基于ZIGBEE的无线传感网络能耗优化方法研究
摘要
随着通信技术的发展,无线传感网络在人们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用。而Zigbee技术凭借其低成本、低功耗、组网方便等诸多优势在无线传感器网络中逐渐脱颖而出。尤其是ZigBee技术具备的强大的网络功能,它支持目前三种主要的自组织无线网络类型,且具有很强的鲁棒性和系统可靠性,使得ZigBee网络更加高效、灵活、可靠。
本文详细介绍了ZigBee技术的背景、ZigBee设备构成及其网络结构,并深入的研究了ZigBee协议规范。在维持无线传感网络一定通信质量的前提下,分别针对ZigBee网络的物理层,介质访问控制层(Medium access control, MAC)和网络层的节能策略进行了深入的研究。
本文对ZigBee网络节点的硬件选型进行了分析,给出了节点的硬件框架设计。并对节点的睡眠机制进行了分析,通过仿真得出了最适当的节点睡眠时间。在此基础上对MAC层的自适应退避指数算法(Adaptive Backoff Exponent Algorithm, ABE)进行了改进,给出了节能MAC算法(Energy Efficient MAC, EEMAC)并对其性能进行了仿真,仿真中可以看出其大大降低了能耗。另外,针对网路层全功率感知与位置查询算法(Full Power-Aware and Location-Aware Protocols, FPALA)的中心节点推举方式能耗过高的问题,不再采用泛洪算法进行中心节点推举,而是采用预先采集各节点信息并推举出候选中心节点的方式来降低能耗,给出了改进的预先决定中心节点节能推举算法(Predetermining and Power-Saving Grid Header Election Protocol, PPGE)并对其性能进行了仿真。
Along with the development of communication technology, wireless sensor networks is playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.And ZigBee network stands out gradually from fierce competition among others wireless sensor networks,which relies on its low cost,low power loss,the convenience of network construction and many other superiority.Particularly,it has powerful network function. It supports the current three main types of self-organizing wireless network. And it has strong robustness and system reliability,which makes ZigBee network to be more effective, nimble and reliable.
The paper introduced ZigBee technology's background,ZigBee devices' composition,network structure and gave a further exploration on ZigBee protocol specification.This paper did a further study on how to reduce energy consumption without affecting the quality of network communication from ZigBee network's physical layer, medium access control(MAC) layer to network layer.
This article analyzed nodes'hardware selection, and gave a node's framework design of hardware. Nodes'dormancy mechanism was also analyzed, and we got a most appropriate sleep time by simulation. Energy Efficient MAC protocol(EEMAC) based on the Adaptive Backoff Exponent Algorithm(ABE) was proposed to improve the energy efficiency, and simulation result showed that it greatly reduced energy consumption. For the election mechanism of new grid header node of Full Power-Aware and Location-Aware Protocols(FPALA) consumed a lot of energy, Predetermining and Power-Saving Grid Header Election Protocol (PPGE)was proposed.We collected all the nodes'information in the grid and selected a candidate grid header instead of using flooding algorithm to select new grid headers..
本文详细介绍了ZigBee技术的背景、ZigBee设备构成及其网络结构,并深入的研究了ZigBee协议规范。在维持无线传感网络一定通信质量的前提下,分别针对ZigBee网络的物理层,介质访问控制层(Medium access control, MAC)和网络层的节能策略进行了深入的研究。
本文对ZigBee网络节点的硬件选型进行了分析,给出了节点的硬件框架设计。并对节点的睡眠机制进行了分析,通过仿真得出了最适当的节点睡眠时间。在此基础上对MAC层的自适应退避指数算法(Adaptive Backoff Exponent Algorithm, ABE)进行了改进,给出了节能MAC算法(Energy Efficient MAC, EEMAC)并对其性能进行了仿真,仿真中可以看出其大大降低了能耗。另外,针对网路层全功率感知与位置查询算法(Full Power-Aware and Location-Aware Protocols, FPALA)的中心节点推举方式能耗过高的问题,不再采用泛洪算法进行中心节点推举,而是采用预先采集各节点信息并推举出候选中心节点的方式来降低能耗,给出了改进的预先决定中心节点节能推举算法(Predetermining and Power-Saving Grid Header Election Protocol, PPGE)并对其性能进行了仿真。
Along with the development of communication technology, wireless sensor networks is playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.And ZigBee network stands out gradually from fierce competition among others wireless sensor networks,which relies on its low cost,low power loss,the convenience of network construction and many other superiority.Particularly,it has powerful network function. It supports the current three main types of self-organizing wireless network. And it has strong robustness and system reliability,which makes ZigBee network to be more effective, nimble and reliable.
