中国南方典型酸雨区酸沉降特性及其环境效应研究
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摘要
20世纪世界范围内能源结构发生了重大转变。但中国以煤为主导的能源结构在若干年内不会有本质的改变。煤使用量的增长和汽车保有量的增加,带来了酸沉降的本体气体(SO2, NOx)排放量逐步增加；酸性物质(气体或气溶胶)通过干湿沉降的方式降落到地面,不仅导致巨大的经济损失,还对生态系统造成毁灭性的侵害。酸沉降已成为21世纪最大的环境问题之一。本文选择中国南方的三个典型酸雨区重庆市、湖南省、贵州省的铁山坪、蔡家塘、雷公山建立了3个国际高标准的小流域酸雨观测站,利用EMEP监测网络推荐的标准采样和化学分析方法,对酸沉降进行系统的研究,其创新性结果如下：
研究区域(湖南蔡家塘、贵州雷公山、重庆铁山坪)内典型森林小流域(2001-2004年)大气干沉降主要酸性物质均为SO2、SO42-、N02；主要碱性物质均为NH4+、Ca2+、K+、NH3,并具有季节性变化的特征(春、冬季污染严重)；区域内大气降水均出现严重的酸化现象,年平均pH值顺序为铁山坪(4.12)<蔡家塘(4.62)<雷公山(4.96)。蔡家塘与铁山坪大气降水和森林穿透水中的阴离子均以8042-为主,阳离子以NH4+为主；雷公山大气降水阴离子以CI-为主,阳离子以NH4+为主,森林穿透水阴离子以SO42-为主,阳离子以K+为主。并且森林穿透水中的各种离子组分都发生了不同程度的富集,蔡家塘、雷公山、铁山坪离子总量分别增加2.75倍、1.79倍、4.63倍。
大气降水经树冠和地表植被,发生了强烈的离子交换反应,降水pH值明显升高。常年酸沉降条件下,树冠层对SO42-、NO3-、Mg2+、NH4+和Na+具有吸收作用,以S042-、N03-最为明显。SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+冠层淋溶百分率随降雨量的增加明显减少；Ca2+、K+(?)CI-随着pH的增加,其冠层淋溶百分率呈增加趋势；森林冠层离子的淋溶序列为：K+>Ca2+>Cl->Mg2+>SO42->NO3->NH4+>Na+。
小流域降水中氮和硫的浓度与降水量呈负相关,输出浓度与地表径流量呈正相关。总氮输入以NH4+为主；森林氮沉降接近欧洲最大氮沉降穿透值25kg·/(hm2·a),输出通量主要受降水量和地表径流的影响,未出现大量的N03-的输出,大部分被生态系统截留。S042-的输入通量均明显高于输出通量,保持较高的净截留量。
SMART和(?) MAGIC模型机理类似,考虑到二者的互补性,采用MAGIC和SMART结合模型进行硫沉降临界负荷计算,计算得出韶山硫沉降临界负荷为1.76keq/(hm2.a)；与用单一MAGIC模型计算结果相比较,MAGIC和SMART结合模型计算出的硫沉降临界负荷更接近实测值。
研究区域土壤酸化较为严重,酸化程度为铁山坪>蔡家塘>雷公山；主要与各地区酸沉降的缓冲容量有直接关系。氮、硫沉降在很大程度上加快了土壤酸化进程,其中氮沉降产生的H+通量高于硫沉降。但由于土壤中存在大量的活性钙,能够保持较高的Ca/Al比值,酸沉降未出现明显的铝毒效应。
Within the20th century the energy structure produced significant changes worldwide. But in China the dominant energy structure as coal in the near future will not be substantially changed. The growth of coal usage and the increase of auto ownership brought gradual increase of main gases emissions of acid subsidence (SO2, NOx). Acidic substances (gases or aerosols) by the way of dry and wet deposition fell upon the ground, which not only brings huge economic losses, but also devastatingly attacks the ecosystems. Acid subsidence has become one of the biggest environmental problems in the21st century. This article established three acid rain observation sites with high international standards in the typical acid rain area in China. The observation sites are Tieshanping in Chongqing Province, Caijiatang in Hunan Province and Leigongshan in Guizhou Province. We used the taking sample and chemical analysis method recommended by EMEP monitoring network to study acid subsidence systematically, the results are as follows:
The study areas mentioned above are the typical forest watershed (2001-2004). Acidity materials in dry deposition mainly were SO2, SO42-and NO2. Alkaline substances with seasonal changing characteristics (pollution in spring and winter were much serious) mainly are Ca2+, NH4+K+and NH3. Atmospheric precipitation all appeared serious acidification, the order of average pH were:TieShanPing (4.12) Atmospheric precipitation had taken deeply ion exchange reaction when it penetrated through vegetation canopy which caused a significantly increase of pH value. In the condition of perennial acid subsidence in Shaoshan region, the layers of canopy can absorb SO42-, NO3-, Mg2+, NH4+and Na+. Absorption to SO42-and NO3-was the most pronounced. The canopy eluviations percentages of SO42-, Ca2+and Mg2+obviously reduced with the increase of precipitation. The canopy eluviations percentages of Ca2+, K+and Cl-showed the tendency to increase with pH. The sequence of ion leaching through forest canopy in Shaoshan was K+> Ca2+> Cl-> Mg2+> SO42-> NO3-> NH4+> Na+
