畸形波模拟及其与核电取水构筑物作用探究
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摘要
畸形波是一种波高巨大的灾害性波浪,对海岸及海上建筑物和船只具有强大的破坏性。由于畸形波发生的偶然性和不可预测性,实测资料非常有限,畸形波的研究还处于起步阶段,其发生机理和发生概率还不明确,因此需要对畸形波做深入的研究,以减少畸形波给人类带来的伤害。鉴于外海监测畸形波存在极大困难,实验室模拟成为研究畸形波相关特性的重要手段。
目前基于Longuet-Higgins模型是实验室模拟产生畸形波的有效手段和常用方法。为了克服已有模拟方法的不足,本文建立了一种数值模拟畸形波的相位调制新方法,该方法既能定点定时模拟生成畸形波,又可满足模拟波浪序列的统计特性与天然海浪的统计特性一致,还可使模拟波列的频率谱与目标谱吻合。基于该模型,探讨了畸形波特征参数和模拟效率的影响因素问题。经过模拟对比发现,高频向低频调制优于低频向高频调制,高频波浪对畸形波的形成具有极其重要的作用。采用高频向低频调制方式和本文所采用的组成波数范围内(50～100),畸形波波高、波峰高、畸形波波高与有效波高的比、畸形波波峰高与畸形波波高的比以及畸形波的模拟效率均随调制波数和谱宽度的增加而增大；在本文选取的谱峰周期范围内(8-16s),谱峰周期对畸形波的特征参数和模拟效率几乎没有影响。采用该方法模拟畸形波,建议截断频率取3.5-4倍的谱峰频率；若模拟一般畸形度的畸形波,组成波数可取50～70；若模拟畸形度较高的畸形波,组成波数可取70～100；全部调制；采用尝试法,根据模拟结果改变组成波数和调制波数。
应用该模型模拟了多个外海实测含有畸形波的波浪序列,模拟结果既满足了波浪序列的统计特性,又保持了原有目标谱的真实结构,模拟畸形波和实测畸形波吻合完好,验证了本文方法的有效性和适用性。其中,采用本文方法可以数值模拟出畸形波波高与有效波高的比达到3.14且畸形波波峰高与畸形波波高的比达到0.76的高畸形度的实测畸形波,模拟结果与实测畸形波吻合良好,较已有方法,本文方法具有较强的适用性；然而在物理模拟中由于波浪在聚焦点前发生破碎,未能模拟出该实测高畸形度畸形波。
本文研究了畸形波在随机波浪中生成与发展的演化过程。数值模拟结果和物理模拟结果均表明,在波浪聚焦点前后不超过半个特征波长的范围内均有一大波谷(海中之洞)形成；同时物理模拟发现,在聚焦点前后不超过一个特征波长的范围内,均有满足最大波高与有效波高之比大于等于2.0且最大波高的波峰高与最大波高之比大于等于0.65的畸形波形成；这些现象与目击者的描述和研究学者通过数值计算得出的结论是一致的。通过统计不同波况下畸形波的无因次生存时间(生存时间与谱峰周期之比)和无因次传播距离(传播距离与特征波长之比),发现两者具有很好的线性相关性,无因次生存时间大约是无因次传播距离的2.0倍；畸形波的生存时间约为2～10倍的谱峰周期,传播距离约为1～5倍的特征波长。
核电多建设在近岸以方便取排水,复杂地形变化和岸边界的作用可能在取水构筑物前形成畸形波。鉴于畸形波强大的破坏性,有必要对畸形波与核电取水构筑物的相互作用进行探索性的研究。本文借助一个工程实例,发现近岸海域波浪中有畸形波形成,为证明近岸畸形波的存在提供了有力证据。试验结果中发现,在直墙式取水构筑物迎浪侧有异常点压力发生,经分析发现该异常点压力是由近岸畸形波传播至取水构筑物并对构筑物冲击造成的。畸形波产生的最大点压力值可以达到常规随机波浪最大点压力值的2.28倍,水平总力可以达到2.51倍,可见畸形波能够产生比普通波浪强大的压力,可能对取水构筑物造成严重的破坏。若现行设计标准中取水构筑物波浪压强值是在没有畸形波情况下得到的,建议考虑可能存在畸形波作用的情况,将现行设计承压能力加大到2.5倍。对于取水构筑物底部,畸形波和常规随机波浪作用时,最大点压力差别不大,点压力分布曲线几乎一致。
Freak waves are events that feature unusually large and cause severe damage to mariners and offshore structures. In order to avoid their hazards, it is necessary to obtain much more data to explore their generation mechanisms and occurrence properties. However, the measured data of freak waves in situ are very rare so far because most of them take place under the unknown and unexpected conditions. Therefore, the experimental generation of these giant waves in laboratory seems to be particularly important.