The paper introduced ZigBee technology's background,ZigBee devices' composition,network structure and gave a further exploration on ZigBee protocol specification.This paper did a further study on how to reduce energy consumption without affecting the quality of network communication from ZigBee network's physical layer, medium access control(MAC) layer to network layer.
This article analyzed nodes'hardware selection, and gave a node's framework design of hardware. Nodes'dormancy mechanism was also analyzed, and we got a most appropriate sleep time by simulation. Energy Efficient MAC protocol(EEMAC) based on the Adaptive Backoff Exponent Algorithm(ABE) was proposed to improve the energy efficiency, and simulation result showed that it greatly reduced energy consumption. For the election mechanism of new grid header node of Full Power-Aware and Location-Aware Protocols(FPALA) consumed a lot of energy, Predetermining and Power-Saving Grid Header Election Protocol (PPGE)was proposed.We collected all the nodes'information in the grid and selected a candidate grid header instead of using flooding algorithm to select new grid headers..
引文
[1]白飞,喻晓峰,杨岳磊ZigBee网络的节能技术研究.计算机测量与控制,2008,27(10)：52-53
[2]李文江,魏娟ZigBee无线传感器网络节点的低功耗设计.成都大学学报(自然科学版),2008,9(27)：239-241
[3]张嘉怡,刘建文,伍川辉ZigBee技术在煤矿安全监测中的应用.中国测试技术,2008,34(4)：41-43
[4]吴光斌,梁长垠.无线传感器网络能量有效性的研究.传感器技术,2004,23(7)：74-76
[5]高键ZigBee无线传感器网络节点的能耗研究.电子测试,2008,(2)：89-92
[6]Evans-Pughe.Bzzzz zzz [ZigBee wireless standard].IEE Review,2003,49(3):28-31
[7]Guangming Song,Fei Ding,Weijuan Zhang.A wireless power outlet system for smart homes.IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2008,54(4):16881691
[8]周怡颋,凌志浩,吴勤勤ZigBee无线通信技术及其应用探讨.自动化仪表,2005,26(6)：5-9
[9]原羿,苏鸿根.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络应用研究.计算机应用与软件,2004,21(6):89-91
[10]Shizhuang Lin,Jingyu Liu,Yanjun Fang.ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Applications in Industrial. In:Proc of Automation and Logistics,2007 IEEE International Conference. Jinan,2007,1979-1983
[11]Qu Tiezhu,Chen Xiaorong,Zhang Lei.ZigBee Wirelessly Network Module Design Based on CC2480. In:Proc of Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. Changsha,2010,1103-1106
[12]王东,张金荣,魏延.利用ZigBee技术构建无线传感器网络.重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2006,29(8)：95-97
[13]江修波ZigBee技术及其应用.低压电器,2005,(7)：27-33
[14]马超.无线多媒体传感器网络节点关键技术研究：[国防科技大学硕士论文].长沙：国防科技大学,2008,20-21
[15]Zengyou Sun,Tao Zhao,Chenghua Che.Design of Electric Power Monitoring System Based on ZigBee and GPRS. In:Proc of Computer Network and Multimedia Technology, CNMT 2009. International Symposium.Wuhan,2009,1-4
[16]Kim D H,Song J.Y.,Cha S K. Development and characteristic evaluation of USN node module for u-manufacturing.In:Proc of Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics.Singapore,2009,1171-1175
[17]蒋挺,赵成林.紫蜂技术及其应用.一版.北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2006.
[18]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.一版.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[19]周游,方滨,王普.基于WirelessUSBLS技术的低成本无线人机接口设备设计及应用.世界电子元器件,2004,(04)：65-68
[20]李帅,刘宏立,刘述钢.基于ZigBee的无线传感网络节点能耗性能分析.科技导报,2010,27(10)：52-53。
[21]张彦,罗济军,胡宏林等.无线网状网：架构、协议与标准.一版.北京：电子工业出版社,2008.
[22]李文仲,段朝玉.ZigBee无线网络技术入门与实战.一版.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2007.
[23]张晓华.基于ZigBee的自动抄表系统研究与设计：[青岛科技大学硕士论文].青岛：青岛科技大学,2009,54-55
[24]周益.基于Zigbee技术的无线传感网络拓扑设计与实现：[苏州大学硕士论文].苏州：苏州大学,2009,9-12
[25]Watanabe K,Ise M,Oneye T,Niwamoto H.An Energy-efficient Architecture of Wireless Home Network Based on MAC Broadcast and Transmission Power Control.IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2007,53(1):124-130
[26]Manes G,Fantacci R,Chiti F.Energy efficient MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks endowed with directive antennas:a cross-layer solution.In:Proc of Radio and Wireless Symposium.Orlando,2008,239-242
[27]Hongliang Ren,M Q-H.Power Adaptive Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Particle Filter. Vehicular Technology,2008,58(5):2498-2508
[28]Sekine, Masatoshi,Takeuchi,Shojiro:An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol with Lightweight and Adaptive Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks. In:Proc of Radio and Wireless Symposium.Long Beach,2007,161-164.
