虚拟研发组织信任关系研究
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摘要
虚拟研发组织是21世纪最具资源优化和市场反应能力的研发形式,代表着国际研发活动的发展趋势,但其在中国的实践因为信任缺失而发展缓慢。探讨虚拟研发组织信任关系的特殊性,寻求促进虚拟研发组织信任关系建立的有效途径,对于解决虚拟研发组织发展中遭遇的信任瓶颈十分必要。
论文首先对虚拟研发组织信任关系进行界定,将考察对象限定为虚拟研发组织中那些跨越原组织边界,与其他成员组织的研发人员合作进行虚拟研发活动的人员之间的信任关系。并且,基于建立信任在现阶段虚拟研发组织发展中的重要性,本文以信任关系的建立为核心问题展开研究。揭示了虚拟研发组织信任关系具有“信任关系形成的快速性”、“信任各方的相对平等性”、“信任关系形成的技术归属性”三个主要特征。这些特征反映出虚拟研发组织成员间信任关系的来源和构成维度也具有独特性。指出虚拟研发组织成员对合作伙伴的信任来源于对合作伙伴可信任特征的预设,包括对合作伙伴能力的预设、对合作伙伴诚信品质的预设、对合作伙伴善意的预设。基于信任关系特征和信任的构成维度,构建了虚拟研发组织信任关系形成的理论模型并对其进行了实证研究。虚拟研发组织成员间信任关系形成于三种机制：任务机制、信用机制、关系机制。信任方基于完成任务的需要,根据对合作伙伴的角色和技能的认知决定是否给予信任；基于对信用约束和保障的信心,根据对契约和合作伙伴信誉的认知决定是否给予信任；基于与合作伙伴由于既有关系、沟通和交往关系产生的认知和情感决定是否给予信任。用前因变量“角色认知”、“技能认知”反映任务机制,“信用评估”反映信用机制,“既有关系”、“沟通关系”、“交往关系”反映关系机制,开发了虚拟研发组织成员信任维度量表和信任关系前因量表,采用问卷调查和统计分析方法,证实了“角色认知”、“技能认知”、“信用评估”、“交往关系”与信任关系的形成具有明显的因果关系。
在上述研究的基础上,论文综合运用管理伦理和组织行为学理论,对在虚拟研发组织中促进信任关系建立的几个因素进行了讨论。即管理者和成员的角色认知对于任务导向的信任关系的意义；完备的信用制度和坚守信用信念对信用导向信任关系的作用；情感倾向的人际交往对关系导向信任关系的影响；秉持有利于信任关系培育的“人是管理的最终目的”、“追求卓越的道德管理”等管理理念是从管理者角度建立和谐的组织人际信任关系的基础；绩效作为生产力因素及虚拟研发组织特有的高风险因素也对虚拟研发组织中的信任关系有着不可忽视的影响。
The virtual research and development (R&D) organization is the trends of international R&D organization in the21st century, because it could optimize the combination of resources and respond flexibly to market. However, it developed slowly in China because of the lack of trust. We should explore the specialty of trust relationship and seek the way to establish the trust relationship in virtual R&D organization.
This paper determinates to study the trust relationship that between the partners who cut across their original organizational boundaries and cooperate with the R&D personnel from other organizations. And because of the importance of trust-building in the development of virtual R&D organization, this paper takes the establishment of trust relationships as the core issue. This paper makes an analysis of the rapid establishment of trust relationship, the equality between trustees and belongingness of technology in virtual R&D organization. In virtual R&D organization, the members trust their partners because they preset high ability, integrity and benevolence of their partners. There are mainly task-focused trust, credit trust, and relational trust mechanism in virtual R&D organization. Based on the need to complete tasks, trust in the partnership is determined in accordance with the cognition of its role and skills; based on the confidence in fiduciary, trust in the partnership is determined in accordance with the cognition of its contract and good reputation, and trust in the partnership is determined in accordance with the cognitive and emotional factors caused by the existing guanxi, communication and interactive relationships. In the study, antecedent variables "roles cognition" and "skills cognition" reflect the task mechanism, the "credit evaluation" reflects the credit mechanism, and the "existing relationship","communication relations","interactive relationship" reflect the relational mechanism. These variables produce the scale about trust dimensions and antecedents of trust relationships. After the surveys and statistical analysis, datas confirmed the "roles cognition","skills cognition","credit evaluation", and "interactive relationship" have positive influence on the formation of trust relationship. And there are clear causal relationship between these variables and the trust relationship.
On the basis of the above study, the paper discussed some influencing factors which would promote the establishment of trust relationships in virtual R&D organization by use of theories of management ethics and organizational behavior. That is, changing the managers' and organizational members' role cognition and improving their sense of responsibility enables them to better fulfill the task; constructing a system as complete as possible and stressing the belief of trustworthy reassures the organizational members; Strengthenning managers' interpersonal orientation and facilitating members' interpersonal communication make the member each other feels warm. Managers should uphold the concept of "people are purposes" and "ethical management". Also, it can not be ignored that performance and high-risk impact on the trust relationships in virtual R&D organization.