Up to now, the formation of freak waves based on the Longuet-Higgins wave model theory is offen used in laboratory. In order to overcome the short-comings of the existed methods, a new numerical method called new phase modulation method is developed. The new method can not only keep the statistical properties of the wave train and the structure of the target wave spectrum, but also keep the statistical properties of the simulated wave train identical with those of the realistic random sea state and generate freak waves at certain time and space with high efficiency. Based on the new method, factors influence freak waves characteristics and simulation efficiency are disscused. Results show the modulation way of high frequency to low frequency is superior to the way of low frequency to high frequency. Waves with high frequency are important factor on formation of freak waves. In the modulation way of high frequency to low frequency, freak wave height and its crest height, the ratio of the freak wave height to the significant wave height and the ratio of the crest height to the freak wave height and also the freak waves simulation efficiency are increased as the number of modulated waves and the spectrum band width increased. The spectrum peak periods (8 to 16s) adopted in the paper have little influence on the freak wave characteristics and simulation efficiency. Through numerical simulation, this paper makes recommendation values of cut frequency to be 3.5 to 4 times the spectrum peak frequency, and wave number components of 50～70 to simulate normal freak waves, wave number components of 70～100 to simulate high nonlinear freak waves. The wave number components and wave number to be modulated are selected according to a tentative simulation.
Freak waves recorded in situ are simulated by the new method sucessfully. The simulation results satisfy the wave series statistics and keep identical with the target spectrums; effectiveness and applicability of the new method are validated. Comparing to the existing methods, the new approach can generate a high nonlinear freak wave numerically which height is 3.14 times the significant wave height and crest height is 0.76 times freak wave height. However, this high nonlinear freak wave can not be simulated in physical wave flume because of wave breaking in front of the focal point.
Freak waves generation and development process are studied. Numerical and physical simulation results both show that less than half characteristic wavelength in front and back of the focal point there is a big trough (hole) in sea; and less than one characteristic wavelength in front and back of the focal point there is a freak wave occurred physically which height is more than 2.0 times the significant wave height and crest height is more than 0.65 times freak wave height. The above appearances are coincidence with eyewitness and researchers'results. Freak waves life and propagation distance are strongly related linearly. The ratio of life time to spectrum peak period is about two times the ratio of propagation distance to characteristic wavelength. The shortest and longest life time of freak wave are 2 and 10 times the spectrum peak period, respectively; The shortest and longest propagation distance of freak wave are 1 and 5 times the characteristic wavelength, respectively.
Nuclear power station is usually located in coastal area. Freak waves may be occurred in front of ingarage structure because of variation of bathymetries and boundaries effects. As to strong destructiveness of freak waves, it is necessary to study the interactions between freak waves and ingarage structure. Freak waves near coastal sea were recorded in an experimental and this proves the existence of coastal freak waves. It is found that abnormal wave pressure on the ingarage structure towards to wave direction is caused by freak wave formed in front of the structure. The abnormal wave pressure caused by freak wave can be 2.28 times wave pressure caused by normal random wave, the total lateral force caused by the former is 2.51 times of the latter, so it is seen that freak wave is quite different from normal random waves and it may cause severe damage to the structure. If wave pressures on the structure are obtained without freak waves, it is suggested that the situation of freak wave existence be considered and wave pressures adopted shoud be enhanced to 2.5 times. As to the bottom pressures on ingarage structure, there is only a slight difference of maximum wave pressures and pressure distribution caused by freak wave and normal random wave.