[29]Sung-Chan Choi,Jang-Won Lee,Yeonsoo Kim. An energy-efficient mac protocol with random listen-sleep schedule for wireless sensor networks.In:Proc of TENCON 2007-2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference. Taipei,2002,1-4.
[30]Haiming Chen, Li Cui,Li V O K. A Joint Design of Opportunistic Forwarding and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. In:Proc of Global Telecommunications Conference. Honolulu, USA,2009,1-6
[31]Kechar B,Sekhri L.Formal Modelling and Validation of a Novel Energy Efficient Cross-Layer MAC Protocol in Wireless Multi Hop Sensor Networks Using Time Petri Nets. In:Proc of New Technologies, Mobility and Security. Tangier,2008,1-5
[32]张喆.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络的研究与开发：[大连交通大学硕士论文].大连：大连交通大学,2008,23-24
[33]詹杰,刘宏立,唐志军.基于ZigBee协议的WAPN性能分析.微计算机信息,2008.24(8)：40-41
[34]Zijing Lin, M Q-H, Huawei Liang.A route discovery method based on limited flooding in ZigBee networks. In:Proc of Automation and Logistics.Qingdao, 2008,3039-3044
[35]Ho-In Jeon,Yeonsoo Kim.Efficient, Real-Time Short Address Allocations for USN Devices Using LAA (Last Address Assigned) Algorithm.In:Proc of Advanced Communication Technology. Gangwon-Do,2007,689-693
[36]Meng-Shiuan Pan,Yu-Chee Tseng.A lightweight network repair scheme for data collection application in zigbee WSNs.Communications Letters,2007,13(9):649-651
[37]Yi-Chao Wu,Chiu-Ching Tuan.Power Saving Routing Protocol with Power Sieving in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.In:Proc of Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing.Wuhan,2009,349-352
[38]Haitao Wu, Yong Peng, Keping Long. Performance of Reliable Transport Protocol over IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN.Analysis and Enhancement.In:Proc of Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Proceedings.New York,2002,599-607.
[39]陈羽中.802.11无线网络性能与公平性问题的研究：[中国科学技术大学博士论文].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2005,34-35
[40]Jae Yeol Ha,Hong Seong Park,Sunghyun Choi. EHRP:Enhanced hierarchical routing protocol for zigbee mesh networks.Communications Letters,2007,11(12): 1028-1030
[41]Joon Heo,Choong Seon Hong,Seok Bong Kang.Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Stangby Power Redution.IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2008,54(1):179-185
[42]Shih-Lun Chen; Ho-Yin Lee; Chiung-An Chen.Wireless Body Sensor Network With Adaptive Low-Power Design for Biometrics and Healthcare Applications. Systems Journal, IEEE,2009,3(4):398-409
[2]李文江,魏娟ZigBee无线传感器网络节点的低功耗设计.成都大学学报(自然科学版),2008,9(27)：239-241
[3]张嘉怡,刘建文,伍川辉ZigBee技术在煤矿安全监测中的应用.中国测试技术,2008,34(4)：41-43
[4]吴光斌,梁长垠.无线传感器网络能量有效性的研究.传感器技术,2004,23(7)：74-76
[5]高键ZigBee无线传感器网络节点的能耗研究.电子测试,2008,(2)：89-92
[6]Evans-Pughe.Bzzzz zzz [ZigBee wireless standard].IEE Review,2003,49(3):28-31
[7]Guangming Song,Fei Ding,Weijuan Zhang.A wireless power outlet system for smart homes.IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2008,54(4):16881691
[8]周怡颋,凌志浩,吴勤勤ZigBee无线通信技术及其应用探讨.自动化仪表,2005,26(6)：5-9
[9]原羿,苏鸿根.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络应用研究.计算机应用与软件,2004,21(6):89-91
[10]Shizhuang Lin,Jingyu Liu,Yanjun Fang.ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Applications in Industrial. In:Proc of Automation and Logistics,2007 IEEE International Conference. Jinan,2007,1979-1983
[11]Qu Tiezhu,Chen Xiaorong,Zhang Lei.ZigBee Wirelessly Network Module Design Based on CC2480. In:Proc of Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. Changsha,2010,1103-1106
[12]王东,张金荣,魏延.利用ZigBee技术构建无线传感器网络.重庆大学学报(自然科学版).2006,29(8)：95-97
[13]江修波ZigBee技术及其应用.低压电器,2005,(7)：27-33
[14]马超.无线多媒体传感器网络节点关键技术研究：[国防科技大学硕士论文].长沙：国防科技大学,2008,20-21
[15]Zengyou Sun,Tao Zhao,Chenghua Che.Design of Electric Power Monitoring System Based on ZigBee and GPRS. In:Proc of Computer Network and Multimedia Technology, CNMT 2009. International Symposium.Wuhan,2009,1-4
[16]Kim D H,Song J.Y.,Cha S K. Development and characteristic evaluation of USN node module for u-manufacturing.In:Proc of Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics.Singapore,2009,1171-1175
[17]蒋挺,赵成林.紫蜂技术及其应用.一版.北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2006.
