蒸发皿蒸发过程的微气象观测及其模拟研究
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摘要
尽管全球平均温度在不断增加,但对过去近50年蒸发皿观测结果分析表明,全球大多数区域蒸发皿蒸发量存在稳定的下降趋势,这就是著名的“蒸发佯谬”。为了解释“蒸发佯谬”这一现象,本文通过设置蒸发皿蒸发野外试验,借助近地层微气象观测方法来研究蒸发皿蒸发的物理过程和代表意义。利用试验所获得资料,不仅对蒸发皿蒸发过程与周围环境之间的相互作用进行分析,讨论了环境非均匀性对蒸发皿蒸发的影响,而且借助试验结果概括出蒸发皿蒸发的物理数学模型,从数值角度研究了蒸发皿蒸发特征。研究得到以下主要结论：
(1)三种不同型号的蒸发皿(分别为E601B、Class A、20cm,下同)平行对比观测结果分析显示,日蒸发量最大的是20cm蒸发皿,其次是Class A蒸发皿,E601B的日蒸发量最小；统计分析得到20cm蒸发皿与E601B蒸发皿日蒸发量的折算系数为1.659,Class A蒸发皿与E601B蒸发皿日蒸发量的折算系数为1.351。
(2)蒸发皿不同深度的水温日变化观测结果显示,E601B蒸发皿水体10～20cm深处水温在加热时段存在明显的热力层结现象,两层之间的最大温差超过2-C,而Class A蒸发皿水体没明显的热力层结现象。
(3)利用辐射仪器观测的Class A蒸发皿水面反照率呈W型日变化,其日平均值为0.087。
(4)在日时间尺度上,将涡旋相关系统观测的实际蒸发LE和利用观测的微气象要素计算的潜在蒸发Ep、平衡蒸发P-T,参考蒸发E%,以及观测的三种蒸发皿蒸发量对比显示,它们之间的大小关系为：LE (5)利用三种型号的蒸发皿蒸发量和涡旋相关系统测量土壤实际蒸散发,依据能量平衡原理和相互反馈机制,分析发现蒸发皿蒸发与土壤蒸散发之间呈现明显的互补行为,并且随着E601B、Class A和20cm蒸发皿与周围环境之间非均匀性的依次增加,三种蒸发皿蒸发所对应的非对称互补关系中的比例系数6依次增大。从蒸发速率的角度,定义了蒸发皿蒸发强度Ipan,发现互补关系中的比例系数6与Ipan存在很好的线性关系,即蒸发强度越大,比例系数也越大。能量分析显示,蒸发面与周围环境之间的非均匀性越强,蒸发面的蒸发强度Ipan越大,互补关系中的比例系数6也就越大。
(6)在不涉及土壤、植被以及近地层大气之间复杂相互作用过程的条件下,依据普遍的反馈机制建立了实际蒸发与蒸发皿蒸发之间的互补对应关系,借助这一互补关系,可以利用蒸发皿蒸发量与观测的局地净辐射、地表热通量和近地面空气温度来估计局地实际蒸散发。同时,这也为估计实际蒸散发提供了一种新的方法。
(7)以能量守恒原理和边界层梯度输送理论为基础,借助陆面过程研究结果,并考虑非均匀下垫面造成的局地能量平流和对边界层混合速度的影响,参数化蒸发皿侧壁发生的能量通量,应用Monin-Obukhov相似理论计算蒸发皿水面感、潜热通量,构建了20cm蒸发皿蒸发的数学物理模型。模型模拟结果表明,模型能够较好的模拟水面与周围地表之间的净辐射、感热通量所形成的非均匀性差异：同时也能模拟20cm蒸发皿的水温和蒸发的日变化过程。整个试验期间,模拟的逐时水温均方根误差(RMSE)为1.84℃,平均相对误差(MAER)为9.8%；逐时蒸发量模拟的RMSE和MRER分别为0.018(mm.h-1)和39.8%；逐时水体重量模拟的RMSE和MRER分别为26(g)和4.2%。在沙漠和农田进一步检验模型性能显示,沙漠下垫面逐时水温RMSE为2.24℃,MAER为9.2%；逐时蒸发量RMSE为0.013mm·h-1, MRER为33.8%；沙漠下垫面模拟的逐日蒸发量RMSE和MRER分别为0.44(mm·d-1)和3.7%;农田下垫面模拟的日蒸发量RMSE为0.57,MRER为6.8%。这表明模型同样能够较好的模拟干旱和湿润两种环境中的蒸发皿蒸发量。另外,用Class A和E601B两种蒸发皿观测结果分别对模型进行检验显示,该模型同样能够较好的反映这两种蒸发水温和蒸发量的逐时变化过程。
Despite the global average temperature was increasing, observations in most regions of the world showed that the rate of pan evaporation has been steadily decreasing over the past50years. This was known as the pan evaporation paradox. Order to explain the phenomenon of evaporation paradox, in this paper, a pan evaporation experiment at field was set up to reveal the physical mechanism of pan evaporation process, with the micrometeorological observation methods near the land surface layer. Using the data which obtained from the field experiment, the interaction between pan evaporation and the surrounding environment was analyzed, and the impact of non-uniformity environment on pan evaporation was discussed. The physical and mathematical model of pan evaporation was summarized with the observations. The pan evaporation characteristics were studied by numerical method, with the model which was summarized from the observation data. The main conclusions as following:
(1) Comparison of the measurements between three types of pans (were E601B, Class A, and20cm pan, following was same) showed that the20cm pan have the largest rate of the daily evaporation, followed by the Class A pan and the E601B pan. The proportional coefficients of20cm pan and Class A pan to E601B pan were1.659and1.351, respectively, which were determined by statistical the daily evaporation rate of three types of pans.
(2) Measurements of the pan water temperature at different depths showed that the E601B pan have a clear thermal stratification between10and20cm depths during the water heated period, and the maximum temperature difference between two layer was more than2℃. However, Class A pan did not have a significance temperature difference.
(3) The albedo of water surface in Class A pan had a "W" shape variation at daytime which was measured with Four-component net radiometer, and the daily mean albedo was0.087.
(4) The daily equilibrium evaporation (P-T), potential evaporation (LEp), reference evapotranspiration(ET0) were estimated by the observed meteorological data in pan experiment. At the same time, the actual evapotranspiration (LE) was measured by eddy correlation system, and the pan evaporation rates (LEpan) was measured by three type of pans. Finally, the differences between these evaporations have been compared, and the results showed that these evaporations have a magnitude relationship as LE (5) Based on the principle of energy balance and mutual feedback mechanism, the complementary behavior has been revealed between actual evapotranspiration and pan evaporation which were measured by Eddy correlation system and three types of pans, respectively. With the non-uniformity intensity between pans and surrounding environment successively increasing from E601B pan to Class A pan, and to20cm pan, the proportionality coefficient b in asymmetric complementary relationship which was corresponding to three type of pans were increasing. Moreover, from the perspective of the evaporation rate, the intensity of pan evaporation rate (Ipan) was defined, so we can see the proportionality coefficient b was linear increasing with the pan evaporation intensity Ipan. Energy analysis showed that the stronger the non-uniformity between the evaporation surface and the surrounding environment, the evaporation intensity of evaporation surface (Ipan) was larger, and the proportionality coefficient b was greater.
(6) According to the general feedback mechanism, a complementary relationship between actual evaporation and pan evaporation was established, which without involve complex soil, vegetation and near surface atmospheric processes and interrelation. This complementary relationship could be used to estimate actual evaporation with data of pan evaporation, net radiation, soil heat flux, and air temperature. Meanwhile, it was provided a new approach to estimate the soil actual evapotranspiration.
