原始纳西语及其历史地位研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
纳西语的历史地位,是学界长期争论的问题。本研究以纳西语方言调查材料为基础,建立方言之间系统严格的语音对应,构拟原始纳西语,并将原始纳西语与彝缅语言、嘉戎语进行比较,从系统对应、基本词汇等方面讨论纳西语的历史地位问题。
     本研究认为历史比较要追求充分性,并针对纳西语历史地位这一问题,将“还原比较法”的操作步骤调整为:(1)重构基本原始语;(2)亲缘分群;(3)扩充原始语;(4)原始语定位。
     基本原始纳西语的构拟利用了5个纳西语方言的材料,坚持了声、韵、调完全对应以及所有方言都有规则反映的最普遍对应,构拟出240多个语素。这批语素是现有证据下毫无疑问存在于原始纳西语阶段的语素。我们还构拟了原始纳西语的代词系统、指示词系统、疑问词系统,并讨论了一个可能存在的语法性前缀和部分基本词汇。
     纳西语方言的亲缘分群运用了三种方法。三种方法均支持纳西语分为西支(丽江、宝山)和东支(玛丽玛萨、宁蒗、永宁)。
     原始纳西语的扩充是基于亲缘分群的结果,按一定原则放宽完全对应和普遍对应标准,尽可能全地构拟出原始纳西语中的语素,同时又保证这些语素的可靠性。扩充后得到约790个语素。
     原始纳西语的定位是通过与原始彝语、茶堡嘉戎语的两两比较进行的。基于系统严格的语音对应,运用词阶法和“不可释原则”的结果显示,三个语言均为同源关系。从关系语素数量、核心词保留数量、对应关系可解释的部分、考古证据支持的分化年代这四个方面来看,纳西语-彝语之间的亲缘关系,相对于纳西语-嘉戎语之间的亲缘关系更近。三者之间的亲缘关系可表示为(嘉戎语(纳西语、彝语))。
     本文的主要贡献体现在以下四个方面:
     第一,系统调查了3个尚无描写材料的纳西语方言:宝山(云南玉龙县宝山乡石头城)、玛丽玛萨(云南维西县塔城镇汝柯村)、宁蒗(云南宁蒗县堰口坝村)。
     第二,基于约2000个常用词,建立了5个纳西语方言之间系统严格的语音对应,给出了完整的对应规则表和对应语素表。在对应的基础上讨论了纳西语的前冠音与前缀问题。
     第三,提出了一种新的亲缘分群方法,即利用基本原始语语素在各个方言之间的同音关系差异进行编码。在纳西语中具体运用了这一方法,并与前人提出的“共享创新法”和“词源统计法”进行了比较。
     第四,基于系统严格的语音对应,具体分析了纳西语、彝缅语、嘉戎语的亲缘关系,丛本理清了纳西语声调的来源与演变规律,对纳西语的历史地位问题作出了初步结论。
The genetic position of Naxi is a long debated issue in the field of Tibeto-Burman study. Based on fieldwork on Naish languages (varieties of Naxi and its close relatives), this research reconstructs Proto-Naish through systematic and rigid sound correspondence. Proto-Naish is further compared with Burmese-Yi languages and rGyalrong in order to discuss its genetic position in the perspectives of structural change and basic vocabulary.
     This research pursues for adequacy in historical comparison. For solving the problem of the genetic position of Naxi, adjustments have been made on the steps of the Distillation Method:(1) Reconstruction of basic proto-language;(2) Subgrouping;(3) Expansion of the proto-language;(4) Positioning of the proto-language.
     In reconstruction of basic Proto-Naish, data of5Naish languages are used. Under the principles of Complete Correspondence and Global Correspondence About240morphemes have been reconstructed as the most reliable part of Proto-Naish. Pronouns, demonstratives, and interrogatives are also reconstructed for the proto-language. Some basic words and a possible grammatical prefix have also been discussed.
     Three different methods are used for subgrouping Naish languages. Results from all the three method support a division of western branch (Lijiang, Baoshan) and eastern branch (Malimasa, Ninglang, Yongning).
     Based on the division of western branch and eastern branch, more morphemes are reconstructed to Proto-Naish after loosing the requirements of correspondences according to certain principles. After expansion the morphemes in Proto-Naish are up to about790.
