无线网络视频流传输技术研究
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摘要
随着现代无线通信技术的发展，无线通信传输速率及通信可靠性在不断提高，这些新技术也很快被应用在了各种无线通信网络中，包括方便快捷成本低廉的无线局域网络和广为覆盖的蜂窝无线接入网络，目前最新的采用IEEE802.11n标准的无线局域网，其物理层（PHY）采用了多天线技术（MIMO）和正交频分复用技术（OFDM），最高传输速率可达600Mbps，当前正在发展的IEEE802.11ac和IEEE802.11ad标准，其目标传输速率预计取得吉比特量级。较高的通信速率使得在无线局域网上传输大流量高清视频流成为可能；蜂窝无线接入网络中也因为采用先进的多天线技术（MIMO），码分多址技术（CDMA）等，使得当前正计划实施的第四代（4G）无线接入网络其下行传输速率可达500Mbps，这为实施高清视频流的传输服务提供了有力的保证。但是视频流媒体传输不同于普通的数据传输，视频流传输具有错误敏感，延时敏感的特点，错误敏感来自于视频流数据包所具有的优先级区分的特点，一些高优先级数据包的错误或丢失将会带来比其它低优先级数据包更严重的后果；延时敏感来自于视频流传输的实时性要求，比如视频会议，实时视频内容分享等。基于这些新特性，需要重新研究无线网络体系结构中各个层的传输控制协议及相关参数。视频流传输的新特性也决定了其性能评价准则和普通数据包传输的百分百可靠，延时无关的准则不同。为了评价视频流传输服务给用户提供的观看体验，提出了可解码帧比率的概念，以及后来进一步的体验质量（QoE）的概念。因此，在现有技术条件下，为了给用户提供更好的视频流观看体验，无线网络的视频流传输服务还有很多值得研究改进的地方。
本论文正是针对上述问题，以无线网络视频流传输为主要的研究对象，在深入学习当今无线网络传输技术，视频流编解码技术的基础上，对无线网络视频流传输的相关技术进行了一些讨论和研究。主要工作为：
1.无线局域网视频流下行传输竞争接入协议改进设计。针对视频流主要从无线局域网接入点（AP）下行传输给无线终端用户（User），提出了一种改进的无线局域网竞争接入协议参数调整技术来保证下行传输吞吐量的同时又使系统最优。IEEE802.11无线局域网主要在媒体接入控制层（MAC）采用分布式协调功能（DCF）的公平随机竞争接入协议，但是通过理论分析表明该机制不能保证在接入点处下行视频流传输的吞吐量，也就不能保证视频流下行传输的时延，因此，在基于现有的马尔可夫理论分析模型的基础上，建立了新改进接入协议的分析模型，并扩展到了有错信道的情况，提出了新的接入协议参数调整技术，使得在保证下行视频流传输吞吐量的同时，也使系统取得最优，即最大化系统总吞吐量。
2.无线局域网视频流传输发送速率控制和重传次数限制控制技术。在无线局域网络中，低的发送速率增加了传输的可靠性，但是传输吞吐量降低，易造成队尾溢出丢包，类似的，高的重传次数限制值增加了传输的可靠性，但是传输吞吐量降低，也易造成队尾溢出丢包，因此在视频流传输过程中采用最优的控制参数设置是最大化传输效率的重要保证。为此，针对发送速率控制和重传次数限制控制，分别提出了基于马尔可夫决策过程理论（MDP）的优化算法和基于马尔可夫状态转移的优化模型，并验证了其改进性能的有效性。最后，联合发送速率和重传次数限制，研究设计了在有重传次数限制情况下最优的发送速率控制策略。
3.无线局域网视频流多播（Multicast）传输技术。一般情况下的视频流传输主要是单播，即一对一的服务。但是在某些应用场景中，往往需要广播或多播给一组用户，目前的无线局域网广播或多播设定采用最低速率的传输方式，以保证广播或多播组成员内信道最差的用户也能可靠的接收到数据包，这种简单的速率设定方式严重降低了具有较好信道质量用户的观看体验。为此，基于视频流数据包的优先级特性，结合多播组内成员用户无线信道差异化且相互独立，考虑视频传输延时限制的要求，利用动态规划（DP）来优化多播传输中发送速率控制，有效提升了广播或多播组内成员用户接收到的视频流的可解码帧比率。
4.无线接入网视频流下行传输统计QoS保证技术。无线接入网下行传输中，在基站处的调度算法决定了给多个用户提供的服务质量，根据经典且实用的基于队列长度信息的最大速率（QLBRM）调度算法，利用有效容量理论分析了在该调度算法下，多个用户之间最大输入数据流量和渐进稳态队列长度分布律上限的关系。基于此分析，在延时限制或者说队列长度阀值限制设定的情况下，可以估计每个用户队尾的溢出丢包率上限，也就是所谓的统计意义上的QoS保证，从而可以在系统设计时综合考虑用户的输入流量，延时限制，统计QoS保证之间的权衡关系。并且，在队尾溢出丢包发生时，利用视频流数据包的优先级特性，引入了视频流数据包的优先级丢包机制，最大化视频流传输后的解码质量，最终给用户提供一定满意度的视频流传输服务。
With the development of modern wireless communication technology, the wirelessdata transmission rate and reliability increase continually. These technologies are alsorapidly applied to all kinds of wireless communication networks, including convenient,fast and low cost Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and wide coverage cellularwireless access networks. Recently the newest WLANs based on the IEEE802.11nstandard, which adopts the innovative multi-antenna technology (MIMO) andorthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology (OFDM) in Physical layer(PHY), have the transmission data rate of up to600Mbps. Nowadays, the IEEE802.11acand the IEEE802.11ad standard that all are under development have the goal ofachieving data rate up to Gigabit order of magnitude. The increasing of transmissionrate makes it possible to delivery large flow high definition video streams over WLANs;In cellular wireless access networks, due to the advanced MIMO and Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA) technology applied, the4G wireless access network that isplanning to be deployed can also achieve500Mbps downlink transmission rate, whichefficiently guarantees the delivery of high definition video streams over wireless accessnetworks. However, video streams are different from general data traffic and have thecharacteristics of error-sensitivity and delay-sensitivity. Error-sensitivity is caused bythe priority structure of video stream data packets. The error or loss of high priority datapackets will result worse consequences than that of low priority data packets.Delay-sensitivity is produced due to the request of real-time, such as video conference,real-time video content sharing, etc. Based on these new characteristics, we need