The nitrogen and sulphur concentrations in precipitation in Shaoshan CaiJiatang watershed from2001to2003were negatively correlated with rainfall while the output concentrations were positively correlated with surface runoff. The inputs of total nitrogen gave priority to NH4+. The forest nitrogen deposition is close to the Europe's biggest penetrate value of25kg/(hm2.a) for nitrogen deposition, The output flux was mainly affected by rainfall and surface runoff, and the substantial output of NO3-had not appeared, which was due to that most of the output were intercepted by ecosystem. The input flux of SO42-was significantly higher than its output flux which maintained a higher amount of the net interception.
The mechanism of SMART model is similar to the MAGIC model. In light of complement to the two models, the combination model of MAGIC and SMART was used. Acid deposition critical load calculated by the combination model was much closer to the measured value in comparison with SMART, result showed a critical load of sulfur subsidence in Shaoshan was1.76keq/(hm2.a).
Soil acidification in the study area was relatively serious. The acidification degree was Tieshanping> Caijiatang>Leigongshan. The soil systems in Caijiatang and Leigongshan area had relatively larger buffer capacity to acid subsidence, while the buffer capacity in Tieshanping region had close to its saturation. The deposition of Nitrogen and sulfur largely accelerated the process of soil acidification, and in which the H+flux generated by nitrogen deposition was more than that of sulfur. Because of the plentiful existence of activity calcium in soil, the higher Ca/Al ratio could be maintained and the acid deposition did not showed aluminum poison effect obviously.
研究区域(湖南蔡家塘、贵州雷公山、重庆铁山坪)内典型森林小流域(2001-2004年)大气干沉降主要酸性物质均为SO2、SO42-、N02；主要碱性物质均为NH4+、Ca2+、K+、NH3,并具有季节性变化的特征(春、冬季污染严重)；区域内大气降水均出现严重的酸化现象,年平均pH值顺序为铁山坪(4.12)<蔡家塘(4.62)<雷公山(4.96)。蔡家塘与铁山坪大气降水和森林穿透水中的阴离子均以8042-为主,阳离子以NH4+为主；雷公山大气降水阴离子以CI-为主,阳离子以NH4+为主,森林穿透水阴离子以SO42-为主,阳离子以K+为主。并且森林穿透水中的各种离子组分都发生了不同程度的富集,蔡家塘、雷公山、铁山坪离子总量分别增加2.75倍、1.79倍、4.63倍。
大气降水经树冠和地表植被,发生了强烈的离子交换反应,降水pH值明显升高。常年酸沉降条件下,树冠层对SO42-、NO3-、Mg2+、NH4+和Na+具有吸收作用,以S042-、N03-最为明显。SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+冠层淋溶百分率随降雨量的增加明显减少；Ca2+、K+(?)CI-随着pH的增加,其冠层淋溶百分率呈增加趋势；森林冠层离子的淋溶序列为：K+>Ca2+>Cl->Mg2+>SO42->NO3->NH4+>Na+。
小流域降水中氮和硫的浓度与降水量呈负相关,输出浓度与地表径流量呈正相关。总氮输入以NH4+为主；森林氮沉降接近欧洲最大氮沉降穿透值25kg·/(hm2·a),输出通量主要受降水量和地表径流的影响,未出现大量的N03-的输出,大部分被生态系统截留。S042-的输入通量均明显高于输出通量,保持较高的净截留量。
SMART和(?) MAGIC模型机理类似,考虑到二者的互补性,采用MAGIC和SMART结合模型进行硫沉降临界负荷计算,计算得出韶山硫沉降临界负荷为1.76keq/(hm2.a)；与用单一MAGIC模型计算结果相比较,MAGIC和SMART结合模型计算出的硫沉降临界负荷更接近实测值。
研究区域土壤酸化较为严重,酸化程度为铁山坪>蔡家塘>雷公山；主要与各地区酸沉降的缓冲容量有直接关系。氮、硫沉降在很大程度上加快了土壤酸化进程,其中氮沉降产生的H+通量高于硫沉降。但由于土壤中存在大量的活性钙,能够保持较高的Ca/Al比值,酸沉降未出现明显的铝毒效应。