     The positioning of Proto-Naish is achieved through comparison of Proto-Naish with Burmese-Yi languages represented by Proto-Yi, and rGyalrong represented by Japhug dialect. After building systematic and rigid sound correspondence among the three languages, the Inexplicable Principle and the Rank Theory have been used to verify their relatedness. Viewed from perspectives of (1) numbers of related morphemes (2) numbers of kernel words preserved in the earliest historical layer (3) structural changes, and (4) socio-cultural evidences, the genetic distance between Proto-Naish and Burmese-Yi languages is closer than that between Proto-Naish and rGyalrong. The genetic structure of the three languages should be (rGyalrong,(Proto-Naish, Proto-Yi)).
     The main contributions of this research are as follows:
     1. Collection of linguistic data through field work on three Naish languages which have never been studied before:Baoshan (Stone Village, Baoshan Town, Yulong County, Yunnan Province), Malimasa (Ruke Village, Tacheng Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province), and Ninglang (Yankouba Village, Ninglang County, Yunnan Province).
     2. Based on2000daily words, a set of systematic and rigid correspondence rules have been built for5Naish languages. Correspondence rules and corresponding morphemes have been listed. The problems of pre-initials and prefixes in Proto-Naish have been discussed on the base of sound correspondence.
     3. A new method of drawing linguistic phylogenetic tree has been proposed. This method encodes linguistic data utilizing the difference among child languages in homophony of reflexes of morphemes in the basic proto-language. The method has been applied in the subgrouping of Naish languages. The results of this method are compared with that of two previous methods, namely character-based method and lexicostatistics.
     4. The genetic relationship among Proto-Naish, Burmese-Yi languages, and rGyalrong has been fully analyzed through systematic and rigid correspondence. The sound laws concerning tonal development in Naish languages have been worked out. A preliminary conclusion of the genetic position of Naxi has been proposed.
引文
陈康:《论彝语支声调系统的发生与裂变》,《民族语文》1997年第1期,8-17。
    陈保亚:《论语言接触与语言联盟》,语文出版社,1996年。
    陈保亚:《对剩余语素提取方法的限制》,《汉语学习》1997年第3期,12-13。
    陈保亚:《20世纪中国语言学方法论》,山东教育出版社,1999年(a)。
    陈保亚:《汉台关系词声母有序对应规则表》,《语言学论丛》第22辑(1999年)(b),186-225。
    陈保亚:《汉越(侗台黎)六畜词文化有阶分析》,《民族语文》2000年第4期,34-42。
    陈保亚:《汉越工具质料关系词的词聚有阶分析》,邹嘉彦、游汝杰编《语言接触论集》,上海教育出版社,2004年。
    陈保亚、何方:《核心词原则和澳越语的谱系树分类》,《云南民族学院学报》2002年第1期,98-101。
    陈保亚、何方:《汉台核心一致对应语素有阶分析》,载丁邦新、孙宏开主编《汉藏语同源词研究(三)》,广西民族出版社,2004年。
    陈保亚、李子鹤:《核心词自动分阶的一种计算模型——以纳西族玛丽玛萨话为例》,《云南民族大学学报》2012年第5期,121-126。
    陈玉洁:《汉语方言指示词的类型学研究》,中国社会科学出版社2010年。
    陈章太、李行健:《普通话基础方言基本词汇集·语音卷》,语文出版社,1996年。
    陈忠敏:《跨级比较与汉藏语研究》,载戴昭铭、J.A.马提索夫主编,《汉藏语研究四十年:第40届国际汉藏语言暨语言学会议论文集》,黑龙江大学出版社,2010年,28-35。
    戴庆厦等:《关于我国藏缅语的系属分类》,载:马学良等编著,《藏缅语新论》,中央民族学院出版社,1994年。
