异步电机故障诊断方法研究与应用
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摘要
三相异步电机以其结构简单、价格低廉、运行可靠而在传动领域占有极其重要的地位。电机的工作状态直接影响了生产的运行。对电机的常见故障进行分析及诊断，可以有效地降低故障率，减少突发事故造成的停产损失，降低维修成本，消除对人员和设备的安全威胁。故障诊断技术虽然进展显著，但误判率高、准确度低。因此，对电机系统故障诊断方法的研究有必要进一步深化和成熟。
本文对主要用信号处理的方法对异步电机转子断条故障进行研究，同时对异步电机三种常见故障产生机理进行分析。所做的主要工作概括如下：
(1)在综合大量国内外文献的基础上，系统地介绍了电机故障诊断技术的发展历史、研究现状、研究的主要内容以及研究的必要性。对故障诊断方法的前人研究结果进行了认真的回顾、总结，重申了故障诊断研究方法的分类，论述了当前的研究热点。
(2)通过对电机常见故障总结，确定了鼠笼式异步电机的三种主要故障为：转子断条、气隙偏心、定子匝间短路，并运用基本电磁关系深入分析了故障特征频率成分的产生机理和原因，研究表明：定子匝间短路故障的最有效判据为负序电流的存在；转子断条故障最有效判据为定子电流中会出现频率为(1±2s)f_1的主要故障特征成分；当存在气隙偏心(包括静态、动态和复合偏心)故障时，会在定子电流中出现频率为f_1±mf_r的故障特征成分；上述工作奠定了本文故障分析的理论基础。
(3)详细介绍为了检测定子电流中是否存在故障频率分量而采用的两种种信号处理方法：对应于电机稳态运行时的傅立叶变换频谱分析和对应于电机起动过程时的短时傅立叶变换时频分析。对于每一种信号处理方法作了理论介绍和仿真计算。
(4)根据异步电机的非线性多变量动态数学模型，利用LabVIEW基于数学模型对异步电机进行了仿真研究，通过分析转子断条后电机的等效电路图，得到了故障模型。并将故障诊断方法中的信号处理方法应用于电机故障诊断实例中，对正常电机模型和故障电机模型中的定子电流信号进行处理分析，并给出两种信号处理方法的分析结果。分析结果表明，通过傅立叶变换对平稳信号进行分析，和通过短时傅立叶变换对起动过程信号进行分析，都能观察到故障分量的存在，说明这两种信号处理方法有一定的实用价值。
(5)介绍了一个电机故障诊断实验系统的结构，功能，以及所包含的主要模块，并提出了各种常见电机故障的在实验系统中的设置方法。
The three-phase asynchronous motor, by its simple structure, low cost, reliable operation, occupies extremely important position in the field of drive. The active status of electrical machinery has directly affects the operation of production. By using the analysis and diagnosis of the fault of the common electric motor, can effectively reduce the rate of failure, decrease the loss of Production suspension caused by any contingency matters, lower the cost of maintenance, and eliminate the threats the personnel and equipment. The fault diagnosis technology has had a notable progress, but the rate of misjudgment is high, the degree of accuracy is low. Therefore, the research of deepening and maturity the fault diagnosis of electrical system is necessary.
The method, mainly based on Signal processing, of the fault diagnosis of broken rotor bars of induction motor is studied in this paper. The production of three common fault of induction motor is analyzed. The major job summarized as follows:
(1)The development, the present situation, the content and the necessity of the electrical fault diagnosis research are systematically introduced on the basis of integrated in large literature. Fault diagnosis of previous research is reviewed and summed up. Reiterated classification of the method of fault diagnosis and discussed the current hotspot.
(2)Through the common electrical fault summary, three main faults in the induction machines are determined: broken rotor bars, rotor eccentricity and coils short circuit in stator windings. The cause of the characteristic frequency components of fault is thoroughly analyzed by the use of basic electromagnetic theories. Studies have show when short circuit occurs in the stator, positive sequence current, as well as a certain degree of negative sequence, is the main components; frequency of (1±2ks)f_1 of current of stator can be detected if rotor bars break; frequency of (f_1±mf_r) if rotor eccentricity occurs. This work has laid the theoretical foundation of the fault analysis.
(3)Two signal processing methods to test fault frequency components in the stator current are detailed introducedThe Fourier transform analysis are used when the motor run on the steady-state and short-time Fourier transform frequency analysis are adopted in starting period. The theory and simulation are given for each signal processing method.
(4)The model of asynchronous motor is found by means of LabVIEW base on the nonlinear, multi-variable, strong-coupled dynamic mathematical model. By means of this model, simulation is done. The fault model of motor are obtained through analysis the electrical circuit diagrams of broken rotor. The signal processing method in fault diagnosis has been applied to the motor fault diagnosis. The stator current in normal motor and in fault motor are analyzed and the results by two signal processing methods are obtained. The results show that can observe the presence of fault component through the Fourier transform to the steady-state signal analysis and the short-time Fourier transform to starting signal analysis. The two signal processing method has practical value
(5)An experimental motor fault diagnosis system is introduced. The construction and the functions of such system are reported. And the methods of set up common fault of motor are brought up.
