我国海区浮游纤毛虫的时空分布
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摘要
海洋浮游纤毛虫个体微小，是一类广泛存在的、营浮游生活的纤毛虫，主要分为无壳纤毛虫及砂壳纤毛虫两大类。作为微型浮游动物的重要组成部分，纤毛虫是连接微食物环和经典食物链的重要中介，在海洋浮游生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要的作用。
我国研究者从20世纪90年代开始关注纤毛虫生态学，目前已经在渤海、黄海、东海、南海进行了调查。渤海纤毛虫生态学的研究较少；黄海纤毛虫生态学的研究较多，且多集中在南黄海，北黄海缺乏；东海纤毛虫生态学的研究主要集中在东海陆架区；南海纤毛虫生态学的研究主要集中在南海北部海域。虽然我国近海纤毛虫生态学的工作已经积累了约20年，但各海区的研究仍不系统完善。
本论文第一部分内容是研究北黄海、南黄海、东海及南海纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节变化，积累我国海区纤毛虫丰度和生物量长时间序列的数据；第二部分内容是探讨黄海、东海和南海纤毛虫的分布与物理过程的耦合关系，为浮游生态系统的研究提供基础资料；第三部分内容是在北黄海大连近岸及南海北部湾首次进行纤毛虫分布的基础研究，补充这些海区的数据。
北黄海浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的分布特点
北黄海獐子岛海区纤毛虫的平均丰度为3208±2828ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为3.73±3.55μg C L~(-1)。纤毛虫水体丰度在春季和秋季达到峰值，纤毛虫水体生物量在春季和夏季达到峰值。无壳纤毛虫群落粒级春季较大，夏秋较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例夏季较高，秋季较低。
北黄海大连近岸海域7、8月纤毛虫的平均丰度分别为5107±4451ind L~(-1)、7894±7212ind L~(-1)；平均生物量分别为10.17±9.06μg C L~(-1)、15.24±18.49μg C L~(-1)。Tintinnopsis corniger Hada,1964为中国海区的新记录种。
南黄海浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节变化
桑沟湾纤毛虫的平均丰度为7552±10979ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为4.79±5.77μgC L~(-1)。纤毛虫丰度春季最高，冬季最低；生物量夏季最高，冬季最低。无壳纤毛虫群落粒级夏季较大，冬季较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例夏季最高，冬季最低。
南黄海纤毛虫的平均丰度为813±1233ind L~(-1)；平均生物量为0.73±1.02μg CL~(-1)。纤毛虫水体丰度有两个峰值，分别在春季和夏季，水体生物量只有一个峰值，出现在春季。纤毛虫群落的粒级春季和冬季较大，夏季明显较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例春季和秋季较高，夏季较低。
纤毛虫丰度、生物量及群落结构在近岸水团、黄海暖流水团及黄海冷水团中的分布有明显差异。在黄海暖流水团与近岸水团界面形成的温度锋，及在近岸水团与黄海冷水团界面形成的潮汐锋处，纤毛虫丰度往往在锋面附近出现高值。
东海纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节变化及长江冲淡水对其分布的影响
东海纤毛虫的平均丰度为1409±2048ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为1.97±3.64μg CL~(-1)。纤毛虫丰度夏季最高，春季最低；纤毛虫生物量夏季最高，秋季最低。春季纤毛虫粒级较大，秋季和夏季粒级较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例秋季最高，夏季最低。
三个季节表层纤毛虫丰度和纤毛虫群落粒级的水平分布模式不同：春季和夏季，长江冲淡水中的纤毛虫丰度大于外海水，秋季与此相反；三个季节，纤毛虫群落的粒级在长江冲淡水中均较外海水中的大。
南海浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的分布特点
南海北部冬季和夏季纤毛虫的平均丰度分别为486±484ind L~(-1)和809±1008ind L~(-1)；平均生物量分别为2.84±3.26μg C L~(-1)和1.96±3.80μg C L~(-1)。受珠江冲淡水、上升流及沿岸流的影响，冬季和夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量均由近岸向远岸降低。冬季纤毛虫丰度和生物量在水体的次表层较高；夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量总体上在表层、中层或近底层出现高值。
夏季南海北部湾纤毛虫的平均丰度为521±369ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为0.63±0.54μg C L~(-1)。与大陆沿岸平行的A断面水体平均纤毛虫丰度和生物量近岸较低、湾中部较高；与大陆沿岸垂直的B断面水体平均纤毛虫丰度和生物量近岸较高、湾中部较低。纤毛虫在A断面水体中的垂直分布较均匀，在B断面主要分布在15m层以浅。
Marine planktonic ciliates are a major, ubiquitous and diverse group of protozoa.They range in size from10to200μm and are divided into tintinnids and aloricateciliates. As one of the main components of microzooplankton, planktonic ciliates aretrophic link between the microbial food web and traditional food chain, and playimportant roles in material cycles and energy flows in the marine planktonicecosystem.
