恒定非均质水域温排放水力热力特性的试验研究
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摘要
火/核电厂循环冷却水温排放水力热力特性的研究,大部分集中在热水注入均质受纳水域的情况。而很多电厂位于潮汐河口及其附近海域,来自陆地的淡水径流和来自外海的高盐度海水相互汇交,出现盐水入侵现象,形成了本身具有密度差的非均质受纳水域。若电厂采用表面冷却方式,则有大量废热水注入该水域,由于盐淡水分层影响,其盐分、热量随流迁移变化规律,有别于一般均质水域。因此,该方面的研究不仅是环境水力学的前沿课题,也是冷却水工程设计中需要解决的问题。
物理模型试验是分析温排水在受纳水域中扩散运移规律的有效方法。本文结合电厂冷却水工程实际,针对表排深取的工程布置,通过物理模型试验,进行了矩形水槽有横向温排放注入的恒定均质水域和恒定盐淡水交汇水域的水力热力特性的系统性试验研究工作,其为国家基金项目的一部分。主要研究内容包括:
1.进行了大量的文献查阅,对冷却水工程温排放的物理模拟和数值模拟研究方法有了较全面的了解,对物理模拟的相关问题作了进一步的探索。
2.对盐淡水交汇水域水力热力物理模型的相似原理以及温排水的模拟要点进行了分析。
3.进行了系统试验的模型规划,布置、加工以及仪器设备的安装和调试工作。
4.结合工程实际,取冷却水量为800L/H,取排水温升为10℃,进行了上游来流量为1L/s～4L/s、水深10cm～19cm、盐度0～3%变化范围内多种组合的系列试验,共51组。
5.通过对各项参数的系统试验,分析了盐度梯度、水深、淡水径流量对温升分布、热水掺混、热量输运、浮力射流轨迹和取水温升的影响。
6.试验结果表明,在表排深取工程布置情况下,取到的深层盐水,使温排水的密度大幅度增加,不同程度的减弱了由冷热水产生的浮力效应,甚至使热水下沉。其运动特征有别于均质水域,在冷却水工程取排水布置时应给予关注。
The majority of experiment studies are concentrated in heterogeneity receiving waters and the studies are about heated discharge from circulating cooling water in Fire / nuclear power plant. Many power plants locate tidal estuary and its nearby waters, where freshwater runoff from land and sea water of high salinity converge, which appear saline intrusion phenomenon and formed non-homogeneous receiving waters of density difference. If the power plants use surface cooling method, a large number of waste water drain into the waters. Because of effect of fresh-salt water stratification, the change laws of the salt, heat flow with flow are different from general homogeneous waters. Thus, the studies are not only at the forefront topics of environmental hydraulics, but also are demands in engineering design problems about cooling water.
Physical model are effective means to analyze the diffuse and transfer rule of heated into receiving water. In this paper, Combined with engineering practice of power plant, according to engineering arrangements which is surface drainage and deep intake, the thermo-hydraulic behaviors have been studied systematically by physical model in Rectangle Flume, where transverse heateddischarge flow into steady homogenization and fresh-salt water mixing water area. Studies are a part of national fund projects and the main contents include:
1. Looking up more literature, understand the research methods of physical model and numerical simulation in cooling water engineering. Search the relative problems of physical model further.
2. Analyze the similar principle of thermo-hydraulic behaviors, as well as the simulation outline in physical model in fresh-salt water mixing water area.
3. Plan and process model, installing and debugging equipment.
4. Combined with engineering practice, flow of cooling water is 800L/H and temperature rise is 10℃. Carry out experiments systematically on various flow of freshwater runoff, various depth and various salinity. The experiments include fifty three groups.
5. Through systematical test of various parameters, analyze effect of gradient of salinity, water depth, freshwater runoff upon distribution of temperature rise, mixing of hot water, heat transport, buoyant jets trajectory and temperature rise of intake water.
6. The results show that intake salt water increases density of heated discharge. Buoyancy effect from hot and cold water density difference is weakened and even hot water layer is concentrated in lower layer. Movement features are different from the heterogeneity water, so we pay attention to engineering arrange ments of water intake and outlet.
物理模型试验是分析温排水在受纳水域中扩散运移规律的有效方法。本文结合电厂冷却水工程实际,针对表排深取的工程布置,通过物理模型试验,进行了矩形水槽有横向温排放注入的恒定均质水域和恒定盐淡水交汇水域的水力热力特性的系统性试验研究工作,其为国家基金项目的一部分。主要研究内容包括:
1.进行了大量的文献查阅,对冷却水工程温排放的物理模拟和数值模拟研究方法有了较全面的了解,对物理模拟的相关问题作了进一步的探索。
2.对盐淡水交汇水域水力热力物理模型的相似原理以及温排水的模拟要点进行了分析。
3.进行了系统试验的模型规划,布置、加工以及仪器设备的安装和调试工作。
4.结合工程实际,取冷却水量为800L/H,取排水温升为10℃,进行了上游来流量为1L/s～4L/s、水深10cm～19cm、盐度0～3%变化范围内多种组合的系列试验,共51组。
5.通过对各项参数的系统试验,分析了盐度梯度、水深、淡水径流量对温升分布、热水掺混、热量输运、浮力射流轨迹和取水温升的影响。
6.试验结果表明,在表排深取工程布置情况下,取到的深层盐水,使温排水的密度大幅度增加,不同程度的减弱了由冷热水产生的浮力效应,甚至使热水下沉。其运动特征有别于均质水域,在冷却水工程取排水布置时应给予关注。
The majority of experiment studies are concentrated in heterogeneity receiving waters and the studies are about heated discharge from circulating cooling water in Fire / nuclear power plant. Many power plants locate tidal estuary and its nearby waters, where freshwater runoff from land and sea water of high salinity converge, which appear saline intrusion phenomenon and formed non-homogeneous receiving waters of density difference. If the power plants use surface cooling method, a large number of waste water drain into the waters. Because of effect of fresh-salt water stratification, the change laws of the salt, heat flow with flow are different from general homogeneous waters. Thus, the studies are not only at the forefront topics of environmental hydraulics, but also are demands in engineering design problems about cooling water.
