自主供电超低功耗无线传感器网络的研究与应用
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摘要
无线传感器网络以其易于展开、抗毁性强、精度高、覆盖区域广、应用灵活度高等独有的优势,越来越受到人们的关注,对它的研究也不断取得突破性的进展,其应用范围得到迅速扩展,当前无线传感器网络的研究应用,已经渗透到人类社会生产生活的几乎全部的领域和层面。
但现实的部署和应用环境往往是十分复杂的,甚至是有毒、有害、人员根本难以到达的场所,在这样的情况下为现场节点更换电池,或者现场布线充电很难实现,节点有限的能量耗尽得不到补充将自动退出网络,这直接影响了网络整体功能的实现和生存的寿命,从而大大限制了无线传感器网络的应用范围,为网络节点提供长期稳定的能源已经成为不可忽视的问题,也受到人们越来越多的关注和研究,在广泛吸收国内外相关研究成果的基础上,本文提出了“超低功耗”、“自主供电”无线传感器网络的概念,从节能和自主发电两个方面解决网络能量问题的思路：在节能方面,对无线传感器网络的能耗情况进行了分析,找到了网络节点各模块能耗的分布,提出了以超低功耗为前提的硬件选择原则,并根据节点模块不同工作状态下的能耗差异,重点对最简便易行的睡眠机制节能进行了研究,并进行了仿真测试；自主发电方面,针对无线传感器网络部署的环境一般处于室外、周边大多存在,可利用的自然能源和环境能量这一特点,如太阳能、水能、风能、余热、压力等,提出了结合部署场合的实际,收集环境能量自主发电的思路,在简要介绍了传统自然能源收集的基础上,重点对利用现场余热、温差、尾热发电的温差发电进行了论述,在相关实践应用方面,以采暖分户热计量系统作为应用对象,引入无线传感网络并实现其超低功耗,和自主供电的思路方法,研究设计自主供电超低功耗分户热计量无线传感器网络,采用无流量热计量方法,按照超低功耗要求完成了硬件选型、通信节能设计、相关电路设计,在发电模块的设计中,选择了热管散热方式冷端降温,并通过实验对散热情况、发电效果,与自然对流散热方式进行了比较分析,得出了热管式散热方式下温差发电的优势效果,以及模块发电效率与温差之间的关系,最终完成了对自主供电部分温差发电模块、储能元件的选型设计,和相关模块的软件编程和系统整体的调试。
Wireless sensor networks with its easy to expand, invulnerability, high precision, wide coverage area, the application of high flexibility and other unique advantages, more and more people pay attention, continue to make its research breakthrough, the The range of applications is the rapid expansion of the production life of the human society has penetrated into almost all areas and levels of current research and application of wireless sensor networks.
But the reality of deployment and application environments are often very complex, even toxic, harmful, staff simply hard-to-reach places, the scene node in this case to replace the battery, or charge the field wiring is difficult to achieve node finite energy consumption do not supplement will automatically exit the network, which directly affect the realization of life and survival of the network as a whole functions, which greatly limits the range of applications of wireless sensor networks for network nodes to provide long-term stability of energy has become the problem can not be ignored, also by the people more and more attention and study, on a broad basis of the relevant research results at home and abroad, the paper proposes a "ultra-low power consumption, the concept of self-powered wireless sensor networks from the energy and independent power generation two ways to solve the problem of network energy ideas:in energy efficiency, the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks is analyzed to find the distribution of energy consumption of each module of the network nodes, hardware selection principle to the ultra-low power consumption as a precondition and based on the difference in energy consumption in the node module under different working conditions, the focus of the most user-friendly sleep mechanism for energy conservation research and simulation testing; independent power generation, generally in the outdoor environment for wireless sensor network deployment, the surrounding Most of them are, this feature can take advantage of the natural energy and environmental energy, such as solar, hydro, wind, heat, pressure, and ideas combine the actual deployment occasion, collect environmental energy independent power generation in the brief introduction to the traditional natural based on energy harvesting, focusing on the use of on-site waste heat, temperature tail thermal power generation thermoelectric power generation were discussed in relevant practical applications to heating household heat metering system as an application object, the introduction of wireless sensor networks and achieve its ultra low power consumption, and the idea of self-powered, study design self-powered wireless sensor networks of ultra-low-power household heat metering, using no flow heat metering method, in accordance with the ultra-low power consumption required to complete the selection of hardware, communications and energy saving design and related circuit design, the power generation module of the design, select a heat pipe cooling way cold end of the cooling, and heat dissipation through experiments generating effect, with natural convection cooling.conducted a comparative analysis, draw the heat pipe heat way The effect of the advantages of thermoelectric power generation, as well as a module efficiency of power generation and temperature difference between the final completion of the commissioning of the overall software programming and system of independent power supply part of thermoelectric power generation modules, energy storage component selection design, and related modules.
