观看立体图像时视觉疲劳的研究及改进措施
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摘要
近年来随着人们对世间事物认知的不断深入,越来越不满足仅从二维图像中进行识别,推理和判断。人们愈来愈重视对立体视的研究,特别是随着计算机技术,现代印刷技术及光学技术等技术的发展,立体视在医学、精密测量、图像艺术、虚拟现实、建筑装饰,电影电视等领域的应用越来越广泛。
与常规的平面图像相比,观看基于视差形成的立体图像虽然具有较强的立体感和沉浸感,但是如长时间观看,可能造成立体感知测试失败,随后诸如头疼、眼睛疲劳、视力模糊、复视甚至是恶心等短期症状,并有可能对人体造成永久性伤害,这也许是立体图像显示技术长期以来不能普及的重要原因之一。导致视觉疲劳的原因有很多,如显示设备的电气性能、显示图像的几何形性歪斜、两眼视差过大及视差的不连续变化和辐辏与焦点调节不一致的矛盾等等。其中,本质原因是辐辏与焦点调节的不一致,与现实中辐辏与焦点调节一致的原理相违背。这种的不一致长期存在,决定了视觉疲劳的不可消除性,但是,通过一定的措施,可以将视觉疲劳减少到可以承受的范围内。
本文在充分了解立体显示技术发展状况,以及体视因素的相关理论知识的基础上,制作出红蓝互补色和自由立体显示器用的立体图像,并提出视觉疲劳因子模型,然后利用制作出的立体图像设计多组实验验证疲劳因子模型。最后,在基于疲劳因子模型和实验数据分析的基础上,提出可以改善观看立体图像时视觉疲劳的措施。
In recent years,with the development of cognitive science,people are persuring more methods to acknowledge things, so they are not satisfied with two-dimensional images.There is a growing emphasis on the study of the stereo, specially along with the development of the computer technology, modern printing technology and optical technology etc.The stereo applies to the areas of medical, precision measurement, image art, virtual reality, architectural features, movies, television and other areas more and more widely.
Compared to watching the conventional planar images,watching the stereoscopic images based on parallax,while having a strong sense of the stereoscopic effect and the immersion feeling,but,as for a prolonged period may cause the three-dimensional sensation test defeated,afterward,cause the short-term symptom,such as the headache, the eye strain, the vision blurring, the diplopia even the disgusting and so on,and may cause permanent harm to human body,that is why the stereoscopic technology may not popularize such long.There are many reasons for the visual fatigue,such as the electrical properties of the display device,the geometry of skewed image, excessive parallax and its discontinuous variation and the contradiction between convergence and focus adjustment and so on.Among these reasons,the essential reason is that convergence and focus adjustment are inconsistent,which violates the principe that convergence and focus adjustment are consistent in the real world. There are no measures to eliminate the visual fatigue because of the existence of the inconsistency,but,by some measures,visual fatigue can be reduced to a tolerable range.
The paper, on the basis of understanding the development of three-dimensional display technology and the stereo factors fully, makes the stereoscopic images of the red-blue complementary color and auto-stereoscopic,proposes the visual fatigue factor model,then design multiple sets of experiment for the verification of the visual fatigue factor model by these images.Finally,based on the visual fatigue factor model and the analysis of the experimental data, measures for improving the visual fatigue in stereoscopic image observation are proposed.
与常规的平面图像相比,观看基于视差形成的立体图像虽然具有较强的立体感和沉浸感,但是如长时间观看,可能造成立体感知测试失败,随后诸如头疼、眼睛疲劳、视力模糊、复视甚至是恶心等短期症状,并有可能对人体造成永久性伤害,这也许是立体图像显示技术长期以来不能普及的重要原因之一。导致视觉疲劳的原因有很多,如显示设备的电气性能、显示图像的几何形性歪斜、两眼视差过大及视差的不连续变化和辐辏与焦点调节不一致的矛盾等等。其中,本质原因是辐辏与焦点调节的不一致,与现实中辐辏与焦点调节一致的原理相违背。这种的不一致长期存在,决定了视觉疲劳的不可消除性,但是,通过一定的措施,可以将视觉疲劳减少到可以承受的范围内。
本文在充分了解立体显示技术发展状况,以及体视因素的相关理论知识的基础上,制作出红蓝互补色和自由立体显示器用的立体图像,并提出视觉疲劳因子模型,然后利用制作出的立体图像设计多组实验验证疲劳因子模型。最后,在基于疲劳因子模型和实验数据分析的基础上,提出可以改善观看立体图像时视觉疲劳的措施。
In recent years,with the development of cognitive science,people are persuring more methods to acknowledge things, so they are not satisfied with two-dimensional images.There is a growing emphasis on the study of the stereo, specially along with the development of the computer technology, modern printing technology and optical technology etc.The stereo applies to the areas of medical, precision measurement, image art, virtual reality, architectural features, movies, television and other areas more and more widely.