    丁邦新:《论汉语和台语的关系》,《纪念李方桂先生诞辰一百周年汉语国际学术研讨会论文集》,华盛顿大学,2002年。
    董同龢:《上古音韵表稿》,《国立中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊》第18,商务印书馆,1948年。
    董同龢:《中国语言》,《中国文化论集》第1辑(1953年)。
    傅懋勣:《维西麽些语研究》,载燕京大学国学研究所主编《中国文化研究汇刊》第1卷(1940年),齐鲁大学国学研究所发行。
    傅懋勣:《维西麽些词汇》,载燕京大学国学研究所主编《中国文化研究汇刊》第3卷(1943年),齐鲁大学国学研究所发行。
    盖兴之、姜竹仪:《纳西语在藏缅语言中的地位》,《民族语文》1990年第1期,63-73。
    高本汉著,赵元任、罗常培、李方桂译:《中国音韵学研究》(1915-1926),商务印书馆,1995年。
    高晓虹:《北京话入声字的历史层次》,北京语言大学出版社,2009年。
    龚煌城:《从原始汉藏语到上古汉语以及原始藏缅语的韵母演变》,第三届国际汉学会议(语言组)论文,台北,2000年。收入《汉藏语研究论文集》,北京大学出版社,2004年。
    郭大烈、和志武:《纳西族史》,四川民族出版社,1999年。
    韩沛玲:《山西及其周边方言浊声母清化类型及历史层次》,《语言科学》2006年第4期,88-94。
    何大安:《论原始南岛语同源词》,载石锋、潘悟云主编:《中国语言学的新拓展——庆祝王士元教授六十五华诞》,香港城市大学出版社,1999年。
    和即仁、姜竹仪:《纳西语简志》,民族出版社,1985年。
    胡坦:《藏语(拉萨话)声调研究》,《民族语文》1980年第1期,22-36。
    黄布凡主编:《藏缅语族语言词汇》,中央民族学院出版社,1992年。
    黄布凡:《木里水田话研究》,《汉藏语学报》第3辑(2009年),30-55。
    黄成龙:《蒲溪羌语研究》,民族出版社,2007年。
    李方桂:《上古音研究》,商务印书馆,1971年。
    李霖灿、张琨、和才:《纳西象形标音文字字典》,云南民族出版社,1953/2001年。
    李永燧:《缅彝语言声调比较研究》,《民族语文》1992年第6期,11-24。
    李永燧:《缅彝语言入声研究》,《中国语言学报》1995年第5期,336-354。
    李永燧:《缅彝语调类:历史比较法的运用》,《民族语文》1996年第5期,1-16。
    李永燧:《羌缅语群刍议》,《民族语文》1998年第1期,16-28。
    李永燧:《缅彝语音韵学》,社会科学文献出版社,2011年。
    刘诚刚、杜志恒、白秀娟:《野生乌苏里貉18SrDNA全序列的克隆测序及系统进化树分析》,《中国畜牧兽医》2012年第2期,117-120。
    罗常培、傅懋勣:《国内少数民族语言文字的概况》,中华书局,1954年。
    米可:《木里水田话声调系统研究》,《民族语文》2009年第6期,28-33。
    米可、拉他咪·达石:《云南省丽江市永宁区域摩梭话中濒临消失的声调与音位》,《丽江民族研究》第4辑,2010年。
    平山久雄:《从声调调值演变史的观点论山东方言的轻声前变调》,《方言》1998年第1期,7-13。
    秋谷裕幸:《吴语处衢方言(西北片)古音构拟》,东京好文出版社,2004年。
    孙宏开:《羌语概况》,《中国语文》1962年第12期,561-571。
    孙宏开:《试论中国境内藏缅语的谱系分类》,《东亚的语言和历史》,日本松香堂出版,日本京都,1988年。
    孙宏开:《纳西语在藏缅语族语言中的历史地位》,《语言研究》2001年(a)第1期。
    孙宏开:《论藏缅语族中的羌语支语言》,《语言暨语言学》2001年(b)第1期,157-181。
    孙婷、刘伟、徐鹏、孙效文:《鲤CYR61基因的克隆、表达及系统进化树的构建》,《上海海洋大学学报》2012年第3期,321-330。
    汪锋:《白彝关系语素研究》,国家社会科学基金项目结项报告,2010年。
    汪锋:《语音对应的两种放宽模式及其后果——以彝白比较为例》,《语言学论从》第44辑(2011年),1-40。
    汪锋、王士元:《语义创新与方言的亲缘关系》,《方言》2005年第2期,157-167。
    汪平:《常州方言的连读变调》,《方言》1988年第3期,177-194。
    王福堂:《闽北方言弱化声母和“第九调”之我见》,《中国语文》1994年第6期,430-433。
    王福堂:《原始闽语中的清弱化声母和相关的“第九调”》,《中国语文》2004年第2期,135-144。
    王洪君:《入声韵在山西方言中的演变》,《语文研究》1990年第1期,8-19。
    王洪君:《北京话清入归调的层次与阶曲线判定法》,《语言学论丛》第33辑(2006年),223-245。
    王洪君:《层次与断阶——叠置式音变与扩散式音变的交叉与区别》,《中国语文》2010年第4期,314-320。
    王洪君:《也谈闽北方言的浊弱化声母——兼论原始语构拟如何鉴别和处理借用成分以及平等混合造成的无条件分化》,《语言学论丛》第46辑(2013年),144。
    王洪媛、江晓路、管华诗、牟海津:《微生物生态学一种新研究方法——T-RFLP技术》,《微生物学通报》2004年第31期,90-94。
    王力:《同源字典》,商务印书馆,1982年。
    王莉宁:《江西南丰方言的声调分化现象》,《方言》,2010年第1期,7-12。
    王士元、沈钟伟:《方言关系的计量表述》,《中国语文》1992年第2期,81-92。
    王育德:《中国五大方言分裂的语言年代学试探》,东京《言语研究》第38辑(1960年),14-16。
    邢公畹:《汉台语比较研究中的深层对应》,《民族语文》1993年第5期,4-9。
    邢公畹:《汉台语舌根音声母字深层对应例证》,《民族语文》1995年第1期,5-17。
    许帆婷:《浙江中部吴语比较研究》,北京大学硕士学位论文,2011年。
    严学窘:《论汉语同族词内部屈折的变换模式》,《中国语文》1979年第2期,85-92。
    叶祥苓:《吴江方言声调再调查》,《方言》1983年第1期,32-35。
    袁家骅:《汉语方言概要》,语文出版社,1960年。
    向柏霖:《嘉绒语研究》,民族出版社,2008年。
    Baxter, William. H.2006. "Mandarin dialect phytogeny". Cahiers de linguistique-Asie orientale 35.1:71-114.