但现实的部署和应用环境往往是十分复杂的,甚至是有毒、有害、人员根本难以到达的场所,在这样的情况下为现场节点更换电池,或者现场布线充电很难实现,节点有限的能量耗尽得不到补充将自动退出网络,这直接影响了网络整体功能的实现和生存的寿命,从而大大限制了无线传感器网络的应用范围,为网络节点提供长期稳定的能源已经成为不可忽视的问题,也受到人们越来越多的关注和研究,在广泛吸收国内外相关研究成果的基础上,本文提出了“超低功耗”、“自主供电”无线传感器网络的概念,从节能和自主发电两个方面解决网络能量问题的思路：在节能方面,对无线传感器网络的能耗情况进行了分析,找到了网络节点各模块能耗的分布,提出了以超低功耗为前提的硬件选择原则,并根据节点模块不同工作状态下的能耗差异,重点对最简便易行的睡眠机制节能进行了研究,并进行了仿真测试；自主发电方面,针对无线传感器网络部署的环境一般处于室外、周边大多存在,可利用的自然能源和环境能量这一特点,如太阳能、水能、风能、余热、压力等,提出了结合部署场合的实际,收集环境能量自主发电的思路,在简要介绍了传统自然能源收集的基础上,重点对利用现场余热、温差、尾热发电的温差发电进行了论述,在相关实践应用方面,以采暖分户热计量系统作为应用对象,引入无线传感网络并实现其超低功耗,和自主供电的思路方法,研究设计自主供电超低功耗分户热计量无线传感器网络,采用无流量热计量方法,按照超低功耗要求完成了硬件选型、通信节能设计、相关电路设计,在发电模块的设计中,选择了热管散热方式冷端降温,并通过实验对散热情况、发电效果,与自然对流散热方式进行了比较分析,得出了热管式散热方式下温差发电的优势效果,以及模块发电效率与温差之间的关系,最终完成了对自主供电部分温差发电模块、储能元件的选型设计,和相关模块的软件编程和系统整体的调试。
Wireless sensor networks with its easy to expand, invulnerability, high precision, wide coverage area, the application of high flexibility and other unique advantages, more and more people pay attention, continue to make its research breakthrough, the The range of applications is the rapid expansion of the production life of the human society has penetrated into almost all areas and levels of current research and application of wireless sensor networks.
But the reality of deployment and application environments are often very complex, even toxic, harmful, staff simply hard-to-reach places, the scene node in this case to replace the battery, or charge the field wiring is difficult to achieve node finite energy consumption do not supplement will automatically exit the network, which directly affect the realization of life and survival of the network as a whole functions, which greatly limits the range of applications of wireless sensor networks for network nodes to provide long-term stability of energy has become the problem can not be ignored, also by the people more and more attention and study, on a broad basis of the relevant research results at home and abroad, the paper proposes a "ultra-low power consumption, the concept of self-powered wireless sensor networks from the energy and independent power generation two ways to solve the problem of network energy ideas:in energy efficiency, the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks is analyzed to find the distribution of energy consumption of each module of the network nodes, hardware selection principle to the ultra-low power consumption as a precondition and based on the difference in energy consumption in the node module under different working conditions, the focus of the most user-friendly sleep mechanism for energy conservation research and simulation testing; independent power generation, generally in the outdoor environment for wireless sensor network deployment, the surrounding Most of them are, this feature can take advantage of the natural energy and environmental energy, such as solar, hydro, wind, heat, pressure, and ideas combine the actual deployment occasion, collect environmental energy independent power generation in the brief introduction to the traditional natural based on energy harvesting, focusing on the use of on-site waste heat, temperature tail thermal power generation thermoelectric power generation were discussed in relevant practical applications to heating household heat metering system as an application object, the introduction of wireless sensor networks and achieve its ultra low power consumption, and the idea of self-powered, study design self-powered wireless sensor networks of ultra-low-power household heat metering, using no flow heat metering method, in accordance with the ultra-low power consumption required to complete the selection of hardware, communications and energy saving design and related circuit design, the power generation module of the design, select a heat pipe cooling way cold end of the cooling, and heat dissipation through experiments generating effect, with natural convection cooling.conducted a comparative analysis, draw the heat pipe heat way The effect of the advantages of thermoelectric power generation, as well as a module efficiency of power generation and temperature difference between the final completion of the commissioning of the overall software programming and system of independent power supply part of thermoelectric power generation modules, energy storage component selection design, and related modules.
引文
[1]S Shakkottai, T S Rappaport, P C Karlsson.Cross layer design for wireless networks [J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2003,41 (10):74-80.