Compared to watching the conventional planar images,watching the stereoscopic images based on parallax,while having a strong sense of the stereoscopic effect and the immersion feeling,but,as for a prolonged period may cause the three-dimensional sensation test defeated,afterward,cause the short-term symptom,such as the headache, the eye strain, the vision blurring, the diplopia even the disgusting and so on,and may cause permanent harm to human body,that is why the stereoscopic technology may not popularize such long.There are many reasons for the visual fatigue,such as the electrical properties of the display device,the geometry of skewed image, excessive parallax and its discontinuous variation and the contradiction between convergence and focus adjustment and so on.Among these reasons,the essential reason is that convergence and focus adjustment are inconsistent,which violates the principe that convergence and focus adjustment are consistent in the real world. There are no measures to eliminate the visual fatigue because of the existence of the inconsistency,but,by some measures,visual fatigue can be reduced to a tolerable range.
The paper, on the basis of understanding the development of three-dimensional display technology and the stereo factors fully, makes the stereoscopic images of the red-blue complementary color and auto-stereoscopic,proposes the visual fatigue factor model,then design multiple sets of experiment for the verification of the visual fatigue factor model by these images.Finally,based on the visual fatigue factor model and the analysis of the experimental data, measures for improving the visual fatigue in stereoscopic image observation are proposed.
引文
[1]Sheehy J,Wilkinson M. Depth perception after prolonged usage of night vision goggles [A]. Aviat Space Environ Med,1989,572-579.
[2]新技术的结晶：头盔显示器.http://www.laogu.com/wz_26774.htm
[3]三维视觉效果http://entertainment.bowenwang.com.cn/3-d-glasses2.htm
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[5]Lipton,L. Stereoscopic real-time and multiplexed video system. SPIE Stereoscopic display and applications Ⅳ.1993,1995,6-11
[6]Eichenlaub J B. Progress in autostereoscopic display technology at Dimension Technologies Inc[A]. ProcSPIE (Vol 1457) [C]. San Jose California USA,1991,290-301.
[7]M Berretty,F J Peters. Real time rendering for multiview autostereoscopic displays [C].2006,SPIE,6055 N1-N12.
[8]Cossairt O S. A view-sequential 3D display[D].Boston:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2003.
[9]Takeshi Dairiki, Ysuhiro Takaki.Thrre-dimensional sprites for lenticular-type three-dimensional [C]. SPIE,2006,6055.H1-H8.
[10]Kazuki Taira,Rieko Fukushima. Autostereoscopic liquid crystal display using masaic color pixel arrangement [C].SPIE,2005,5664.349-359.
[11]李克彬,李世其.3D显示技术的最新研究进展.计算机工程.2003
[12]体三维显示技术.http://www.cnblogs.com/neoragex2002/archive/2005/10/25/262119.html
[13]Hilaire P S, Benton S A,Lucente M.Real-time holographic display:Improvements using a multichannel acousto-optic modulator and holographic optical elements[J] SPIE 1991.1. 461(37):P254-261
[14]丁明跃,杨丽霞.三维立体成像及其应用.电子学报,No(10).1995
[15]Reising,J.and Mazur,K.M.3-D displays for cockpits:Where they payoff,SPIE Stereoscopic display and application,1990-1256:35-43
[16]Cole,R,et al, Remote manipulator tasks impossible without stereo TV.ibid,255-265
[17]Pieper,S. A virtual enviorment system for simulation of leg surgery.SPIE Stereoscopic display and appications 11.1991,1457:188-197
[18]徐广第.眼科屈光学.军事医学科学出版社,2005,P171-186
[19]#12
[20]Takeda T,Hashimoto K,Hiruma N,Fukui Y. Characteristics of accommodation toward apparent depth[J]. Vision Research,1999,39:2087-2097
[21]郑竺英.双眼立体视觉的信息加工.科学出版社,998：10-150
[22]王飞,王晨升,刘晓杰.单视点生成体视图的方法研究[C].中国图学大会,2008,P128-P132
[23]汪明霓.视差立体图像及其实现算法.科学出版社,2005：1-5
[24]侯春萍,俞斯乐.一种平面图像立体化的新方法[J].电子学报,2002,30(12)：1861-1864.
[25]许社教.基于方向余弦参量的物坐标系与世界坐标系间的坐标变换[J].工程图学学报,2004,25(1).123-127.
[26]ZHU Q S,LIU R,XU X Y. Properties of a binocular stereo vision model[C]//11 th Joint International Computer Conference. [S1]:World Scientific Publishing,2005:831-834.
[27]杨2,王继成,刘然.立体图像对的生成.计算机应用,2007(9),2106-2109
[28]Bos K J. Reducing the accommodation and convergence ifference in stereoscopic Three imensional displays by using correction lenses [J]. Optical Engineering,1998,37
[29]李书印,敖志强,黎新伍.虚拟环境中的视觉心理研究.系统仿真学报,2001,11：224-227
[30]王飞,王晨升.观看体视图像时视觉疲劳及其缓解措施.工程图学学报.2010.
[31]Shinsuke Kishi. An Ergonomic Evaluation System for Stereoscopic 3D-Images[J]. The journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers.2006,60(6):934-942.