论文首先对虚拟研发组织信任关系进行界定,将考察对象限定为虚拟研发组织中那些跨越原组织边界,与其他成员组织的研发人员合作进行虚拟研发活动的人员之间的信任关系。并且,基于建立信任在现阶段虚拟研发组织发展中的重要性,本文以信任关系的建立为核心问题展开研究。揭示了虚拟研发组织信任关系具有“信任关系形成的快速性”、“信任各方的相对平等性”、“信任关系形成的技术归属性”三个主要特征。这些特征反映出虚拟研发组织成员间信任关系的来源和构成维度也具有独特性。指出虚拟研发组织成员对合作伙伴的信任来源于对合作伙伴可信任特征的预设,包括对合作伙伴能力的预设、对合作伙伴诚信品质的预设、对合作伙伴善意的预设。基于信任关系特征和信任的构成维度,构建了虚拟研发组织信任关系形成的理论模型并对其进行了实证研究。虚拟研发组织成员间信任关系形成于三种机制：任务机制、信用机制、关系机制。信任方基于完成任务的需要,根据对合作伙伴的角色和技能的认知决定是否给予信任；基于对信用约束和保障的信心,根据对契约和合作伙伴信誉的认知决定是否给予信任；基于与合作伙伴由于既有关系、沟通和交往关系产生的认知和情感决定是否给予信任。用前因变量“角色认知”、“技能认知”反映任务机制,“信用评估”反映信用机制,“既有关系”、“沟通关系”、“交往关系”反映关系机制,开发了虚拟研发组织成员信任维度量表和信任关系前因量表,采用问卷调查和统计分析方法,证实了“角色认知”、“技能认知”、“信用评估”、“交往关系”与信任关系的形成具有明显的因果关系。
在上述研究的基础上,论文综合运用管理伦理和组织行为学理论,对在虚拟研发组织中促进信任关系建立的几个因素进行了讨论。即管理者和成员的角色认知对于任务导向的信任关系的意义；完备的信用制度和坚守信用信念对信用导向信任关系的作用；情感倾向的人际交往对关系导向信任关系的影响；秉持有利于信任关系培育的“人是管理的最终目的”、“追求卓越的道德管理”等管理理念是从管理者角度建立和谐的组织人际信任关系的基础；绩效作为生产力因素及虚拟研发组织特有的高风险因素也对虚拟研发组织中的信任关系有着不可忽视的影响。
The virtual research and development (R&D) organization is the trends of international R&D organization in the21st century, because it could optimize the combination of resources and respond flexibly to market. However, it developed slowly in China because of the lack of trust. We should explore the specialty of trust relationship and seek the way to establish the trust relationship in virtual R&D organization.
This paper determinates to study the trust relationship that between the partners who cut across their original organizational boundaries and cooperate with the R&D personnel from other organizations. And because of the importance of trust-building in the development of virtual R&D organization, this paper takes the establishment of trust relationships as the core issue. This paper makes an analysis of the rapid establishment of trust relationship, the equality between trustees and belongingness of technology in virtual R&D organization. In virtual R&D organization, the members trust their partners because they preset high ability, integrity and benevolence of their partners. There are mainly task-focused trust, credit trust, and relational trust mechanism in virtual R&D organization. Based on the need to complete tasks, trust in the partnership is determined in accordance with the cognition of its role and skills; based on the confidence in fiduciary, trust in the partnership is determined in accordance with the cognition of its contract and good reputation, and trust in the partnership is determined in accordance with the cognitive and emotional factors caused by the existing guanxi, communication and interactive relationships. In the study, antecedent variables "roles cognition" and "skills cognition" reflect the task mechanism, the "credit evaluation" reflects the credit mechanism, and the "existing relationship","communication relations","interactive relationship" reflect the relational mechanism. These variables produce the scale about trust dimensions and antecedents of trust relationships. After the surveys and statistical analysis, datas confirmed the "roles cognition","skills cognition","credit evaluation", and "interactive relationship" have positive influence on the formation of trust relationship. And there are clear causal relationship between these variables and the trust relationship.
On the basis of the above study, the paper discussed some influencing factors which would promote the establishment of trust relationships in virtual R&D organization by use of theories of management ethics and organizational behavior. That is, changing the managers' and organizational members' role cognition and improving their sense of responsibility enables them to better fulfill the task; constructing a system as complete as possible and stressing the belief of trustworthy reassures the organizational members; Strengthenning managers' interpersonal orientation and facilitating members' interpersonal communication make the member each other feels warm. Managers should uphold the concept of "people are purposes" and "ethical management". Also, it can not be ignored that performance and high-risk impact on the trust relationships in virtual R&D organization.
引文
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