(7) Based on the energy conservation principle and the boundary layer gradient transport theory, a single layer20cm pan evaporation model has been built. In this model, both sensible and latent heat fluxes of the evaporation pan were calculated by Monin-Obukhov similarity function. Meanwhile, the heat transport of the lateral wall was parameterized. The results showed that the model could reflect the non-uniformity of net radiation and sensible heat flux between water surface and land surface, and the model could also simulate the20cm pan water temperature and evaporation diurnal fluctuation successfully. During the whole experiment, the simulated root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean relative error ratio (MRER) of hourly water temperature were1.84'C and9.8%. The simulated RMSE and MAER of hourly pan evaporation rate were0.018mm/h and39.8%, and for water weight were26(g) and4.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the model performance was tested in desert and farmland. It was found that the RMSE and MRER of hourly water temperature by simulating were2.24℃癈and9.2%, and the RMSE and MRER of hourly pan evaporation rate were0.013mm·h-1and33.8%in desert, while the RMSE and MRER of daily pan evaporation were0.44(mm-d-1) and3.7%. In farmland the RMSE and MRER of daily pan evaporation by simulating were0.57(mm·d-1) and6.8%. This indicated that the model could simulate pan evaporate process well in both arid and humid environment. In addition, the model was also able to simulate the water temperature and pan evaporation when it was tested with the observations of Class A pan and E601B pan.
(1)三种不同型号的蒸发皿(分别为E601B、Class A、20cm,下同)平行对比观测结果分析显示,日蒸发量最大的是20cm蒸发皿,其次是Class A蒸发皿,E601B的日蒸发量最小；统计分析得到20cm蒸发皿与E601B蒸发皿日蒸发量的折算系数为1.659,Class A蒸发皿与E601B蒸发皿日蒸发量的折算系数为1.351。
(2)蒸发皿不同深度的水温日变化观测结果显示,E601B蒸发皿水体10～20cm深处水温在加热时段存在明显的热力层结现象,两层之间的最大温差超过2-C,而Class A蒸发皿水体没明显的热力层结现象。
(3)利用辐射仪器观测的Class A蒸发皿水面反照率呈W型日变化,其日平均值为0.087。
(4)在日时间尺度上,将涡旋相关系统观测的实际蒸发LE和利用观测的微气象要素计算的潜在蒸发Ep、平衡蒸发P-T,参考蒸发E%,以及观测的三种蒸发皿蒸发量对比显示,它们之间的大小关系为：LE
(6)在不涉及土壤、植被以及近地层大气之间复杂相互作用过程的条件下,依据普遍的反馈机制建立了实际蒸发与蒸发皿蒸发之间的互补对应关系,借助这一互补关系,可以利用蒸发皿蒸发量与观测的局地净辐射、地表热通量和近地面空气温度来估计局地实际蒸散发。同时,这也为估计实际蒸散发提供了一种新的方法。
(7)以能量守恒原理和边界层梯度输送理论为基础,借助陆面过程研究结果,并考虑非均匀下垫面造成的局地能量平流和对边界层混合速度的影响,参数化蒸发皿侧壁发生的能量通量,应用Monin-Obukhov相似理论计算蒸发皿水面感、潜热通量,构建了20cm蒸发皿蒸发的数学物理模型。模型模拟结果表明,模型能够较好的模拟水面与周围地表之间的净辐射、感热通量所形成的非均匀性差异：同时也能模拟20cm蒸发皿的水温和蒸发的日变化过程。整个试验期间,模拟的逐时水温均方根误差(RMSE)为1.84℃,平均相对误差(MAER)为9.8%；逐时蒸发量模拟的RMSE和MRER分别为0.018(mm.h-1)和39.8%；逐时水体重量模拟的RMSE和MRER分别为26(g)和4.2%。在沙漠和农田进一步检验模型性能显示,沙漠下垫面逐时水温RMSE为2.24℃,MAER为9.2%；逐时蒸发量RMSE为0.013mm·h-1, MRER为33.8%；沙漠下垫面模拟的逐日蒸发量RMSE和MRER分别为0.44(mm·d-1)和3.7%;农田下垫面模拟的日蒸发量RMSE为0.57,MRER为6.8%。这表明模型同样能够较好的模拟干旱和湿润两种环境中的蒸发皿蒸发量。另外,用Class A和E601B两种蒸发皿观测结果分别对模型进行检验显示,该模型同样能够较好的反映这两种蒸发水温和蒸发量的逐时变化过程。
Despite the global average temperature was increasing, observations in most regions of the world showed that the rate of pan evaporation has been steadily decreasing over the past50years. This was known as the pan evaporation paradox. Order to explain the phenomenon of evaporation paradox, in this paper, a pan evaporation experiment at field was set up to reveal the physical mechanism of pan evaporation process, with the micrometeorological observation methods near the land surface layer. Using the data which obtained from the field experiment, the interaction between pan evaporation and the surrounding environment was analyzed, and the impact of non-uniformity environment on pan evaporation was discussed. The physical and mathematical model of pan evaporation was summarized with the observations. The pan evaporation characteristics were studied by numerical method, with the model which was summarized from the observation data. The main conclusions as following:
(1) Comparison of the measurements between three types of pans (were E601B, Class A, and20cm pan, following was same) showed that the20cm pan have the largest rate of the daily evaporation, followed by the Class A pan and the E601B pan. The proportional coefficients of20cm pan and Class A pan to E601B pan were1.659and1.351, respectively, which were determined by statistical the daily evaporation rate of three types of pans.
(2) Measurements of the pan water temperature at different depths showed that the E601B pan have a clear thermal stratification between10and20cm depths during the water heated period, and the maximum temperature difference between two layer was more than2℃. However, Class A pan did not have a significance temperature difference.
(3) The albedo of water surface in Class A pan had a "W" shape variation at daytime which was measured with Four-component net radiometer, and the daily mean albedo was0.087.
(4) The daily equilibrium evaporation (P-T), potential evaporation (LEp), reference evapotranspiration(ET0) were estimated by the observed meteorological data in pan experiment. At the same time, the actual evapotranspiration (LE) was measured by eddy correlation system, and the pan evaporation rates (LEpan) was measured by three type of pans. Finally, the differences between these evaporations have been compared, and the results showed that these evaporations have a magnitude relationship as LE
(6) According to the general feedback mechanism, a complementary relationship between actual evaporation and pan evaporation was established, which without involve complex soil, vegetation and near surface atmospheric processes and interrelation. This complementary relationship could be used to estimate actual evaporation with data of pan evaporation, net radiation, soil heat flux, and air temperature. Meanwhile, it was provided a new approach to estimate the soil actual evapotranspiration.
(7) Based on the energy conservation principle and the boundary layer gradient transport theory, a single layer20cm pan evaporation model has been built. In this model, both sensible and latent heat fluxes of the evaporation pan were calculated by Monin-Obukhov similarity function. Meanwhile, the heat transport of the lateral wall was parameterized. The results showed that the model could reflect the non-uniformity of net radiation and sensible heat flux between water surface and land surface, and the model could also simulate the20cm pan water temperature and evaporation diurnal fluctuation successfully. During the whole experiment, the simulated root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean relative error ratio (MRER) of hourly water temperature were1.84'C and9.8%. The simulated RMSE and MAER of hourly pan evaporation rate were0.018mm/h and39.8%, and for water weight were26(g) and4.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the model performance was tested in desert and farmland. It was found that the RMSE and MRER of hourly water temperature by simulating were2.24℃癈and9.2%, and the RMSE and MRER of hourly pan evaporation rate were0.013mm·h-1and33.8%in desert, while the RMSE and MRER of daily pan evaporation were0.44(mm-d-1) and3.7%. In farmland the RMSE and MRER of daily pan evaporation by simulating were0.57(mm·d-1) and6.8%. This indicated that the model could simulate pan evaporate process well in both arid and humid environment. In addition, the model was also able to simulate the water temperature and pan evaporation when it was tested with the observations of Class A pan and E601B pan.
引文
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