Until1990s, researches on ciliate ecology arised in China seas including theBohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Most studies of ciliatedistribution focused on the Northern Yellow Sea, the shelf of East China Sea andNorthern South China Sea, while studies in other sea areas are rare for now.
In this study, we first studied seasonal patterns of ciliate abundance and biomassin the Northern Yellow Sea, Southern Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South ChinaSea; second, we discuss the coupling between ciliate distribution and physicalprocesses in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea; third, weperformed investigations in the coastal water near Dalian and Beibu Gulf which haveno ciliate data before.
Distribution of ciliate abundance and biomass in the Northern Yellow Sea
The average abundance of ciliates near Zhangzi Island, the Northern Yellow Seawas3208±2828ind L~(-1), and the average biomass was3.73±3.55μg C L~(-1). Watercolumn ciliate abundance peaked in spring and autumn, and water column ciliatebiomass peaked in spring and summer. Larger aloricate ciliates were more prevalentin spring, while smaller increased the proportion in summer and autumn. Percentageof tintinnids in total ciliate abundance was higher in summer and lower in autumn.
The average abundance of ciliates in the coastal water near Dalian, Northern Yellow Sea in July and August was5107±4451ind L~(-1)and7894±7212ind L~(-1),respectively. The average biomass was10.17±9.06μg C L~(-1)and15.24±18.49μg C L~(-1).We recorded the species Tintinnopsis corniger Hada,1964for the first time in Chinawaters.
Seasonal cycle of ciliate abundance and biomass in the Southern Yellow Sea
The average abundance of ciliates in Sanggou Bay was7552±10979ind L~(-1), andthe average biomass was4.79±5.77μg C L~(-1). Ciliate abundance was highest in spring,while ciliate biomass was highest in summer. Larger aloricates were more prevalent insummer, while smaller increased the proportion in winter. Percentage of tintinnids intotal ciliate abundance was highest in summer and lowest in winter.
The average abundance of ciliates in the Southern Yellow Sea was813±1233indL~(-1), and the average biomass was0.73±1.02μg C L~(-1). Ciliates showed clear seasonalcycle: there were two peaks of ciliate abundance (May and August) and only one peakof ciliate biomass (May); larger ciliates were more prevalent in spring, while smallerciliates increased the proportion in summer. Percentage of tintinnids in total ciliateabundance was higher in spring and autumn and lower in winter.
The abundance, biomass and composition of ciliates exhibited differences inassociated with water masses. High ciliate abundance mainly occurred around thethermal fronts from December to April; and occurred near the tidal fronts in Augustthrough October.
Seasonal cycle of planktonic ciliates and influence of Changjiang diluted wateron ciliate distribution in the East China Sea
Ciliate abundance in the shelf of East China Sea was in average of1409±2048ind L~(-1), and ciliate biomass was in average of1.97±3.64μg C L~(-1). Ciliate abundanceand biomass were highest in summer. Larger ciliates were more prevalent in spring,while smaller ciliates increased the proportion in summer and autumn. Percentage oftintinnids in total ciliate abundance was higher in autumn and lower in summer.
Ciliate abundance and biomass were higher in the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) than in the Oceanic Water (OW) in spring and summer, while ciliateabundance and biomass were much lower in the CDW than in the OW in autumn. Thecell size of the ciliate community decreased from the CDW to the OW in the threeseasons.
Distribution of ciliate abundance and biomass in the South China Sea
The average abundance of ciliates in the Northern South China Sea in winter andsummer were486±484ind L~(-1)and809±1008ind L~(-1), respectively. The averagebiomass in winter and summer were2.84±3.26μg C L~(-1)and1.96±3.80μg C L~(-1),respectively. Percentage of tintinnids in total ciliate abundance was higher in summerand lower in winter.
The depth-weighted average ciliate abundance and biomass decreased fromcoastal areas to off-shore areas in both seasons. Ciliates tended to accumulate in thesub-surface layers in winter. Ciliate abundance and biomass were usually higher in thesurface or middle layers in summer, although sometimes ciliates were located near thebottom layers in the off-shore stations.
The average abundance of ciliates in the Beibu Gulf was521±369ind L~(-1), andthe average biomass was0.63±0.54μg C L~(-1). The depth-weighted average ciliateabundance and biomass were higher in the central gulf and coastal waters alongTransect A and B, respectively. Ciliate abundance and biomass were uniformlydistributed vertically in the water column along Transect A, while ciliates tended toaccumulate in the upper15m level along Transect B.