[2]M.Vieira,C Coelho.Survey on wireless sensor network devices[C].Proceedings of EIFA03,2003,16-19(1):537-544
[3]I F Akyildiz.A survey on wireless multimedia sensor network[J].Computer Network(Elsevier),2007,51 (4):921-960.
[4]Yunfeng Chen,Nidal Nasser.Enabling Qos Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network[C].In:Proc of the IEEE International Conference on Communications,2008,2421-2425.
[5]Guisheng Yin,Gang Yang,Wu Yang.An Energy-Efficient Routing Alogorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc of ICICSE,2008.18]-186.
[6]赵晋.无线传感器网络节点研究设计与实现[D]：[硕士学位论文].山东大学,2006.
[7]Anastasi G, Conti M, Francesco M D, Passarella A. Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey. Ad Hoc Networks, vol.7(3),2009, pp.537-568.
[8]Hamrita TK, Kaluskar NP and Wolfe KL. Advances in smart sensor technology[C]. Conference of Industry Applications,2005,3:2059-2062.
[9]王东,张金荣,魏延.利用ZigBee技术构建无线传感器网络.重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2006,29(8)：95-97
[10]马超.无线多媒体传感器网络节点关键技术研究：[国防科技大学硕士论文].长沙：国防科技大学,2008,20-21
[11]zengyou Sun.Tao Zhao,Chenhua Che.Design of Electric Power Monitoring System Based on ZigBee and GPRS.In:Proe of Computer Network and Multimedia Techology,CNMT 2009.1nternational Symposium.When,2009,1-4
[12]Kim D H,Song J.Y.,Cha S K.Development and characteristic evaluation of USN node module for u-manufacturing.In:Proc of Advanced Interlligent Mechatronics.Singapore,1171-1175
[13]李帅,刘宏立,刘述钢.无线传感器网络节点能耗性能分析.科技导报,2010,27(10)：52-53
[14]Stockholm J G. Future prospects in thermoelectric cooling systems. In:Matsuura, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, Yokohama, Japan,1993.
[15]王金南,曹东等.能源与环境：中国2010[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2004
[16]Gartner, Inc. Gartner Outlines Most Significant Technology Driven Shifts in the Next Decade, March,2004.
[17]张建中.温差电能量转换技术评述[J].电源技术,1996,20(4)
[18]高敏,张景韶,[英J DMR.温差电转换及其应用[M].北京：兵器工业出版社,1996.
[19]Rowe D R. Handbook of Thermoelectrics[M]. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL,1995:597.
[20]Redus D M, et al. Evaluation of thermoelectric modules for power generation[J].Journal of Power Sources,1998:73.
[21]陈允成.半导体温差发电器应用的研究[D].厦门：厦门大学,2006.
[22]陈建明,张彬.低功耗无线传感器能量供应装置的探索[J].《传感器与微系统》.2010.
[23]张琪,王金全.超级电容器及应用探讨[J].电气节能与新能源,2007,8.
[24]赵建成,李滨涛,许海松,室内计量采暖系统中的热力、水力工况,建筑热能通风空调,2000年第2期：14-17.
[25]古培亮,方滨,李盛林,王普.一种热量计量的新方法一一无流量计热计量法.《计量技术》,2007年4月.
[26]甄兰兰,沈昱明,热量表的热量计量原理及计算,自动化仪表,第24卷,第1O期2003年10月：41.44
[27]濮红梅,热量及冷量表的热量(焓值)计量原理及计算,应用能源技术,2005年第一期：32—35
[28]A. K. Karpovich and O.N.Ust'yantseva, Metrological aspects of improving the accuracy in heat energy metering, Measurement Techniques, Vol.46,No.2,2009:191-197.
[29]P.L.Zuev and V.P.Zuev,Approximating equations for the heat meters of hot-water supply systems,Measurement Techniques, Vol.45,No.7,2002:750-754.
[30]张志强,王昭俊,廉乐明,住宅建筑室内热环境的数值模拟研究,建筑热能通风空调,2004年第10期：88-92.
[31]Suwa, H., Umehara, E., Ohta, T. Using the factor model to analyze Internet BBS messages and stock returns[C]. SICE Annual Conference.2011,1(1):2546-2551.
[32]Fei Ding., Yun Liu., Hui Cheng., Fei Xiong., Xia-meng Si., Bo Shen. Read and reply ehaviors in a BBS social network[J]. Advanced Computer Control.2010,2(4):571-576.
[33]许艳艳,土东生,韩东,等基于余热同收的半导体温差发电模型及数值模拟[J].节能技术,2010,28(3)：168-172.
[34]赵建云,朱冬生,周泽广,等温差发电技术的研究进展及现状[J].电源技术,2010,34(3)：3]0-313.
[35]孙志强温差发电技术[J].中国博十后,2010(1)：37-40.