[18]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.一版.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[19]周游,方滨,王普.基于WirelessUSBLS技术的低成本无线人机接口设备设计及应用.世界电子元器件,2004,(04)：65-68
[20]李帅,刘宏立,刘述钢.基于ZigBee的无线传感网络节点能耗性能分析.科技导报,2010,27(10)：52-53。
[21]张彦,罗济军,胡宏林等.无线网状网：架构、协议与标准.一版.北京：电子工业出版社,2008.
[22]李文仲,段朝玉.ZigBee无线网络技术入门与实战.一版.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2007.
[23]张晓华.基于ZigBee的自动抄表系统研究与设计：[青岛科技大学硕士论文].青岛：青岛科技大学,2009,54-55
[24]周益.基于Zigbee技术的无线传感网络拓扑设计与实现：[苏州大学硕士论文].苏州：苏州大学,2009,9-12
[25]Watanabe K,Ise M,Oneye T,Niwamoto H.An Energy-efficient Architecture of Wireless Home Network Based on MAC Broadcast and Transmission Power Control.IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2007,53(1):124-130
[26]Manes G,Fantacci R,Chiti F.Energy efficient MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks endowed with directive antennas:a cross-layer solution.In:Proc of Radio and Wireless Symposium.Orlando,2008,239-242
[27]Hongliang Ren,M Q-H.Power Adaptive Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Particle Filter. Vehicular Technology,2008,58(5):2498-2508
[28]Sekine, Masatoshi,Takeuchi,Shojiro:An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol with Lightweight and Adaptive Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks. In:Proc of Radio and Wireless Symposium.Long Beach,2007,161-164.
[29]Sung-Chan Choi,Jang-Won Lee,Yeonsoo Kim. An energy-efficient mac protocol with random listen-sleep schedule for wireless sensor networks.In:Proc of TENCON 2007-2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference. Taipei,2002,1-4.
[30]Haiming Chen, Li Cui,Li V O K. A Joint Design of Opportunistic Forwarding and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. In:Proc of Global Telecommunications Conference. Honolulu, USA,2009,1-6
[31]Kechar B,Sekhri L.Formal Modelling and Validation of a Novel Energy Efficient Cross-Layer MAC Protocol in Wireless Multi Hop Sensor Networks Using Time Petri Nets. In:Proc of New Technologies, Mobility and Security. Tangier,2008,1-5
[32]张喆.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络的研究与开发：[大连交通大学硕士论文].大连：大连交通大学,2008,23-24
[33]詹杰,刘宏立,唐志军.基于ZigBee协议的WAPN性能分析.微计算机信息,2008.24(8)：40-41
[34]Zijing Lin, M Q-H, Huawei Liang.A route discovery method based on limited flooding in ZigBee networks. In:Proc of Automation and Logistics.Qingdao, 2008,3039-3044
[35]Ho-In Jeon,Yeonsoo Kim.Efficient, Real-Time Short Address Allocations for USN Devices Using LAA (Last Address Assigned) Algorithm.In:Proc of Advanced Communication Technology. Gangwon-Do,2007,689-693
[36]Meng-Shiuan Pan,Yu-Chee Tseng.A lightweight network repair scheme for data collection application in zigbee WSNs.Communications Letters,2007,13(9):649-651
[37]Yi-Chao Wu,Chiu-Ching Tuan.Power Saving Routing Protocol with Power Sieving in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.In:Proc of Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing.Wuhan,2009,349-352
[38]Haitao Wu, Yong Peng, Keping Long. Performance of Reliable Transport Protocol over IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN.Analysis and Enhancement.In:Proc of Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Proceedings.New York,2002,599-607.
[39]陈羽中.802.11无线网络性能与公平性问题的研究：[中国科学技术大学博士论文].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2005,34-35
[40]Jae Yeol Ha,Hong Seong Park,Sunghyun Choi. EHRP:Enhanced hierarchical routing protocol for zigbee mesh networks.Communications Letters,2007,11(12): 1028-1030
[41]Joon Heo,Choong Seon Hong,Seok Bong Kang.Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Stangby Power Redution.IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2008,54(1):179-185
[42]Shih-Lun Chen; Ho-Yin Lee; Chiung-An Chen.Wireless Body Sensor Network With Adaptive Low-Power Design for Biometrics and Healthcare Applications. Systems Journal, IEEE,2009,3(4):398-409