稀土镁合金NZ30K激光焊接及接头性能改善研究
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摘要
在镁合金工业化应用过程中，焊接接头质量是关键问题之一。论文研究镁稀土合金NZ30K与激光的相互作用机理；在非线性、大的温度梯度、快速加热冷却条件下，激光工艺参数对焊缝成形影响和对激光焊接接头组织的影响及变化规律；研究焊接接头焊接态，热处理态组织与性能之间对应关系，探讨其机理。研究成果不但具有重要的理论意义，同时解决了稀土镁合金保证焊接质量的技术难题，为工业化生产和应用提供了技术支撑。
本文研究了CO_2激光与镁稀土合金NZ30K的相互作用机理，计算NZ30K合金表面对于入射激光的吸收率。利用光谱仪及高速摄影机采集并观察焊接过程中等离子体的谱线信号及等离子体形态，估算等离子体温度，分析镁稀土合金焊接过程中等离子体的特性。试验结果表明，常温下镁稀土合金对于入射CO_2激光的吸收率为0.036。使用高的激光功率，对镁合金表面进行毛化处理可以增加镁稀土合金NZ30K对于CO_2激光的吸收率。侧吹保护气体氦气流量对于激光等离子体的影响显著。对于内径6mm的侧吹气体喷嘴，等离子体温度随侧吹气体流量增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势，当气体流量30L/min时，对等离子体的冷却效果最好。研究了多个焊接参数（激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量等）对镁稀土合金焊接成形的影响。镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接过程中当热输入量过大时会在焊缝中心位置产生热裂纹。10mm镁稀土合金板材在实验条件下当热输入量超过160J/mm时则产生热裂纹。热裂纹主要是由镁稀土合金中在晶界偏聚的低熔点脆性物Mg12Nd和激光焊接时焊缝受到的拉应力共同作用引起的。采用高功率CO_2激光器通过合适的工艺参数焊接能够实现镁稀土合金NZ30K的良好连接，焊接接头表面成形连续致密，没有裂纹、气孔等缺陷。
利用OM、SEM、TEM等手段分析镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接接头的微观组织并测试了接头的力学性能。揭示镁稀土合金激光焊接工艺参数、焊接接头组织及力学性能之间的对应关系。焊缝组织由大量细小等轴晶组成，晶界处主要为Mg12Nd，焊接接头无明显的软化区存在。当热输入量为84J/mm时焊缝强度达到母材强度的80%。未熔透和气孔是导致焊缝抗拉强度降低的主要原因。
热处理对于镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接接头组织和性能具有重要的影响。采用不同的工艺参数对得到的焊缝组织进行热处理，利用透射电镜观察研究焊缝典型时效处理后的组织，并对不同热处理后的焊接接头力学性能进行测试，揭示焊缝中稀土析出相的时效析出过程及对焊接接头的强化机制。采用理论计算和实验结果相结合的方法研究了不同形貌析出物对于NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织强化作用的大小。通过实验发现，焊缝时效处理后组织中有大量不同形貌的析出物。镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝时效沉淀析出过程应为Mg(SSSS)→G.P.区→β″(DO_(19))→β′(fcc)。β″与基体形成共格界面，而β′与基体形成半共格界面。通过理论计算得到焊缝组织时效之后不同形貌析出物导致的强化作用的大小，它们的比值为△τ棱：△τ杆：△τ球：△τ片=3.57：3.14：1.86：1。对于镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织，在较高的析出相体积分数下，垂直于基面的棱柱面片状析出相的强化效果最好，而平行于基面的片状析出相强化效果最弱。析出物强化对于热处理后焊接接头强度的增加起主要作用，在200℃时效8小时后接头强度达到最大，抗拉强度可达273MPa，比未热处理的焊接接头强度增加了70%。
采用浸泡腐蚀和电化学测试方法研究不同状态下的镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织的腐蚀性能，分析产生不同腐蚀速率的原因，建立NZ30K焊缝腐蚀机理模型，揭示稀土元素在提高NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织耐蚀性能中的作用。实验结果表明，焊缝耐腐蚀性能优于母材的耐腐蚀性能。焊缝组织固溶处理和时效处理之后的耐腐蚀性能比未热处理的焊缝组织耐腐蚀性能好。镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织中由于稀土元素Nd的存在，增加了α-Mg相的耐蚀能力，同时由于焊缝组织中包含大量细小的等轴晶，晶界处连续分布的Mg12Nd相可以阻碍腐蚀过程的进行，降低整个焊缝组织的腐蚀速度。
The welding technique of Mg and its alloy can’t meet the demands of manufacturingat present and it has been the main problem which limits the application of magnesiumalloy structural components. The mechanism of interaction between CO_2laser and NZ30Kalloy is studied. Spectral analysis equipment and high speed camera are used to investigatethe plasma. The microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joints underdifferent heat treatments had been tested and analyzed. The method of combiningtheoretical calculations and experimental results was used to study the strengthening roleof different morphologies precipitateds in the laser welded NZ30K alloy. The corrosionmechanism of the rare earth element Nd in improving the corrosion resistance of laserwelded NZ30K joints is revealed. Therefore, research on the weldability of Mg-Rare alloyis of great significance in theoretical study and industrial application.