我国研究者从20世纪90年代开始关注纤毛虫生态学，目前已经在渤海、黄海、东海、南海进行了调查。渤海纤毛虫生态学的研究较少；黄海纤毛虫生态学的研究较多，且多集中在南黄海，北黄海缺乏；东海纤毛虫生态学的研究主要集中在东海陆架区；南海纤毛虫生态学的研究主要集中在南海北部海域。虽然我国近海纤毛虫生态学的工作已经积累了约20年，但各海区的研究仍不系统完善。
本论文第一部分内容是研究北黄海、南黄海、东海及南海纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节变化，积累我国海区纤毛虫丰度和生物量长时间序列的数据；第二部分内容是探讨黄海、东海和南海纤毛虫的分布与物理过程的耦合关系，为浮游生态系统的研究提供基础资料；第三部分内容是在北黄海大连近岸及南海北部湾首次进行纤毛虫分布的基础研究，补充这些海区的数据。
北黄海浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的分布特点
北黄海獐子岛海区纤毛虫的平均丰度为3208±2828ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为3.73±3.55μg C L~(-1)。纤毛虫水体丰度在春季和秋季达到峰值，纤毛虫水体生物量在春季和夏季达到峰值。无壳纤毛虫群落粒级春季较大，夏秋较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例夏季较高，秋季较低。
北黄海大连近岸海域7、8月纤毛虫的平均丰度分别为5107±4451ind L~(-1)、7894±7212ind L~(-1)；平均生物量分别为10.17±9.06μg C L~(-1)、15.24±18.49μg C L~(-1)。Tintinnopsis corniger Hada,1964为中国海区的新记录种。
南黄海浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节变化
桑沟湾纤毛虫的平均丰度为7552±10979ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为4.79±5.77μgC L~(-1)。纤毛虫丰度春季最高，冬季最低；生物量夏季最高，冬季最低。无壳纤毛虫群落粒级夏季较大，冬季较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例夏季最高，冬季最低。
南黄海纤毛虫的平均丰度为813±1233ind L~(-1)；平均生物量为0.73±1.02μg CL~(-1)。纤毛虫水体丰度有两个峰值，分别在春季和夏季，水体生物量只有一个峰值，出现在春季。纤毛虫群落的粒级春季和冬季较大，夏季明显较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例春季和秋季较高，夏季较低。
纤毛虫丰度、生物量及群落结构在近岸水团、黄海暖流水团及黄海冷水团中的分布有明显差异。在黄海暖流水团与近岸水团界面形成的温度锋，及在近岸水团与黄海冷水团界面形成的潮汐锋处，纤毛虫丰度往往在锋面附近出现高值。
东海纤毛虫丰度和生物量的季节变化及长江冲淡水对其分布的影响
东海纤毛虫的平均丰度为1409±2048ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为1.97±3.64μg CL~(-1)。纤毛虫丰度夏季最高，春季最低；纤毛虫生物量夏季最高，秋季最低。春季纤毛虫粒级较大，秋季和夏季粒级较小。砂壳纤毛虫丰度占纤毛虫丰度的比例秋季最高，夏季最低。
三个季节表层纤毛虫丰度和纤毛虫群落粒级的水平分布模式不同：春季和夏季，长江冲淡水中的纤毛虫丰度大于外海水，秋季与此相反；三个季节，纤毛虫群落的粒级在长江冲淡水中均较外海水中的大。
南海浮游纤毛虫丰度和生物量的分布特点
南海北部冬季和夏季纤毛虫的平均丰度分别为486±484ind L~(-1)和809±1008ind L~(-1)；平均生物量分别为2.84±3.26μg C L~(-1)和1.96±3.80μg C L~(-1)。受珠江冲淡水、上升流及沿岸流的影响，冬季和夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量均由近岸向远岸降低。冬季纤毛虫丰度和生物量在水体的次表层较高；夏季纤毛虫丰度和生物量总体上在表层、中层或近底层出现高值。
夏季南海北部湾纤毛虫的平均丰度为521±369ind L~(-1)，平均生物量为0.63±0.54μg C L~(-1)。与大陆沿岸平行的A断面水体平均纤毛虫丰度和生物量近岸较低、湾中部较高；与大陆沿岸垂直的B断面水体平均纤毛虫丰度和生物量近岸较高、湾中部较低。纤毛虫在A断面水体中的垂直分布较均匀，在B断面主要分布在15m层以浅。
Marine planktonic ciliates are a major, ubiquitous and diverse group of protozoa.They range in size from10to200μm and are divided into tintinnids and aloricateciliates. As one of the main components of microzooplankton, planktonic ciliates aretrophic link between the microbial food web and traditional food chain, and playimportant roles in material cycles and energy flows in the marine planktonicecosystem.