[32]文江涛,胡跃辉.光栅式立体显示器重影问题的研究.液晶与显示,2007,22(3)：310-314
[33]黄永刚,刘文文.基于视差照明原理的自由立体显示几何建模[J].液晶与显示,2006,21(5)：579-583
[35]IWASAKI T.Eyestrain induced by stereogram on 3-D display[J].The Japanese journal of ergonomics 2002,138(1):44-53.
[36]喻涓.46例视疲劳原因分析.中国校医,2008(2)：79-80
[37]郭俊杰.汽车驾驶员心理、生理与行车安全辩析.汽车运输研究,1991(10)：108-116
[2]新技术的结晶：头盔显示器.http://www.laogu.com/wz_26774.htm
[3]三维视觉效果http://entertainment.bowenwang.com.cn/3-d-glasses2.htm
[4]Tessman,T.Perspectives on stereo.SPIE Stereoscopic display and applications,1990,1256:22-27
[5]Lipton,L. Stereoscopic real-time and multiplexed video system. SPIE Stereoscopic display and applications Ⅳ.1993,1995,6-11
[6]Eichenlaub J B. Progress in autostereoscopic display technology at Dimension Technologies Inc[A]. ProcSPIE (Vol 1457) [C]. San Jose California USA,1991,290-301.
[7]M Berretty,F J Peters. Real time rendering for multiview autostereoscopic displays [C].2006,SPIE,6055 N1-N12.
[8]Cossairt O S. A view-sequential 3D display[D].Boston:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2003.
[9]Takeshi Dairiki, Ysuhiro Takaki.Thrre-dimensional sprites for lenticular-type three-dimensional [C]. SPIE,2006,6055.H1-H8.
[10]Kazuki Taira,Rieko Fukushima. Autostereoscopic liquid crystal display using masaic color pixel arrangement [C].SPIE,2005,5664.349-359.
[11]李克彬,李世其.3D显示技术的最新研究进展.计算机工程.2003
[12]体三维显示技术.http://www.cnblogs.com/neoragex2002/archive/2005/10/25/262119.html
[13]Hilaire P S, Benton S A,Lucente M.Real-time holographic display:Improvements using a multichannel acousto-optic modulator and holographic optical elements[J] SPIE 1991.1. 461(37):P254-261
[14]丁明跃,杨丽霞.三维立体成像及其应用.电子学报,No(10).1995
[15]Reising,J.and Mazur,K.M.3-D displays for cockpits:Where they payoff,SPIE Stereoscopic display and application,1990-1256:35-43
[16]Cole,R,et al, Remote manipulator tasks impossible without stereo TV.ibid,255-265
[17]Pieper,S. A virtual enviorment system for simulation of leg surgery.SPIE Stereoscopic display and appications 11.1991,1457:188-197
[18]徐广第.眼科屈光学.军事医学科学出版社,2005,P171-186
[19]#12
[20]Takeda T,Hashimoto K,Hiruma N,Fukui Y. Characteristics of accommodation toward apparent depth[J]. Vision Research,1999,39:2087-2097
[21]郑竺英.双眼立体视觉的信息加工.科学出版社,998：10-150
[22]王飞,王晨升,刘晓杰.单视点生成体视图的方法研究[C].中国图学大会,2008,P128-P132
[23]汪明霓.视差立体图像及其实现算法.科学出版社,2005：1-5
[24]侯春萍,俞斯乐.一种平面图像立体化的新方法[J].电子学报,2002,30(12)：1861-1864.
[25]许社教.基于方向余弦参量的物坐标系与世界坐标系间的坐标变换[J].工程图学学报,2004,25(1).123-127.
[26]ZHU Q S,LIU R,XU X Y. Properties of a binocular stereo vision model[C]//11 th Joint International Computer Conference. [S1]:World Scientific Publishing,2005:831-834.
[27]杨2,王继成,刘然.立体图像对的生成.计算机应用,2007(9),2106-2109
[28]Bos K J. Reducing the accommodation and convergence ifference in stereoscopic Three imensional displays by using correction lenses [J]. Optical Engineering,1998,37
[29]李书印,敖志强,黎新伍.虚拟环境中的视觉心理研究.系统仿真学报,2001,11：224-227
[30]王飞,王晨升.观看体视图像时视觉疲劳及其缓解措施.工程图学学报.2010.
[31]Shinsuke Kishi. An Ergonomic Evaluation System for Stereoscopic 3D-Images[J]. The journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers.2006,60(6):934-942.
[32]文江涛,胡跃辉.光栅式立体显示器重影问题的研究.液晶与显示,2007,22(3)：310-314
[33]黄永刚,刘文文.基于视差照明原理的自由立体显示几何建模[J].液晶与显示,2006,21(5)：579-583
[35]IWASAKI T.Eyestrain induced by stereogram on 3-D display[J].The Japanese journal of ergonomics 2002,138(1):44-53.
[36]喻涓.46例视疲劳原因分析.中国校医,2008(2)：79-80
[37]郭俊杰.汽车驾驶员心理、生理与行车安全辩析.汽车运输研究,1991(10)：108-116