torestudy the transmission control protocol and related parameters in each layer ofnetwork system architecture. The characteristics of video streams also result that theirevaluation criteria are different from that of general data transmissions which usecriteria such as100%reliability and delay unconcerned. To evaluate the users’ watchingexperience offered by video stream transmission service, the concept of decodableframe ratio and then the Quality of Experience (QoE) are presented. So, based on theoff-the-shelf network technology, to provide better video watching experience for users, we fund many aspects worth to research in video delivery over wireless networks.
In this dissertation, we focus on the video streams transmission over wirelessnetworks. Based on the knowledge of wireless network transmission and video codec,the key technology of video streams transmission over wireless networks is discussedand studied. The main contributions are:
1. Improvement on downlink video streaming contention access protocol inWLANs. The usual application scenario in WLANs is the video streams downlinktransmission which is from Access Point (AP) to the wireless users. For this scenario,we design a new parameters adjustment technology for WLANs contention accessprotocol to guarantee the downlink transmission throughput and also achieve theoptimal system performance. IEEE802.11WLANs applies Distributed CoordinationFunction (DCF) in Media Access Control (MAC) layer to perform fair random accessprotocol. But, by theory analysis, we find this protocol can’t guarantee the throughputand delay of downlink video streams transmission over WLANs. Based on the existingMarkov chain analysis model, the new model is established for our improved accessprotocol and extended to error channel conditions. We proposed the new parameteradjustment technology to guarantee the downlink video streams transmissionthroughput and also achieve the optimal system performance, that is, maximum systemthroughput.
2. Video streaming transmission rate control and retry limit setting technology overWLANs. In WLANs, lower transmission rate increases the transmission reliability butdegrades the throughput, which is easier to result the queue overflow. The same thing isthat higher retry limit increases the transmission reliability but degrades the throughput,which is also easier to result the queue overflow. So, using optimal control parametersset in video stream transmission is the guarantees of maximum transmission efficiency.To resolve the transmission rate control and retry limit setting, we proposed twooptimization models. One is based on the Markov decision process (MDP) and the otherone is based on the Markov state transition model. Finally we validate theireffectiveness for performance improvement. At last, combining the transmission rateand retry limit, we study and design the optimal transmission rate control policy underthe condition of retry limit introduced.
3. Video streams multicast technology over WLANs. Usually, video streams transmission is unicast, that is, one to one service. In some application scenarios, videostreams need to broadcast or multicast to a group of users. WLANs standard specifiesusing the lowest transmission rate for broadcast or multicast and trying to guaranteeeach members’ reliable packets receive including members which stay in the worstchannel state. This simple rate setting seriously degrades the watching experience ofmembers which stay in the better channel state. On the basis of the priority structure ofvideo stream data packets, the heterogeneous characteristics of group members’wireless channel and the effect of the delay constraint, we use the dynamicprogramming (DP) to resolve the multicast transmission rate control problem. Itsubstantially improves the watching experience of multicast group users.
