC进行实验研究。空气自呼吸式DMFC是液相进料DMFC的特殊情况,二者都有可能取代二次电池作为便携式电子设备的电源。
首先,本文研究了液相进料DMFC内两相流动及其传输特性,主要内容包括：利用可视化技术研究了阳极和阴极流场内的两相流动与传输特性,研究了阳极流场两相流动阻力特性,进一步分析了阳极和阴极流场组合对电池性能的影响。主要结果如下：
(1)研究了阳极流场内的两相流动与传输特性。在阳极蛇形流场中,流道中CO2气泡数量随着电流密度的增大而增多,低电流密度时,流道内以泡状流为主,中等电流密度时,泡状流开始转变成弹状流,高电流密度时,流道内开始出现段塞流,其它文献中并未出现。甲醇流量增大,流道内气泡数量减少,增强了甲醇的传质过程,但甲醇流量过高,会导致甲醇渗透增加,并且带走更多的热量,降低电池温度,导致电池性能下降。因此,选择合适的甲醇流量对低温运行的DMFC非常重要。实验发现蛇形流场不会发生“气体堵塞”现象,而高电流密度时平行流场和交指流场均会产生“气体堵塞”现象,平行流场的“气体堵塞”一般出现在流道与出口总管接口处,而交指流场的“气体堵塞”则一般出现在进口流道。
(2)研究了阳极流场两相流动阻力特性。在小流量情况下,阳极蛇形流场进出口压降随着电流密度增大先升高后降低最后趋于稳定；在大流量情况下,蛇形流场进出口压降随电流密度增大一直增加直到稳定。随着甲醇浓度的增大,蛇形流场进出口压降有所减小,但是变化不大,说明甲醇浓度对阳极进出口压降的影响较小。在相同流量情况下,蛇形流场内的压降比平行流场和交指流场的大；随甲醇流速增大,蛇形流场和交指流场的压降增加幅度远较平行流场快。
(3)研究了阴极流场内的两相流动与传输特性。在阴极蛇形流场中,放电开始阶段,流道内中下游产生水雾,然后才出现水滴,且优先出现在肋板和碳纸界面处；之后液态水的分布形成一个循环过程(水滴—水弹—水膜),流型主要是膜状流。恒电流放电时,相同放电时间,随着电流密度增加,流道内液态水增多；中低电流密度时,电压随放电时间逐渐下降,而高电流密度时,电压则先上升后下降。氧气流量增大,流道内液态水分布较少,保证了氧气往催化层的传输过程,性能变好。对于平行流场,高电流密度时,会发生“水淹”现象,增大氧气流量,延缓并减轻了“水淹”现象,电池性能有所提高。对于交指流场,氧气流量较低时,少部分进口流道会出现一些“水柱”,而氧气流量较高时,则不会出现这种现象。流道内发生水淹现象,导致氧气传质过程的恶化,电池性能迅速下降。因此,常温下阴极流场的水管理工作非常必要。
(4)对于阳极流场,蛇形流场因其更易于排除C02气泡而性能最好,而平行和交指流场中则出现了CO2气泡堵塞流道的现象,影响了甲醇的传输,性能较差；对于阴极流场,平行流场下半部分流道出现了“水淹”现象,影响了氧气的传输,电池性能较差。对于阴极流场,蛇形和交指流场均能顺利排除水滴,性能比平行流场的好；交指流场能保证氧气的充足供应,高电流密度时比蛇形流场的电池性能好。蛇形流场作为阳极流场和交指流场作为阴极流场将是电池性能较好的流场组合形式之一,在室温25℃时,电池功率密度最高达到45mW.cm-2。
其次,本文针对空气自呼吸式DMFC单电池,对开路阶段和放电阶段电池温度特性进行实验研究；接着采用可视化手段对阳极气泡和阴极水滴分布特性进行了研究；最后分析了集流板结构对空气自呼吸式DMFC性能的影响。得出的主要结论如下：
(1)放置时间达到30min时,电池的各参数值(开路电压、阳极温差、阴极温差、甲醇溶液温差)基本上稳定,便可以进行数据采集；为了得到更准确的测量结果,可以适当的把放置时间增加到60min。电池温差随电流密度的增大而增大。当电流密度为20mA·cm-2时,温差先升高后降低；当电流密度为50mA·cm-2时,放电时间较短,并未出现温差降低的现象。甲醇溶液量越少,温差越高,电池性能越好,可以通过减小甲醇储液腔的容量来提高电池的性能。
(2)在阳极孔型集流板中,随电流密度增加,呼吸孔内气泡增多,大多出现在孔的上半部分。相对于孔型集流板中,竖直放置平行集流板内CO2气泡排出少一个竖直方向的阻力,更易于气泡的排出,高电流密度时,平行集流板的电池性能要优于孔型集流板的电池。平行集流板流道竖直放置比水平放置时更容易排出CO2气泡,因而竖直放置时电池性能更好。
(3)在阴极孔型集流板中,恒电流放电,放电开始阶段,水滴出现的较慢,而放电后期,水滴产生较快；水滴的分布不是均匀的,总在某些特定的位置出现。恒电流放电,在相同放电时间内,随着电流密度的增大,阴极侧的水增多。在高电流密度(大于50mA·cm-2)时,相对于孔型集流板,平行集流板更有利于氧气传输和水的排除,因而性能较好。
(4)由于平行集流板(PACC)有利于CO_2的排出,所以PACC用作阳极集流板时电池的性能最佳。而由于孔型集流板(PECC-1)的开孔率较低所以不论它用作阳极还是阴极集流板时效果都不理想。当甲醇浓度为2mol·L-1寸,阴极采用孔型集流板(PECC-2)寸电池性能最好；当甲醇浓度为4mol·L~1时,电流密度较高时阴极采用PACC寸电池性能最好。
In recent years, with the rapid development of electric devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants and laptop computers, which demand much more power due to new functions, the present battery technology is unlikely to keep pace with these growing power demands. The air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which is considered as promising substitution to the conventional power sources for portable devices because of its simple system, high energy density, environmental benignancy, fast refueling and low operating temperature, has been a research hotspot in the field of electrochemistry and energy science.