Until1990s, researches on ciliate ecology arised in China seas including theBohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Most studies of ciliatedistribution focused on the Northern Yellow Sea, the shelf of East China Sea andNorthern South China Sea, while studies in other sea areas are rare for now.
In this study, we first studied seasonal patterns of ciliate abundance and biomassin the Northern Yellow Sea, Southern Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South ChinaSea; second, we discuss the coupling between ciliate distribution and physicalprocesses in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea; third, weperformed investigations in the coastal water near Dalian and Beibu Gulf which haveno ciliate data before.
Distribution of ciliate abundance and biomass in the Northern Yellow Sea
The average abundance of ciliates near Zhangzi Island, the Northern Yellow Seawas3208±2828ind L~(-1), and the average biomass was3.73±3.55μg C L~(-1). Watercolumn ciliate abundance peaked in spring and autumn, and water column ciliatebiomass peaked in spring and summer. Larger aloricate ciliates were more prevalentin spring, while smaller increased the proportion in summer and autumn. Percentageof tintinnids in total ciliate abundance was higher in summer and lower in autumn.
The average abundance of ciliates in the coastal water near Dalian, Northern Yellow Sea in July and August was5107±4451ind L~(-1)and7894±7212ind L~(-1),respectively. The average biomass was10.17±9.06μg C L~(-1)and15.24±18.49μg C L~(-1).We recorded the species Tintinnopsis corniger Hada,1964for the first time in Chinawaters.
Seasonal cycle of ciliate abundance and biomass in the Southern Yellow Sea
The average abundance of ciliates in Sanggou Bay was7552±10979ind L~(-1), andthe average biomass was4.79±5.77μg C L~(-1). Ciliate abundance was highest in spring,while ciliate biomass was highest in summer. Larger aloricates were more prevalent insummer, while smaller increased the proportion in winter. Percentage of tintinnids intotal ciliate abundance was highest in summer and lowest in winter.
The average abundance of ciliates in the Southern Yellow Sea was813±1233indL~(-1), and the average biomass was0.73±1.02μg C L~(-1). Ciliates showed clear seasonalcycle: there were two peaks of ciliate abundance (May and August) and only one peakof ciliate biomass (May); larger ciliates were more prevalent in spring, while smallerciliates increased the proportion in summer. Percentage of tintinnids in total ciliateabundance was higher in spring and autumn and lower in winter.
The abundance, biomass and composition of ciliates exhibited differences inassociated with water masses. High ciliate abundance mainly occurred around thethermal fronts from December to April; and occurred near the tidal fronts in Augustthrough October.
Seasonal cycle of planktonic ciliates and influence of Changjiang diluted wateron ciliate distribution in the East China Sea
Ciliate abundance in the shelf of East China Sea was in average of1409±2048ind L~(-1), and ciliate biomass was in average of1.97±3.64μg C L~(-1). Ciliate abundanceand biomass were highest in summer. Larger ciliates were more prevalent in spring,while smaller ciliates increased the proportion in summer and autumn. Percentage oftintinnids in total ciliate abundance was higher in autumn and lower in summer.
Ciliate abundance and biomass were higher in the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) than in the Oceanic Water (OW) in spring and summer, while ciliateabundance and biomass were much lower in the CDW than in the OW in autumn. Thecell size of the ciliate community decreased from the CDW to the OW in the threeseasons.
Distribution of ciliate abundance and biomass in the South China Sea
The average abundance of ciliates in the Northern South China Sea in winter andsummer were486±484ind L~(-1)and809±1008ind L~(-1), respectively. The averagebiomass in winter and summer were2.84±3.26μg C L~(-1)and1.96±3.80μg C L~(-1),respectively. Percentage of tintinnids in total ciliate abundance was higher in summerand lower in winter.
The depth-weighted average ciliate abundance and biomass decreased fromcoastal areas to off-shore areas in both seasons. Ciliates tended to accumulate in thesub-surface layers in winter. Ciliate abundance and biomass were usually higher in thesurface or middle layers in summer, although sometimes ciliates were located near thebottom layers in the off-shore stations.
The average abundance of ciliates in the Beibu Gulf was521±369ind L~(-1), andthe average biomass was0.63±0.54μg C L~(-1). The depth-weighted average ciliateabundance and biomass were higher in the central gulf and coastal waters alongTransect A and B, respectively. Ciliate abundance and biomass were uniformlydistributed vertically in the water column along Transect A, while ciliates tended toaccumulate in the upper15m level along Transect B.
引文
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