4. Statistic QoS guarantees for video streams downlink transmission over wirelessaccess networks. In downlink transmission of wireless access networks, the schedulingalgorithm in base station affects the QoS performance for multiple users. Consider theclassic and practical queue length based rate maximum scheduling algorithm (QLBRM)and use the effective capacity theory to analyze the relationship between the multi-usersmaximum amounts of input data traffic and their asymptotic stationary queue lengthdistribution bound. Based on the analysis results, given the delay constraint or queuelength threshold, we can estimate the queue overflow probability upper bound of eachuser, that is, the so-called statistical QoS guarantees. Then we can balance theperformance factors between the input traffic, delay constraint and statistical QoSguarantees in system design. In addition, when the queue overflow packets losshappened, on the basis of the priority structure of video stream data packets, we presentthe packets priority drop to achieve the optimal received video frame decoding qualityand provide a satisfying video delivery service for users.
本论文正是针对上述问题，以无线网络视频流传输为主要的研究对象，在深入学习当今无线网络传输技术，视频流编解码技术的基础上，对无线网络视频流传输的相关技术进行了一些讨论和研究。主要工作为：
1.无线局域网视频流下行传输竞争接入协议改进设计。针对视频流主要从无线局域网接入点（AP）下行传输给无线终端用户（User），提出了一种改进的无线局域网竞争接入协议参数调整技术来保证下行传输吞吐量的同时又使系统最优。IEEE802.11无线局域网主要在媒体接入控制层（MAC）采用分布式协调功能（DCF）的公平随机竞争接入协议，但是通过理论分析表明该机制不能保证在接入点处下行视频流传输的吞吐量，也就不能保证视频流下行传输的时延，因此，在基于现有的马尔可夫理论分析模型的基础上，建立了新改进接入协议的分析模型，并扩展到了有错信道的情况，提出了新的接入协议参数调整技术，使得在保证下行视频流传输吞吐量的同时，也使系统取得最优，即最大化系统总吞吐量。
2.无线局域网视频流传输发送速率控制和重传次数限制控制技术。在无线局域网络中，低的发送速率增加了传输的可靠性，但是传输吞吐量降低，易造成队尾溢出丢包，类似的，高的重传次数限制值增加了传输的可靠性，但是传输吞吐量降低，也易造成队尾溢出丢包，因此在视频流传输过程中采用最优的控制参数设置是最大化传输效率的重要保证。为此，针对发送速率控制和重传次数限制控制，分别提出了基于马尔可夫决策过程理论（MDP）的优化算法和基于马尔可夫状态转移的优化模型，并验证了其改进性能的有效性。最后，联合发送速率和重传次数限制，研究设计了在有重传次数限制情况下最优的发送速率控制策略。
3.无线局域网视频流多播（Multicast）传输技术。一般情况下的视频流传输主要是单播，即一对一的服务。但是在某些应用场景中，往往需要广播或多播给一组用户，目前的无线局域网广播或多播设定采用最低速率的传输方式，以保证广播或多播组成员内信道最差的用户也能可靠的接收到数据包，这种简单的速率设定方式严重降低了具有较好信道质量用户的观看体验。为此，基于视频流数据包的优先级特性，结合多播组内成员用户无线信道差异化且相互独立，考虑视频传输延时限制的要求，利用动态规划（DP）来优化多播传输中发送速率控制，有效提升了广播或多播组内成员用户接收到的视频流的可解码帧比率。
4.无线接入网视频流下行传输统计QoS保证技术。无线接入网下行传输中，在基站处的调度算法决定了给多个用户提供的服务质量，根据经典且实用的基于队列长度信息的最大速率（QLBRM）调度算法，利用有效容量理论分析了在该调度算法下，多个用户之间最大输入数据流量和渐进稳态队列长度分布律上限的关系。基于此分析，在延时限制或者说队列长度阀值限制设定的情况下，可以估计每个用户队尾的溢出丢包率上限，也就是所谓的统计意义上的QoS保证，从而可以在系统设计时综合考虑用户的输入流量，延时限制，统计QoS保证之间的权衡关系。并且，在队尾溢出丢包发生时，利用视频流数据包的优先级特性，引入了视频流数据包的优先级丢包机制，最大化视频流传输后的解码质量，最终给用户提供一定满意度的视频流传输服务。
With the development of modern wireless communication technology, the wirelessdata transmission rate and reliability increase continually. These technologies are alsorapidly applied to all kinds of wireless communication networks, including convenient,fast and low cost Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and wide coverage cellularwireless access networks. Recently the newest WLANs based on the IEEE802.11nstandard, which adopts the innovative multi-antenna technology (MIMO) andorthogonal frequency division multiplexing technology (OFDM) in Physical layer(PHY), have the transmission data rate of up to600Mbps. Nowadays, the IEEE802.11acand the IEEE802.11ad standard that all are under development have the goal ofachieving data rate up to Gigabit order of magnitude. The increasing of transmissionrate makes it possible to delivery large flow high definition video streams over WLANs;In cellular wireless access networks, due to the advanced MIMO and Code DivisionMultiple Access (CDMA) technology applied, the4G wireless access network that isplanning to be deployed can also achieve500Mbps downlink transmission rate, whichefficiently guarantees the delivery of high definition video streams over wireless accessnetworks. However, video streams are different from general data traffic and have thecharacteristics of error-sensitivity and delay-sensitivity. Error-sensitivity is caused bythe priority structure of video stream data packets. The error or loss of high priority datapackets will result worse consequences than that of low priority data packets.Delay-sensitivity is produced due to the request of real-time, such as video conference,real-time video content sharing, etc. Based on these new characteristics, we need torestudy the transmission control protocol and related parameters in each layer ofnetwork system architecture. The characteristics of video streams also result that theirevaluation criteria are different from that of general data transmissions which usecriteria such as100%reliability and delay unconcerned. To evaluate the users’ watchingexperience offered by video stream transmission service, the concept of decodableframe ratio and then the Quality of Experience (QoE) are presented. So, based on theoff-the-shelf network technology, to provide better video watching experience for users, we fund many aspects worth to research in video delivery over wireless networks.