Within the20th century the energy structure produced significant changes worldwide. But in China the dominant energy structure as coal in the near future will not be substantially changed. The growth of coal usage and the increase of auto ownership brought gradual increase of main gases emissions of acid subsidence (SO2, NOx). Acidic substances (gases or aerosols) by the way of dry and wet deposition fell upon the ground, which not only brings huge economic losses, but also devastatingly attacks the ecosystems. Acid subsidence has become one of the biggest environmental problems in the21st century. This article established three acid rain observation sites with high international standards in the typical acid rain area in China. The observation sites are Tieshanping in Chongqing Province, Caijiatang in Hunan Province and Leigongshan in Guizhou Province. We used the taking sample and chemical analysis method recommended by EMEP monitoring network to study acid subsidence systematically, the results are as follows:
The study areas mentioned above are the typical forest watershed (2001-2004). Acidity materials in dry deposition mainly were SO2, SO42-and NO2. Alkaline substances with seasonal changing characteristics (pollution in spring and winter were much serious) mainly are Ca2+, NH4+K+and NH3. Atmospheric precipitation all appeared serious acidification, the order of average pH were:TieShanPing (4.12)
The nitrogen and sulphur concentrations in precipitation in Shaoshan CaiJiatang watershed from2001to2003were negatively correlated with rainfall while the output concentrations were positively correlated with surface runoff. The inputs of total nitrogen gave priority to NH4+. The forest nitrogen deposition is close to the Europe's biggest penetrate value of25kg/(hm2.a) for nitrogen deposition, The output flux was mainly affected by rainfall and surface runoff, and the substantial output of NO3-had not appeared, which was due to that most of the output were intercepted by ecosystem. The input flux of SO42-was significantly higher than its output flux which maintained a higher amount of the net interception.
The mechanism of SMART model is similar to the MAGIC model. In light of complement to the two models, the combination model of MAGIC and SMART was used. Acid deposition critical load calculated by the combination model was much closer to the measured value in comparison with SMART, result showed a critical load of sulfur subsidence in Shaoshan was1.76keq/(hm2.a).
Soil acidification in the study area was relatively serious. The acidification degree was Tieshanping> Caijiatang>Leigongshan. The soil systems in Caijiatang and Leigongshan area had relatively larger buffer capacity to acid subsidence, while the buffer capacity in Tieshanping region had close to its saturation. The deposition of Nitrogen and sulfur largely accelerated the process of soil acidification, and in which the H+flux generated by nitrogen deposition was more than that of sulfur. Because of the plentiful existence of activity calcium in soil, the higher Ca/Al ratio could be maintained and the acid deposition did not showed aluminum poison effect obviously.
引文
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