The mechanism of interaction between laser and materials is studied. The rate ofabsorption of the magnesium alloy surface for the laser is calculated. Spectral analysisequipment and high speed camera are used to investigate the plasma. In order to calculatethe temperature of the plasma, the method of relative intensity of two spectral lines withthe same ion is applied. The influencing factors of the welding forming were investigatedsuch as the laser power、 welding speed、 laser focal position and so on. Thecorrespondence between laser welding parameters, weld joint microstructure andmechanical properties of Mg-Rare alloy is studied. Using the high power CO_2laser theMg-Rare earth alloy NZ30K can be welded with good joint appearance under the properwelding parameters, where joint is full penetrated and free of macro defects in the fusionzone. If the heat input is too large during the laser welding, the solidification cracking willappear in the welding joint of Mg-Rare alloy. The cracks are mainly caused by thecombined effect of tensile stress and low melting point eutectic Mg12Nd.
The microstructure and the mechanical properties of laser welding joints of Mg-Rare earth alloy are observed and tested. Due to the high rate of cooling in laser welding, thefusion zone of joint is made up of fine equiaxed grain. There is no obvious soft zone in thejoint of NZ30K. The FZ mainly consists of α-Mg as base and Mg12Nd which distributesalong the grain boundary. The results of mechanical property experiments show that thetensile-strength of NZ30K is about80%of that of base metal when the heat input is84J/mm.
The microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joints under differentheat treatments had been tested and analyzed. The precipitation sequence in laser weldedNZ30K alloy during aging treatment has been investigated using transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the heat treatment plays an important role inthe mechanical strength of laser welded joint of NZ30K. The microstructure of samplesafter the solution treatment as well as aging treatment is different from that of theas-received welded joint. For solution treatment, although the microstructure is muchdifferent from that of as-received welded joint, the solution strengthening effect is notobvious. The precipitation in laser welded NZ30K alloy follows the sequence of Mg(SSSS)→G.P.→β″(DO19)→β′(fcc).The ratio of different strengthening is△τ棱：△τ杆：△τ球：△τ片=3.57：3.14：1.86：1. The prismatic shape of precipitates perpendicular to the basal planeis the most important factor that enhances aging treatment strengthening. The flack shapeof precipitates parallel to the basal plane is the worst important factor. There are lots ofprecipitates in the fusion zone after the aging treatment, which will significantly enhancethe tensile strength of the welding joint. After aging treatment at200℃×8h, the UTS oflaser welded NZ30K joint is the highest.
The corrosion behavior of laser welded joints in different regions and under differentheat treatment had been investigated. The corrosion mechanism of the rare earth elementNd in improving the corrosion resistance of laser welded NZ30K joints is revealed. It isfound that the corrosion resistance of fusion zone is better than that of the base metal andthe corrosion resistance of NZ30K is better than that of AZ31. After appropriate heat treatment the corrosion resistance of laser welded NZ30K can be significantly improved.The electrochemical activity of Mg-Rare earth compounds Mg12Nd phase is low, soMg12Nd solid solution containing rare earth can improve the corrosion resistance. Mg12Ndphases are basically continuous distribution along the grain boundaries in the smallequiaxed grains of fusion zone. Therefore, barriers produced by Mg12Nd phases can bequickly formed on the surface and the corrosion rate of the alloy will be reduced.