In this dissertation, we focus on the video streams transmission over wirelessnetworks. Based on the knowledge of wireless network transmission and video codec,the key technology of video streams transmission over wireless networks is discussedand studied. The main contributions are:
1. Improvement on downlink video streaming contention access protocol inWLANs. The usual application scenario in WLANs is the video streams downlinktransmission which is from Access Point (AP) to the wireless users. For this scenario,we design a new parameters adjustment technology for WLANs contention accessprotocol to guarantee the downlink transmission throughput and also achieve theoptimal system performance. IEEE802.11WLANs applies Distributed CoordinationFunction (DCF) in Media Access Control (MAC) layer to perform fair random accessprotocol. But, by theory analysis, we find this protocol can’t guarantee the throughputand delay of downlink video streams transmission over WLANs. Based on the existingMarkov chain analysis model, the new model is established for our improved accessprotocol and extended to error channel conditions. We proposed the new parameteradjustment technology to guarantee the downlink video streams transmissionthroughput and also achieve the optimal system performance, that is, maximum systemthroughput.
2. Video streaming transmission rate control and retry limit setting technology overWLANs. In WLANs, lower transmission rate increases the transmission reliability butdegrades the throughput, which is easier to result the queue overflow. The same thing isthat higher retry limit increases the transmission reliability but degrades the throughput,which is also easier to result the queue overflow. So, using optimal control parametersset in video stream transmission is the guarantees of maximum transmission efficiency.To resolve the transmission rate control and retry limit setting, we proposed twooptimization models. One is based on the Markov decision process (MDP) and the otherone is based on the Markov state transition model. Finally we validate theireffectiveness for performance improvement. At last, combining the transmission rateand retry limit, we study and design the optimal transmission rate control policy underthe condition of retry limit introduced.
3. Video streams multicast technology over WLANs. Usually, video streams transmission is unicast, that is, one to one service. In some application scenarios, videostreams need to broadcast or multicast to a group of users. WLANs standard specifiesusing the lowest transmission rate for broadcast or multicast and trying to guaranteeeach members’ reliable packets receive including members which stay in the worstchannel state. This simple rate setting seriously degrades the watching experience ofmembers which stay in the better channel state. On the basis of the priority structure ofvideo stream data packets, the heterogeneous characteristics of group members’wireless channel and the effect of the delay constraint, we use the dynamicprogramming (DP) to resolve the multicast transmission rate control problem. Itsubstantially improves the watching experience of multicast group users.
4. Statistic QoS guarantees for video streams downlink transmission over wirelessaccess networks. In downlink transmission of wireless access networks, the schedulingalgorithm in base station affects the QoS performance for multiple users. Consider theclassic and practical queue length based rate maximum scheduling algorithm (QLBRM)and use the effective capacity theory to analyze the relationship between the multi-usersmaximum amounts of input data traffic and their asymptotic stationary queue lengthdistribution bound. Based on the analysis results, given the delay constraint or queuelength threshold, we can estimate the queue overflow probability upper bound of eachuser, that is, the so-called statistical QoS guarantees. Then we can balance theperformance factors between the input traffic, delay constraint and statistical QoSguarantees in system design. In addition, when the queue overflow packets losshappened, on the basis of the priority structure of video stream data packets, we presentthe packets priority drop to achieve the optimal received video frame decoding qualityand provide a satisfying video delivery service for users.
引文
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