Based on the literature survey, it is easy to find that many researches are focused on DMFC at the higher temperatures (>60℃). However, mobile phones, laptops and other portable electronic products work at ambient temperature of25℃. Therefore, studies on DMFC at room temperature have very great significance.
The work of this paper is divided into two parts:the liquid-feed DMFC experimental and the experimental study of the air-breathing DMFC. The air-breathing DMFC is one category of DMFC without external pumps or other ancillary devices for fuel and oxidant supply. Both of them are likely to substitue the battery of portable electronic devices as the power.
Firstly, a transparent DMFC was developed to visualize the two-phase flow and transport in the anode and cathode flow field. The main contents are drawn as follows:Two-phase flow and characterization of flow resistance in the anode flow field; Visualization of water flooding in the cathode flow field; Effect of the anode and cathode flow fields on the cell performance.
(1) Investigation on two-phase flow and transport characteristics in the anode flow field were conducted. In the serpentine flow field, the quantity of CO2bubbles increased with the increase of current densities. At low current densities, bubble flow appeared in the anode flow field; at moderate current densities, a number of gas slugs formed, and then bubble flow changed into slug flow; at high current densities, plug flow appeared. As the methanol flow rates increased, the amount of the CO2 bubbles decreased, enhancing the mass transport process of methanol. However, higher methanol flow rate led to an increase of methanol crossover and to take away more heat. This eventually, resulted in a deterioration of cell performance. Therefore, it is significant to use an appropriate methanol flow rate for the portable DMFCs operating at ambient temperature. Channel-blocking phenomenon caused by CO? gas was found in the parallel flow field and interdigitated flow field, but it was not found in the serpentine flow field. The channel-blocking phenomenon was found in the interface of the flow channel and outlet pipes of the parallel flow field and it was found in the inlet flow channel of the interdigitated flow field.
(2) Characterization of flow resistance in the anode flow field was experimentally studied. At low methanol flow rates, the pressure drop enhanced at first, and then decreased and eventually to be stable with increasing current density. Methanol concentration had a significant influence on the cell performance and less effect on the pressure drop. The pressure drop in serpentine flow field was larger than that in parallel flow field and interdigitated flow field under the same operating condition. With the increase in the methanol solution flow rate, pressure drop in serpentine and interdigitated flow field increased, which was lager than that in parallel flow field.