本文研究了CO_2激光与镁稀土合金NZ30K的相互作用机理，计算NZ30K合金表面对于入射激光的吸收率。利用光谱仪及高速摄影机采集并观察焊接过程中等离子体的谱线信号及等离子体形态，估算等离子体温度，分析镁稀土合金焊接过程中等离子体的特性。试验结果表明，常温下镁稀土合金对于入射CO_2激光的吸收率为0.036。使用高的激光功率，对镁合金表面进行毛化处理可以增加镁稀土合金NZ30K对于CO_2激光的吸收率。侧吹保护气体氦气流量对于激光等离子体的影响显著。对于内径6mm的侧吹气体喷嘴，等离子体温度随侧吹气体流量增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势，当气体流量30L/min时，对等离子体的冷却效果最好。研究了多个焊接参数（激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量等）对镁稀土合金焊接成形的影响。镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接过程中当热输入量过大时会在焊缝中心位置产生热裂纹。10mm镁稀土合金板材在实验条件下当热输入量超过160J/mm时则产生热裂纹。热裂纹主要是由镁稀土合金中在晶界偏聚的低熔点脆性物Mg12Nd和激光焊接时焊缝受到的拉应力共同作用引起的。采用高功率CO_2激光器通过合适的工艺参数焊接能够实现镁稀土合金NZ30K的良好连接，焊接接头表面成形连续致密，没有裂纹、气孔等缺陷。
利用OM、SEM、TEM等手段分析镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接接头的微观组织并测试了接头的力学性能。揭示镁稀土合金激光焊接工艺参数、焊接接头组织及力学性能之间的对应关系。焊缝组织由大量细小等轴晶组成，晶界处主要为Mg12Nd，焊接接头无明显的软化区存在。当热输入量为84J/mm时焊缝强度达到母材强度的80%。未熔透和气孔是导致焊缝抗拉强度降低的主要原因。
热处理对于镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接接头组织和性能具有重要的影响。采用不同的工艺参数对得到的焊缝组织进行热处理，利用透射电镜观察研究焊缝典型时效处理后的组织，并对不同热处理后的焊接接头力学性能进行测试，揭示焊缝中稀土析出相的时效析出过程及对焊接接头的强化机制。采用理论计算和实验结果相结合的方法研究了不同形貌析出物对于NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织强化作用的大小。通过实验发现，焊缝时效处理后组织中有大量不同形貌的析出物。镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝时效沉淀析出过程应为Mg(SSSS)→G.P.区→β″(DO_(19))→β′(fcc)。β″与基体形成共格界面，而β′与基体形成半共格界面。通过理论计算得到焊缝组织时效之后不同形貌析出物导致的强化作用的大小，它们的比值为△τ棱：△τ杆：△τ球：△τ片=3.57：3.14：1.86：1。对于镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织，在较高的析出相体积分数下，垂直于基面的棱柱面片状析出相的强化效果最好，而平行于基面的片状析出相强化效果最弱。析出物强化对于热处理后焊接接头强度的增加起主要作用，在200℃时效8小时后接头强度达到最大，抗拉强度可达273MPa，比未热处理的焊接接头强度增加了70%。
采用浸泡腐蚀和电化学测试方法研究不同状态下的镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织的腐蚀性能，分析产生不同腐蚀速率的原因，建立NZ30K焊缝腐蚀机理模型，揭示稀土元素在提高NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织耐蚀性能中的作用。实验结果表明，焊缝耐腐蚀性能优于母材的耐腐蚀性能。焊缝组织固溶处理和时效处理之后的耐腐蚀性能比未热处理的焊缝组织耐腐蚀性能好。镁稀土合金NZ30K激光焊接焊缝组织中由于稀土元素Nd的存在，增加了α-Mg相的耐蚀能力，同时由于焊缝组织中包含大量细小的等轴晶，晶界处连续分布的Mg12Nd相可以阻碍腐蚀过程的进行，降低整个焊缝组织的腐蚀速度。
The welding technique of Mg and its alloy can’t meet the demands of manufacturingat present and it has been the main problem which limits the application of magnesiumalloy structural components. The mechanism of interaction between CO_2laser and NZ30Kalloy is studied. Spectral analysis equipment and high speed camera are used to investigatethe plasma. The microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joints underdifferent heat treatments had been tested and analyzed. The method of combiningtheoretical calculations and experimental results was used to study the strengthening roleof different morphologies precipitateds in the laser welded NZ30K alloy. The corrosionmechanism of the rare earth element Nd in improving the corrosion resistance of laserwelded NZ30K joints is revealed. Therefore, research on the weldability of Mg-Rare alloyis of great significance in theoretical study and industrial application.