本文对主要用信号处理的方法对异步电机转子断条故障进行研究，同时对异步电机三种常见故障产生机理进行分析。所做的主要工作概括如下：
(1)在综合大量国内外文献的基础上，系统地介绍了电机故障诊断技术的发展历史、研究现状、研究的主要内容以及研究的必要性。对故障诊断方法的前人研究结果进行了认真的回顾、总结，重申了故障诊断研究方法的分类，论述了当前的研究热点。
(2)通过对电机常见故障总结，确定了鼠笼式异步电机的三种主要故障为：转子断条、气隙偏心、定子匝间短路，并运用基本电磁关系深入分析了故障特征频率成分的产生机理和原因，研究表明：定子匝间短路故障的最有效判据为负序电流的存在；转子断条故障最有效判据为定子电流中会出现频率为(1±2s)f_1的主要故障特征成分；当存在气隙偏心(包括静态、动态和复合偏心)故障时，会在定子电流中出现频率为f_1±mf_r的故障特征成分；上述工作奠定了本文故障分析的理论基础。
(3)详细介绍为了检测定子电流中是否存在故障频率分量而采用的两种种信号处理方法：对应于电机稳态运行时的傅立叶变换频谱分析和对应于电机起动过程时的短时傅立叶变换时频分析。对于每一种信号处理方法作了理论介绍和仿真计算。
(4)根据异步电机的非线性多变量动态数学模型，利用LabVIEW基于数学模型对异步电机进行了仿真研究，通过分析转子断条后电机的等效电路图，得到了故障模型。并将故障诊断方法中的信号处理方法应用于电机故障诊断实例中，对正常电机模型和故障电机模型中的定子电流信号进行处理分析，并给出两种信号处理方法的分析结果。分析结果表明，通过傅立叶变换对平稳信号进行分析，和通过短时傅立叶变换对起动过程信号进行分析，都能观察到故障分量的存在，说明这两种信号处理方法有一定的实用价值。
(5)介绍了一个电机故障诊断实验系统的结构，功能，以及所包含的主要模块，并提出了各种常见电机故障的在实验系统中的设置方法。
The three-phase asynchronous motor, by its simple structure, low cost, reliable operation, occupies extremely important position in the field of drive. The active status of electrical machinery has directly affects the operation of production. By using the analysis and diagnosis of the fault of the common electric motor, can effectively reduce the rate of failure, decrease the loss of Production suspension caused by any contingency matters, lower the cost of maintenance, and eliminate the threats the personnel and equipment. The fault diagnosis technology has had a notable progress, but the rate of misjudgment is high, the degree of accuracy is low. Therefore, the research of deepening and maturity the fault diagnosis of electrical system is necessary.
The method, mainly based on Signal processing, of the fault diagnosis of broken rotor bars of induction motor is studied in this paper. The production of three common fault of induction motor is analyzed. The major job summarized as follows:
(1)The development, the present situation, the content and the necessity of the electrical fault diagnosis research are systematically introduced on the basis of integrated in large literature. Fault diagnosis of previous research is reviewed and summed up. Reiterated classification of the method of fault diagnosis and discussed the current hotspot.
(2)Through the common electrical fault summary, three main faults in the induction machines are determined: broken rotor bars, rotor eccentricity and coils short circuit in stator windings. The cause of the characteristic frequency components of fault is thoroughly analyzed by the use of basic electromagnetic theories. Studies have show when short circuit occurs in the stator, positive sequence current, as well as a certain degree of negative sequence, is the main components; frequency of (1±2ks)f_1 of current of stator can be detected if rotor bars break; frequency of (f_1±mf_r) if rotor eccentricity occurs. This work has laid the theoretical foundation of the fault analysis.
(3)Two signal processing methods to test fault frequency components in the stator current are detailed introducedThe Fourier transform analysis are used when the motor run on the steady-state and short-time Fourier transform frequency analysis are adopted in starting period. The theory and simulation are given for each signal processing method.
(4)The model of asynchronous motor is found by means of LabVIEW base on the nonlinear, multi-variable, strong-coupled dynamic mathematical model. By means of this model, simulation is done. The fault model of motor are obtained through analysis the electrical circuit diagrams of broken rotor. The signal processing method in fault diagnosis has been applied to the motor fault diagnosis. The stator current in normal motor and in fault motor are analyzed and the results by two signal processing methods are obtained. The results show that can observe the presence of fault component through the Fourier transform to the steady-state signal analysis and the short-time Fourier transform to starting signal analysis. The two signal processing method has practical value
(5)An experimental motor fault diagnosis system is introduced. The construction and the functions of such system are reported. And the methods of set up common fault of motor are brought up.