    Benedict, P. K.1972. Sino-Tibetan:A conspectus. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
    Benedict, P. K.1973. "Tibeto-Burman tones, with a note on teleo-reconstruction". Acta Orientalia 35:127-38.
    Blust, R.1980. Austronesian etymologies I.Oceanic Linguistics 19.1:1-181.
    Bopp, Franz.1816. "On the conjugational system of the Sanskrit language", Reprinted in Lehmann. W. (ed.).1967. A Reader in 19th Century Indo-European Historical Linguistics. Indiana University Press.
    Bradley, David.1975. "Nahsi and Proto-Burmese-Lolo". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 2. 1:93-150.
    Bradley, David.1977. "Proto-Loloish tones". Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics.
    Bradley, David.1979. Proto-Loloish. London:Curzon Press.
    Bradley, David.2008. "The position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman". Presentation at the workshop on the Namuyi language, Institute of Linguistics, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Nov.24th 2008.
    Burling, R.1967. Proto-Lolo-Burmese. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Camin, J. H., and R. R. Sokal.1965. "A method for deducing branching sequences in phylogeny". Evolution 19:311-326.
    Campbell, L.1998 Historical Linguistics:An Introduction. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
    Chen, Baoya and Feng Wang.2011. "On several principles in reconstructing a proto-language-with the reconstruction of tone and pre-initial*-h and*-? in Proto-Yi". Journal of Chinese Linguistics 39.2:370-402.
    Dolgopolsky, Aharon B.1986. "A probabilistic hypothesis concerning the oldest relationships among the language families of northern Eurasia". Typology, Relationship, and Time:A Collection of Papers on Language Change and Relationship by Soviet Linguists, eds. VV Shevoroshkin and TL Markey. Karoma, Ann Arbor, MI,27-50.
    Gong, Hwang-cherng.1995. The system of finals in Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The ancestry of the Chinese language,41-92.
    Gong, Hwang-cherng.2000. "The change of finals from Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Archaic Chinese and Proto-Tibeto-Burman". Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section, Taipei. In:Collected Papers on Sino-Tibetan Linguistics (Hanzangyu Yanjiu Lunwenji). Beijing:Peking University Press,2004.
    Grimm, Jacob.1819. "Germanic Grammar". Reprinted in Lehmann. W. (ed.).1967. A Reader in 19th Century Indo-European Historical Linguistics. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Hale, Austin.1982. Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages (Trends in Linguistics. State-of-the-arts report:14). Berlin:Walter de Gruyter & Co.
    Halle, Morris.1962. "Phonology in Genetive Grammar". Word 18:54-72.
    Haugen, E.1950. "The analysis of linguistic borrowing". Language 26:210-231.
    Hockett, Charles F.1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York:Macmillian.
    Holman, Eric W., Soren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Viveka Velupillai, Andre Miiller, Dik Bakker. 2008. "Explorations in automated language classification". Folia Linguistica 42.2:331-354.
    Hubschmann.1875. "On the position of Armenian in the Sphere of the Indo-European Languages". In Lehmann ed.1976. A reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Jacques, G. and Michaud, A.2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages:Naxi, Na, and Laze". Diachronica 28.4:468-498.
    Krishnamurti et al 1983 "Unchanged cognates as a criterion in linguistic subgrouping". Language 59:544-688.
    Ladefoged, P. and Ian Maddieson.1996. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.
    Lehmann, Winfred (ed).1967. A Reader in 19th Century Indo-European Historical Linguistics. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Li, Fang-Kuei.1933. "Certain phonetic influences of the Tibetan prefixes upon the root initials".《中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊》4.2:135-157.