[2]M.Vieira,C Coelho.Survey on wireless sensor network devices[C].Proceedings of EIFA03,2003,16-19(1):537-544
[3]I F Akyildiz.A survey on wireless multimedia sensor network[J].Computer Network(Elsevier),2007,51 (4):921-960.
[4]Yunfeng Chen,Nidal Nasser.Enabling Qos Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network[C].In:Proc of the IEEE International Conference on Communications,2008,2421-2425.
[5]Guisheng Yin,Gang Yang,Wu Yang.An Energy-Efficient Routing Alogorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc of ICICSE,2008.18]-186.
[6]赵晋.无线传感器网络节点研究设计与实现[D]：[硕士学位论文].山东大学,2006.
[7]Anastasi G, Conti M, Francesco M D, Passarella A. Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey. Ad Hoc Networks, vol.7(3),2009, pp.537-568.
[8]Hamrita TK, Kaluskar NP and Wolfe KL. Advances in smart sensor technology[C]. Conference of Industry Applications,2005,3:2059-2062.
[9]王东,张金荣,魏延.利用ZigBee技术构建无线传感器网络.重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2006,29(8)：95-97
[10]马超.无线多媒体传感器网络节点关键技术研究：[国防科技大学硕士论文].长沙：国防科技大学,2008,20-21
[11]zengyou Sun.Tao Zhao,Chenhua Che.Design of Electric Power Monitoring System Based on ZigBee and GPRS.In:Proe of Computer Network and Multimedia Techology,CNMT 2009.1nternational Symposium.When,2009,1-4
[12]Kim D H,Song J.Y.,Cha S K.Development and characteristic evaluation of USN node module for u-manufacturing.In:Proc of Advanced Interlligent Mechatronics.Singapore,1171-1175
[13]李帅,刘宏立,刘述钢.无线传感器网络节点能耗性能分析.科技导报,2010,27(10)：52-53
[14]Stockholm J G. Future prospects in thermoelectric cooling systems. In:Matsuura, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, Yokohama, Japan,1993.
[15]王金南,曹东等.能源与环境：中国2010[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2004
[16]Gartner, Inc. Gartner Outlines Most Significant Technology Driven Shifts in the Next Decade, March,2004.
[17]张建中.温差电能量转换技术评述[J].电源技术,1996,20(4)
[18]高敏,张景韶,[英J DMR.温差电转换及其应用[M].北京：兵器工业出版社,1996.
[19]Rowe D R. Handbook of Thermoelectrics[M]. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL,1995:597.
[20]Redus D M, et al. Evaluation of thermoelectric modules for power generation[J].Journal of Power Sources,1998:73.
[21]陈允成.半导体温差发电器应用的研究[D].厦门：厦门大学,2006.
[22]陈建明,张彬.低功耗无线传感器能量供应装置的探索[J].《传感器与微系统》.2010.
[23]张琪,王金全.超级电容器及应用探讨[J].电气节能与新能源,2007,8.
[24]赵建成,李滨涛,许海松,室内计量采暖系统中的热力、水力工况,建筑热能通风空调,2000年第2期：14-17.
[25]古培亮,方滨,李盛林,王普.一种热量计量的新方法一一无流量计热计量法.《计量技术》,2007年4月.
[26]甄兰兰,沈昱明,热量表的热量计量原理及计算,自动化仪表,第24卷,第1O期2003年10月：41.44
[27]濮红梅,热量及冷量表的热量(焓值)计量原理及计算,应用能源技术,2005年第一期：32—35
[28]A. K. Karpovich and O.N.Ust'yantseva, Metrological aspects of improving the accuracy in heat energy metering, Measurement Techniques, Vol.46,No.2,2009:191-197.
[29]P.L.Zuev and V.P.Zuev,Approximating equations for the heat meters of hot-water supply systems,Measurement Techniques, Vol.45,No.7,2002:750-754.
[30]张志强,王昭俊,廉乐明,住宅建筑室内热环境的数值模拟研究,建筑热能通风空调,2004年第10期：88-92.
[31]Suwa, H., Umehara, E., Ohta, T. Using the factor model to analyze Internet BBS messages and stock returns[C]. SICE Annual Conference.2011,1(1):2546-2551.
[32]Fei Ding., Yun Liu., Hui Cheng., Fei Xiong., Xia-meng Si., Bo Shen. Read and reply ehaviors in a BBS social network[J]. Advanced Computer Control.2010,2(4):571-576.
[33]许艳艳,土东生,韩东,等基于余热同收的半导体温差发电模型及数值模拟[J].节能技术,2010,28(3)：168-172.
[34]赵建云,朱冬生,周泽广,等温差发电技术的研究进展及现状[J].电源技术,2010,34(3)：3]0-313.
[35]孙志强温差发电技术[J].中国博十后,2010(1)：37-40.