引文
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[3] 袁瑗．基于粗糙集的故障诊断专家系统．华东理工大学硕士学位文论文，2005．12
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[5] P. Vas. Performance of Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors with Rotor asymmetries, Period polytech. Elects Eng., 30 9-3, 1975
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[8] 叶银忠．故障诊断技术的发展趋势及我们的对策．自动化博览，2002(3)：53-54
[9] 张涛．异步电动机转子故障分析与诊断软件开发．东南大学硕士学位论文，2002
[10] 刘锦波，张承慧等．电机与拖动．北京：清华大学出版社，2006．9
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[14] 刘海丽，张春喜，吕志香，张庆．基于C＋＋Builder与MATLAB的电机故障诊断系统．哈尔滨商业大学学报，2006．4
[15] 王蒙．MATLAB7辅助信号处理技术于应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2005．3
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[22] 王俊柳，王敏，王颖．基于MATLAB的异步电动机仿真试验平台．计算机仿真， 2002，19(4)：118-123
[23] 顾德英，季正东，张平．基于SIMULINK的异步电机的建模与仿真．电力系统及其自动化学报，2003，15(2)：73-75
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[26] 夏立，费奇．基于信息融合分析的感应电机故障检测方法．电机与控制学报，2006．5
[27] Olav Vang Thorsen, Magnus Dalva. A survey of faults on induction motors in offshore oil industry, petrochemical industry, gas terminals and oil refineries. IEEE Transaction on industrial applications, 1995, 31(5): 1186-1196
[28] Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn, Tawee Utthiyuung, Komkiat Kruepengkul, Pongsatorn Puongkaew. Induction Motor Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Networks. IEEE, 2002
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[31] 张春喜，刘海丽，吕志香，刘蕾蕾．感应电动机转子断条故障诊断系统的研究．黑龙江水专学报，2005．12
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[2] 沈标正．电机故障诊断技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
[3] 袁瑗．基于粗糙集的故障诊断专家系统．华东理工大学硕士学位文论文，2005．12
[4] W. Deleroi. Squirrel-Cage Motor with Broken Bar in the Rotor-physical Phenomenon and Their Experimental Assessment, International conference on Electrical Machines, Budapest, 76 7-771, 1982
[5] P. Vas. Performance of Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors with Rotor asymmetries, Period polytech. Elects Eng., 30 9-3, 1975
[6] 高景德，王祥衍．交流电机及其系统分析，北京：清华大学出版社，1993
[7] 刘振兴．电机故障在线监测诊断新原理和新技术研究．华中科技大学博士学文论文，2004．4
[8] 叶银忠．故障诊断技术的发展趋势及我们的对策．自动化博览，2002(3)：53-54
[9] 张涛．异步电动机转子故障分析与诊断软件开发．东南大学硕士学位论文，2002
[10] 刘锦波，张承慧等．电机与拖动．北京：清华大学出版社，2006．9
[11] 汪源源．现代信号处理理论和方法．上海：复旦大学出版社，2003．8
[12] 张贤达，保铮．非平稳信号分析与处理．北京：国防工业出版社，1998．9
[13] Thomson W T. On-line MCSA to diagnose shorted turns in low voltage stator windings of 3-phase induction motors prior to failure. IEEE IEMDC'01, 2001: 891-898.
[14] 刘海丽，张春喜，吕志香，张庆．基于C＋＋Builder与MATLAB的电机故障诊断系统．哈尔滨商业大学学报，2006．4
[15] 王蒙．MATLAB7辅助信号处理技术于应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2005．3
[16] 钟麟，王峰．MATLAB仿真技术与应用教程．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．1
[17] 薛年喜．MATLAB7在数字信号处理中的应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．11
[18] 周东华，叶银忠．现代故障诊断与容错控制．清华大学出版社，2000．6
[19] 同济大学计算数学教研室．数值分析．上海：同济大学出版社，1998．12
[20] Mo-yuen Chow, Peter M. Mangum, Sui Qi Yee. A Neural Network Approach to Real-Time Condition Monitoring of Induction Motors. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 199, 6
[21] H. Douglas, P Pillay, A K Ziarani. A new algorithm for transient motor current signature analysis using wavelets. IEEE, 2003
[22] 王俊柳，王敏，王颖．基于MATLAB的异步电动机仿真试验平台．计算机仿真， 2002，19(4)：118-123
[23] 顾德英，季正东，张平．基于SIMULINK的异步电机的建模与仿真．电力系统及其自动化学报，2003，15(2)：73-75
[24] 张惠萍，施火泉．MATLAB环境下的异步电动机的数学模型及仿真研究．淮阴工学院学报，2003，12(3)：41-44
[25] 李昆鹏．异步电机的故障建模及诊断．太原理工大学硕士学位论文，2004．5
[26] 夏立，费奇．基于信息融合分析的感应电机故障检测方法．电机与控制学报，2006．5
[27] Olav Vang Thorsen, Magnus Dalva. A survey of faults on induction motors in offshore oil industry, petrochemical industry, gas terminals and oil refineries. IEEE Transaction on industrial applications, 1995, 31(5): 1186-1196
[28] Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn, Tawee Utthiyuung, Komkiat Kruepengkul, Pongsatorn Puongkaew. Induction Motor Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using Supervised and Unsupervised Neural Networks. IEEE, 2002
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