Physical model are effective means to analyze the diffuse and transfer rule of heated into receiving water. In this paper, Combined with engineering practice of power plant, according to engineering arrangements which is surface drainage and deep intake, the thermo-hydraulic behaviors have been studied systematically by physical model in Rectangle Flume, where transverse heateddischarge flow into steady homogenization and fresh-salt water mixing water area. Studies are a part of national fund projects and the main contents include:
1. Looking up more literature, understand the research methods of physical model and numerical simulation in cooling water engineering. Search the relative problems of physical model further.
2. Analyze the similar principle of thermo-hydraulic behaviors, as well as the simulation outline in physical model in fresh-salt water mixing water area.
3. Plan and process model, installing and debugging equipment.
4. Combined with engineering practice, flow of cooling water is 800L/H and temperature rise is 10℃. Carry out experiments systematically on various flow of freshwater runoff, various depth and various salinity. The experiments include fifty three groups.
5. Through systematical test of various parameters, analyze effect of gradient of salinity, water depth, freshwater runoff upon distribution of temperature rise, mixing of hot water, heat transport, buoyant jets trajectory and temperature rise of intake water.
6. The results show that intake salt water increases density of heated discharge. Buoyancy effect from hot and cold water density difference is weakened and even hot water layer is concentrated in lower layer. Movement features are different from the heterogeneity water, so we pay attention to engineering arrange ments of water intake and outlet.
引文
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[2]Nystrom J.,Heaker J E and Moy C,Heated Discharge into Estuary:Case Study,Jour,of Hydr,Div,ASCE,1981,107
[3]Chen Kaiqi,A Model-Prototype Comparison of Cooling Water Circulation in Tidal Bay,Proceedings of International Conference on Physical Modeling of Transport and Dispersion,MIT,Boston,U,S,A,August,1990
[4]陈惠泉,沿海水域火/核电厂冷却水水工布置的优化原则和实践,海洋技术,第18卷第4期,1999年12月
[5]Chen Hui Quan etc,Some features of intake-outlet planning and their thermo-hydraulic behaviors,Proceedings of the International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics,IAHR,Dec 1991
[6]余常昭,环境流体力学导论,清华大学出版社,1992
[7]陈凯麒,李平衡,温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响的数值模拟,水利学报,1999年1月
[8]Balls,P,W,,MacDonald,A,,Pugh,K,& Edwards,A,C,1995,Long-term nutrient enrichment of an estuarine system:Y than,Scotland(1958-1993),Environmental Pollution 90,311-321
[9]叶常明,水污染理论与控制,北京:学术书刊出版社,1989年
[10]TORGENSEN,Application of Ecology in Environmental Management,1983
[11]陈凯麒,核电站冷却水远区热、核污染数值计算的一种新方法,水利学报,1985年9月
[12]李瑞生,沙角电厂温排水及附近海域的原体观测报告,水利水电科学研究院,1989年2月
[13]李瑞生,沙角电厂C厂冷却水工程研究综合分析报告,水利水电科学研究院,1991年5月
[14]李瑞生,陈上群,沙角电厂C厂冷却水工程全潮淡水、盐水模型试验研究报告,1991 年5月
[15]刘长贵,江洧,珠海电厂冷却水工程全潮盐淡水物理模型试验研究报告,水利水电科学研究院,广东省水利水电科学研究院,1992年12月
[16]李瑞生,马莉青,珠海电厂冷却水工程水槽系统试验研究,水利水电科学研究院,太原工业大学,1992年12月
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[18]吴持恭,水力学(上、下册),高等教育出版社,1979,2
[19]陈惠泉,冷却水水流运动的模型相似问题,中国科学,第14卷,第12期,1965年,p1852-1867
[20]陈惠泉,冷却水运动模型相似性的研究,水利学报,1988年11期,1-9
[21]周雪漪,计算水力学,清华大学出版社,1995,9
[22]陈惠泉,考虑风吹影响的冷却水模型相似性研究,水科院报告,1983年
[23]陈惠泉,考虑冰冻效应的冷却水模型相似性问题,水科院报告,1983年
[24]濮培民,水面蒸发与散热公式研究,湖泊科学,第6卷,第3期,1994年,p201-210
[25]李瑞生,柴方昆,冷却水工程物理模型试验中的变态和正态问题,水利学报,第5期,1989年,p22-29
[26]陈惠泉,水力热力模型的几何变态和分类,水利学报,第3期,1993年,p18-23
[27]华祖林,电厂温排放对感潮河段环境水体影响预测研究,电力环境保护,1995年04期
[28]童中山,应新亚,钱炳法,黄骅电厂取水河段取水特性的数模与物模研究,海洋工程,1997
[29]付宁,宋文彬,水工物理模型和数字模型在水工设计中的应用分析,黑龙江水利科技,2004
[30]Wu Jianghang and Chen Kaiqi,A Hybird Method of Fractional Steps with L_∞-Stability for Numerical Modeling of Harbors and Bays,Int,Conf,on Numerical and Hydraulic Modeling of Ports and Harbors,Birmingham,England,23-25 Apirl,1985,p101-109
[31]XIAO Yang and LEE Joseph H.W,Three-Dimensional Computations Of Multiple Tandem Jets in Cross flow,China Ocean Engineering,Vol,20,No,1,pp,99-112
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