(3) Two-phase flow and transport characteristics in the anode flow field were experimentally investigated. The water fog appeared in the middle and lower reaches of the anode flow field in the serpentine flow field at the beginning of discharge test; then the water droplets emerged around the corner of the channel ribs; afterwards, the distribution of liquid water formed a cyclic process (water droplet-water slug-water membrane). For the constant current discharge test, at the same discharge time, the amount of water droplets increased with the increase of current density. At low and moderate current densities, the cell voltage decreased with discharge time; while, at high current densities, the cell voltage increased at first and then decreased. With increasing oxygen flow rate, the distribution of water in the flow field became smaller, thus enhancing the mass transfer of the oxygen and improving the cell performance. At high current densities, channel-blocking phenomenon caused by liquid water was found in the parallel flow field. With a higher oxygen flow rate, this phenomenon could be mitigated. For the interdigitated flow field, some water slugs appeared in part of the inlet channel only at low oxygen flow rate, resulting in a small effect on the cell performance.
(4) Effect of the anode and cathode flow fields on the performance of DMFC was experimentally investigated. The serpentine flow field (SFF) as anode flow field had a positive effect on cell voltage and power for the better removal of COt bubbles. It was also found that CO2bubbles blocked the flow channels in the parallel flow field (PFF) and interdigitated flow field (IFF) at high current densities, leading to a worse cell performance. For the cathode flow field, it was found that water drops blocked the flow channels in the PFF, but this channel-blocking phenomenon was never found in the SFF and IFF. The DMFC equipped with the SFF and IFF yielded much better performance than that with the PFF. The IFF enhanced oxygen transport and the cell gained a better performance than that with the SFF at high current densities. It could be deduced that the SFF as the anode flow field and the IFF as the cathode flow field would be one of the best choice for the DMFC with a maximum power density of45mW·cm-2being achieved at25℃
Secondly, a transparent air-breathing DMFC was developed to visualize the two-phase flow and transport process in the anode and cathode flow field. The main study contents include the transient voltage and temperature characteristics of the DMFC in the test and the visualization of the CO2bubble behavior in the anode current-collector and water droplets accumulation in the cathode current-collector. The effect of the anode and cathode current-collectors on the cell performance was also investigated. The main results are summarized as follow:
(1) The transient voltage and temperature of the passive air-breathing DMFCs were investigated experimentally at different discharging current densities and methanol solution quantities. The cell performance became better with the longer waiting time, but became stable when the parameters (open circuit voltage, anode temperature difference, cathode temperature difference and methanol solution temperature difference) approch to steady. When the waiting time was longer than 30min, all of the parameters of cell were basically stable, and then the polarization data could be collected with different concentration of methanol solution. In order to get a more accurate measurement results, the waiting time could be properly extended to60min. The temperature difference increased with an increase in the discharging current density. At the low current density (20mA·cm-2), the temperature difference increased at first and decreased subsequently. At the high current density (50mA·cm-2), the temperature difference did not fall down because of the short discharging time. At the same concentration of methanol solution, with a smaller methanol solution quantity, the cell performance became better due to the higher temperature difference.
(2) Visualization of the CO2bubble behavior in the anode current-collector was investigated. In the perforated current collector, with the increase of current density, the quantity of CO2gas bubbles increased progressively, most of them were presented at the upper portion of the breathing holes. Since the CO2gas bubbles could depart from the parallel current-collector more easily than that from the perforated current collector, the cell performance with parallel current-collector was better than that with perforated current collector. The parallel current-collector placed vertically could eliminate CO2bubbles more efficiently than that placed horizontally. Therefore, it gained a better performance.
(3) The water droplets accumulation in the cathode current-collector was visualized during the constant current discharge test. At the beginning of discharge test, the generation rate of water droplets was slowly. However, at the end of discharge test, the generation rate of water droplets was fast. The distribution of the water droplets was not uniform. Water droplets always emerged at some preferential locations. For the constant current discharge test, at the same discharge time, with the increase of current density, the amount of water droplets increases. At the high current density (>50mA·cm-2), parallel current-collector was more efficient to remove water than the perforated current collector.
(4) The effect of the current-collector structure on the performance of an air-breathing DMFC was investigated. Parallel current-collector (PACC) as anode current-collector had a positive effect on cell voltage and power density. For the cathode current-collector structure, the performance of DMFC increased at the methanol concentration of2mol·L-1for perforated current collector (PECC-2). But the methanol concentration of4mol·L-1led to an enhancement of cell performance that adopting PACC as cathode current-collector.
引文
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