目前基于Longuet-Higgins模型是实验室模拟产生畸形波的有效手段和常用方法。为了克服已有模拟方法的不足,本文建立了一种数值模拟畸形波的相位调制新方法,该方法既能定点定时模拟生成畸形波,又可满足模拟波浪序列的统计特性与天然海浪的统计特性一致,还可使模拟波列的频率谱与目标谱吻合。基于该模型,探讨了畸形波特征参数和模拟效率的影响因素问题。经过模拟对比发现,高频向低频调制优于低频向高频调制,高频波浪对畸形波的形成具有极其重要的作用。采用高频向低频调制方式和本文所采用的组成波数范围内(50～100),畸形波波高、波峰高、畸形波波高与有效波高的比、畸形波波峰高与畸形波波高的比以及畸形波的模拟效率均随调制波数和谱宽度的增加而增大；在本文选取的谱峰周期范围内(8-16s),谱峰周期对畸形波的特征参数和模拟效率几乎没有影响。采用该方法模拟畸形波,建议截断频率取3.5-4倍的谱峰频率；若模拟一般畸形度的畸形波,组成波数可取50～70；若模拟畸形度较高的畸形波,组成波数可取70～100；全部调制；采用尝试法,根据模拟结果改变组成波数和调制波数。
应用该模型模拟了多个外海实测含有畸形波的波浪序列,模拟结果既满足了波浪序列的统计特性,又保持了原有目标谱的真实结构,模拟畸形波和实测畸形波吻合完好,验证了本文方法的有效性和适用性。其中,采用本文方法可以数值模拟出畸形波波高与有效波高的比达到3.14且畸形波波峰高与畸形波波高的比达到0.76的高畸形度的实测畸形波,模拟结果与实测畸形波吻合良好,较已有方法,本文方法具有较强的适用性；然而在物理模拟中由于波浪在聚焦点前发生破碎,未能模拟出该实测高畸形度畸形波。
本文研究了畸形波在随机波浪中生成与发展的演化过程。数值模拟结果和物理模拟结果均表明,在波浪聚焦点前后不超过半个特征波长的范围内均有一大波谷(海中之洞)形成；同时物理模拟发现,在聚焦点前后不超过一个特征波长的范围内,均有满足最大波高与有效波高之比大于等于2.0且最大波高的波峰高与最大波高之比大于等于0.65的畸形波形成；这些现象与目击者的描述和研究学者通过数值计算得出的结论是一致的。通过统计不同波况下畸形波的无因次生存时间(生存时间与谱峰周期之比)和无因次传播距离(传播距离与特征波长之比),发现两者具有很好的线性相关性,无因次生存时间大约是无因次传播距离的2.0倍；畸形波的生存时间约为2～10倍的谱峰周期,传播距离约为1～5倍的特征波长。
核电多建设在近岸以方便取排水,复杂地形变化和岸边界的作用可能在取水构筑物前形成畸形波。鉴于畸形波强大的破坏性,有必要对畸形波与核电取水构筑物的相互作用进行探索性的研究。本文借助一个工程实例,发现近岸海域波浪中有畸形波形成,为证明近岸畸形波的存在提供了有力证据。试验结果中发现,在直墙式取水构筑物迎浪侧有异常点压力发生,经分析发现该异常点压力是由近岸畸形波传播至取水构筑物并对构筑物冲击造成的。畸形波产生的最大点压力值可以达到常规随机波浪最大点压力值的2.28倍,水平总力可以达到2.51倍,可见畸形波能够产生比普通波浪强大的压力,可能对取水构筑物造成严重的破坏。若现行设计标准中取水构筑物波浪压强值是在没有畸形波情况下得到的,建议考虑可能存在畸形波作用的情况,将现行设计承压能力加大到2.5倍。对于取水构筑物底部,畸形波和常规随机波浪作用时,最大点压力差别不大,点压力分布曲线几乎一致。
Freak waves are events that feature unusually large and cause severe damage to mariners and offshore structures. In order to avoid their hazards, it is necessary to obtain much more data to explore their generation mechanisms and occurrence properties. However, the measured data of freak waves in situ are very rare so far because most of them take place under the unknown and unexpected conditions. Therefore, the experimental generation of these giant waves in laboratory seems to be particularly important.