The mechanism of interaction between laser and materials is studied. The rate ofabsorption of the magnesium alloy surface for the laser is calculated. Spectral analysisequipment and high speed camera are used to investigate the plasma. In order to calculatethe temperature of the plasma, the method of relative intensity of two spectral lines withthe same ion is applied. The influencing factors of the welding forming were investigatedsuch as the laser power、 welding speed、 laser focal position and so on. Thecorrespondence between laser welding parameters, weld joint microstructure andmechanical properties of Mg-Rare alloy is studied. Using the high power CO_2laser theMg-Rare earth alloy NZ30K can be welded with good joint appearance under the properwelding parameters, where joint is full penetrated and free of macro defects in the fusionzone. If the heat input is too large during the laser welding, the solidification cracking willappear in the welding joint of Mg-Rare alloy. The cracks are mainly caused by thecombined effect of tensile stress and low melting point eutectic Mg12Nd.
The microstructure and the mechanical properties of laser welding joints of Mg-Rare earth alloy are observed and tested. Due to the high rate of cooling in laser welding, thefusion zone of joint is made up of fine equiaxed grain. There is no obvious soft zone in thejoint of NZ30K. The FZ mainly consists of α-Mg as base and Mg12Nd which distributesalong the grain boundary. The results of mechanical property experiments show that thetensile-strength of NZ30K is about80%of that of base metal when the heat input is84J/mm.
The microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joints under differentheat treatments had been tested and analyzed. The precipitation sequence in laser weldedNZ30K alloy during aging treatment has been investigated using transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the heat treatment plays an important role inthe mechanical strength of laser welded joint of NZ30K. The microstructure of samplesafter the solution treatment as well as aging treatment is different from that of theas-received welded joint. For solution treatment, although the microstructure is muchdifferent from that of as-received welded joint, the solution strengthening effect is notobvious. The precipitation in laser welded NZ30K alloy follows the sequence of Mg(SSSS)→G.P.→β″(DO19)→β′(fcc).The ratio of different strengthening is△τ棱：△τ杆：△τ球：△τ片=3.57：3.14：1.86：1. The prismatic shape of precipitates perpendicular to the basal planeis the most important factor that enhances aging treatment strengthening. The flack shapeof precipitates parallel to the basal plane is the worst important factor. There are lots ofprecipitates in the fusion zone after the aging treatment, which will significantly enhancethe tensile strength of the welding joint. After aging treatment at200℃×8h, the UTS oflaser welded NZ30K joint is the highest.
The corrosion behavior of laser welded joints in different regions and under differentheat treatment had been investigated. The corrosion mechanism of the rare earth elementNd in improving the corrosion resistance of laser welded NZ30K joints is revealed. It isfound that the corrosion resistance of fusion zone is better than that of the base metal andthe corrosion resistance of NZ30K is better than that of AZ31. After appropriate heat treatment the corrosion resistance of laser welded NZ30K can be significantly improved.The electrochemical activity of Mg-Rare earth compounds Mg12Nd phase is low, soMg12Nd solid solution containing rare earth can improve the corrosion resistance. Mg12Ndphases are basically continuous distribution along the grain boundaries in the smallequiaxed grains of fusion zone. Therefore, barriers produced by Mg12Nd phases can bequickly formed on the surface and the corrosion rate of the alloy will be reduced.
引文
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