    Li, Fang-Kuei.1937. "Languages and dialects", in The Chinese Year Book, Shanghai. Also in Journal of Chinese Linguistics,1973.1:1-13.
    Li, Fang-Kuei.1977.A Handbook of Comparative Tai. Honolulu:The University Press of Hawaii.
    Lidz, Liberty.2010. A descriptive grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo). Ph. D. dissertation, Department of linguistics. University of Texas.
    Lohr, Marisa.1998. Methods for the Genetic Classification of Languages. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Cambridge.
    Matisoff, J. A.1971. "The tonal split in Loloish checked syllables". Occasional Papers of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics 2:1-44.
    Matisoff, J. A.1972. The Loloish tonal split revisited. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California.
    Matisoff, J. A.2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman:system and philosophy of Sino-Tibetan reconstruction:University of California publications in linguistics; v.135. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.
    Meyers, L. F. and William S-Y. Wang 1963 Tree representations in Linguistics. Project on Linguistics Analysis Report 3, Ohio State University.
    Michailovsky, Boyd and Alexis Michaud.2006. "Syllabic inventory of a Western Naxi dialect, and correspondence with Joseph F. Rock's transcriptions". Cahiers de linguistique-Asie Orientale 35.1:3-21.
    Michaud, Alexis.2006. "Three extreme cases of neutralisation:nasality, retroflexion and lip-rounding in Naxi". Cahiers de linguistique-Asie Orientale 35.1:23-55.
    Michaud, Alexis.2008. "Phonemic and tonal analysis of Yongning Na". Cahiers de linguistique-Asie Orientale 37.2:159-196.
    Michaud, Alexis.2010. "The tones of numerals and numeral-plus-classifier determiners:on structural similarities between Naxi, Na and Laze". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 34.1:1-26.
    Michaud, Alexis and Guillaume Jacuqes.2012. "The Phonology of Laze:Phonemic Analysis, Syllabic Inventory, and a Short Word List". Essays on Linguistics(语言学论丛) 45:196-230.
    Norman, J.1973. "Tonal development in Min". Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1.2:222-238.
    Norman, J.1974. "The initials of proto-Min". Journal of Chinese Linguistic 2.1:27-36
    Okrand, Marc.1974. "Na-khi and Proto-Lolo-Burmese:A Preliminary Survey". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 1:55-97.
    Rask, Rasmus.1818. "An investigation concerning the source of the old Northern or Icelandic language". Reprinted in Lehmann. W. (ed.).1967. A Reader in 19th Century Indo-European Historical Linguistics. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Saitou, N. and M. Nei.1987. "The neighbor-joining method:a new method of reconstructing phylogenetic trees". Miol. Boil. Evol.4:406-425.
    Schleicher, August.1862. "Introduction to A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin Languages". Reprinted in Lehmann. W. (ed.). 1967. A Reader in 19th Century Indo-European Historical Linguistics. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Starostin, S. A.1991. "On the hypothesis of a genetic connection between the Sino-Tibetan languages and Yeniseian and North-Caucasian languages". Dene-Sino-Caucasian Languages:Materials from the First International Interdisciplinary Symposium on Language and Prehistory. Bochum: Universtitatsverlag Brockmeyer.
    Sun, J. T. S.1997. "The typology of tone in Tibetan". Chinese Languages and Linguistics IV: Typological studies of languages in China:485-521.
    Swadesh. M.1952. "Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts", Proceedings of the American philosophical society.96.4:452-463.
    Swadesh. M.1955. "Time depths of American linguistic groupings". American Anthropologist 56. 3:361-377
    Thurgood, G 1996. "Language Contact and the Directionality of Internal Drift:The Development of Tones and Registers in Chamic". Language 72.1:1-31.
    Trask, R. L.1996. A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. London:Routledge.
    Verner, K.1875. "An exception to the first sound shift". Reprinted in Lehmann. W. (ed.).1967. A Reader in 19th Century Indo-European Historical Linguistics. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
    Wang, Feng.2006. Comparison of Languages in Contact:the Distillation method and the case of Bai. Taipei:Academic Sinica.
    Wang, William S.-Y.1994. "Glottochronology, Lexicostatistics, and other numerical methods". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 3:1445-1450. Cambridge:Pergamon Press.
    Wang, William S-Y.1999. Language emergence and transmission. In:In honor of Mei Tsu-lin: Studies on Chinese historical syntax and morphology, ed. Peyraube, Alain and Sun, Chaofen. Paris:Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales, Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale:247-257.
    Yu, Dominic.2012. Proto-Ersuic. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700