Up to now, the formation of freak waves based on the Longuet-Higgins wave model theory is offen used in laboratory. In order to overcome the short-comings of the existed methods, a new numerical method called new phase modulation method is developed. The new method can not only keep the statistical properties of the wave train and the structure of the target wave spectrum, but also keep the statistical properties of the simulated wave train identical with those of the realistic random sea state and generate freak waves at certain time and space with high efficiency. Based on the new method, factors influence freak waves characteristics and simulation efficiency are disscused. Results show the modulation way of high frequency to low frequency is superior to the way of low frequency to high frequency. Waves with high frequency are important factor on formation of freak waves. In the modulation way of high frequency to low frequency, freak wave height and its crest height, the ratio of the freak wave height to the significant wave height and the ratio of the crest height to the freak wave height and also the freak waves simulation efficiency are increased as the number of modulated waves and the spectrum band width increased. The spectrum peak periods (8 to 16s) adopted in the paper have little influence on the freak wave characteristics and simulation efficiency. Through numerical simulation, this paper makes recommendation values of cut frequency to be 3.5 to 4 times the spectrum peak frequency, and wave number components of 50～70 to simulate normal freak waves, wave number components of 70～100 to simulate high nonlinear freak waves. The wave number components and wave number to be modulated are selected according to a tentative simulation.
Freak waves recorded in situ are simulated by the new method sucessfully. The simulation results satisfy the wave series statistics and keep identical with the target spectrums; effectiveness and applicability of the new method are validated. Comparing to the existing methods, the new approach can generate a high nonlinear freak wave numerically which height is 3.14 times the significant wave height and crest height is 0.76 times freak wave height. However, this high nonlinear freak wave can not be simulated in physical wave flume because of wave breaking in front of the focal point.
Freak waves generation and development process are studied. Numerical and physical simulation results both show that less than half characteristic wavelength in front and back of the focal point there is a big trough (hole) in sea; and less than one characteristic wavelength in front and back of the focal point there is a freak wave occurred physically which height is more than 2.0 times the significant wave height and crest height is more than 0.65 times freak wave height. The above appearances are coincidence with eyewitness and researchers'results. Freak waves life and propagation distance are strongly related linearly. The ratio of life time to spectrum peak period is about two times the ratio of propagation distance to characteristic wavelength. The shortest and longest life time of freak wave are 2 and 10 times the spectrum peak period, respectively; The shortest and longest propagation distance of freak wave are 1 and 5 times the characteristic wavelength, respectively.
Nuclear power station is usually located in coastal area. Freak waves may be occurred in front of ingarage structure because of variation of bathymetries and boundaries effects. As to strong destructiveness of freak waves, it is necessary to study the interactions between freak waves and ingarage structure. Freak waves near coastal sea were recorded in an experimental and this proves the existence of coastal freak waves. It is found that abnormal wave pressure on the ingarage structure towards to wave direction is caused by freak wave formed in front of the structure. The abnormal wave pressure caused by freak wave can be 2.28 times wave pressure caused by normal random wave, the total lateral force caused by the former is 2.51 times of the latter, so it is seen that freak wave is quite different from normal random waves and it may cause severe damage to the structure. If wave pressures on the structure are obtained without freak waves, it is suggested that the situation of freak wave existence be considered and wave pressures adopted shoud be enhanced to 2.5 times. As to the bottom pressures on ingarage structure, there is only a slight difference of maximum wave pressures and pressure distribution caused by freak wave and normal random wave.
引文
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