轻型客车系列化设计中悬架通用化的研究
|
摘要
随着我国汽车行业迅猛发展,汽车制造企业之间的竞争也越来越激烈,而竞争的核心内容之一是汽车产品成本控制和产品更新换代速度,产品系列化是众多行之有效的方法之一。
本文是依据某汽车企业的轻型客车系列化设计、开发、试验、生产过程中涉及到的大量理论分析和实际工作结果总结而成的。该项工作总体任务是以现有成熟的轻型客车为基础,以尽可能减少新开发的车身零部件、底盘零部件为方向,最终实现车型系列化为目的,即在现有车型基础上,形成加长车型、加长加宽加高车型等一系列车型。
作者根据现有轻型客车的基础设计参数、结构以及标准车型、加宽车型和加长加宽车型总布置尺寸约束参数,构建了标准车型、加宽车型以及加长加宽车型前悬架系统模型、后悬架系统模型、整车运动仿真模型。通过实车试验,对标准车型、加长加宽车型整车实际操纵性能与运动仿真结果作了对比分析。提出了轻型客车的操纵稳定性仿真试验项目与现行条件下实车试验项目之间可以对比的范围。
作者综合运用车辆动力学开发的三种典型方法——虚拟样机仿真分析、物理样机客观评价、物理样机主观评估及调试,对系列化车型开发的各个环节进行研究,针对车辆动力学中的核心内容——操纵稳定性、平顺性及制动性进行系列化研究,将三种方法有机的融为一体,扬长避短,对标准车型、加宽车型以及加长加宽车型进行深入的研究,对系列化车型悬架系统的主要动力学参数进行优化设计。
本文的研究成果,首次应用于国内某轻型客车的系列产品实际开发过程之中,取得了很好的效果,为企业节省了大量的零部件开发费用和整车试验费用,缩短了产品开发周期。
With the rapid development of China's automobile industry, automobile manufacturers are facing fierce competition. The core of the competition is product cost control and product renewal rate, the product serialization is one of some effective methods. Product serialization includes two concepts, one is product diversification, and another one is components generalization. Product diversification is the target of the product serialization; it is to be satisfied to the different requirement of different custom based on using the existing components. Components generalization is the key solution and the requirement. Components generalization not only uses of existing components to realize the mass production and few types of the components, and also reduces the production costs, saving cost, testing cost and human resources, finally cut down the cost of whole vehicle and shorten product development cycle and reduce the costs of human training, saving cost, whole vehicle maintenance after-sales servicing. This will improve the competition ability in product and service for the manufacturer.
This article is based on actual results of minibus serialization design, testing, production process involved on a domestic automobile enterprise. The overall mission of the work is to develop extended models based on existing mature minibus, for example widen model, extended heightening widen model.
This work involves many items, for example, a minimum change of boy in white , interior parts , chassis parts, body strength, stiffness to ensure that regulations, application requirements, vehicle structure to meet regulatory requirements CMVDR294 (including the front crash, offset collision, rear collisions), and the pedestrian protection legislation, but also to consider how to facilitate customers to use and maintenance the vehicle, reducing the using cost . Based on doctoral dissertation researching, this paper is focusing the item on the generalization of components for different models, the results in other areas is not here involved.
The author constructs the front suspension system simulation model, the rear suspension system simulation model and the moving simulation model of whole vehicle for the standard models, widening and lengthening broadening model vehicle under the existing model’s basic design parameters, structure and the overall parameters constraints of the whole vehicle layout.
The vehicle performance comparative analysis is made between the real vehicle tests and the simulation results.
The article includes the following three aspects:
1)The application of suspension virtual prototype and bench test for the vehicle design.
Suspension K & C is including geometric kinematics and flexibility, both are inseparable. This article specifically addressed the research content, tools and the parameters of suspension K & C and established the virtual suspension for the typical minibus and simulated. By the comparison between the simulation results and bench test results, the validity of the suspension model is determined. The suspension hard points, spring stiffness, articulated parts’stiffness and other mechanical properties had been set. The article also provides an effective basis and support for the structure design of the body panel and chassis parts.
2)The application of the virtual simulation and road test in vehicle handling & stability research
The vehicle handling & Stability contains two interrelated parts, one is handling that means the ability of vehicle exactly responding to driver's steering commands; another one is the stability that means the ability of vehicle recovering the original state of motion after external disturbance. The two are inseparable.
The writer established the simulation model of the front suspension, the rear suspension, steering system and tire subsystem for the typical minibus by using the constraints libraries in ADAMS software and also established the whole vehicle simulation model by the introduction of road conditions and other external constraints. The models are used in simulation analysis for the handling and stability of the whole vehicle.
By the comparison between the vehicle road test results and the simulation results, the effectiveness of the model is determined
3)The application of the virtual simulation and road test in vehicle riding & braking research
through the front and rear suspension Biased design, impact strength and vibration attenuation of the simulation and comparative analysis of the road test results, the validity of the model is determined; through the comparative analysis between loaded with all-wheel brake calculation and the real test result, it is clear that the change of the vehicle parameters effect the performance of braking.
The innovation of this paper lies in the following areas:
1, first time in the country proposed a combining vehicle dynamics development approach, that is, simulation analysis, objective testing and subjective evaluation.
2, the article take the lead in the development of research systems from the Suspension system kinematic characteristics of K (Kinemics), then to study flexible kinematics C (Compliance) of the system, then to study the dynamic characteristics D (Dynamics)of suspension system, subjective evaluation and debugging on the shock absorber of front and rear suspension in vehicle series.
3, found the general principle in front and rear suspension biased design, and the ratio of them.
4, study riding from impact strength and vibration attenuation, and established a set of test methods and post-processing, to optimize the design of the riding, and to improve suspension buffer block design, to achieve good results.
With the improvement on computer simulation technology, and improvement of the suspension rubber bushing model, tire model and even the structure of the suspension, I believe that virtual simulation of vehicle performance results will be closer to the actual performance of vehicles, cost reduction of new products and shortening the development cycle will be more benefit from the computer simulation technology.
本文是依据某汽车企业的轻型客车系列化设计、开发、试验、生产过程中涉及到的大量理论分析和实际工作结果总结而成的。该项工作总体任务是以现有成熟的轻型客车为基础,以尽可能减少新开发的车身零部件、底盘零部件为方向,最终实现车型系列化为目的,即在现有车型基础上,形成加长车型、加长加宽加高车型等一系列车型。
作者根据现有轻型客车的基础设计参数、结构以及标准车型、加宽车型和加长加宽车型总布置尺寸约束参数,构建了标准车型、加宽车型以及加长加宽车型前悬架系统模型、后悬架系统模型、整车运动仿真模型。通过实车试验,对标准车型、加长加宽车型整车实际操纵性能与运动仿真结果作了对比分析。提出了轻型客车的操纵稳定性仿真试验项目与现行条件下实车试验项目之间可以对比的范围。
作者综合运用车辆动力学开发的三种典型方法——虚拟样机仿真分析、物理样机客观评价、物理样机主观评估及调试,对系列化车型开发的各个环节进行研究,针对车辆动力学中的核心内容——操纵稳定性、平顺性及制动性进行系列化研究,将三种方法有机的融为一体,扬长避短,对标准车型、加宽车型以及加长加宽车型进行深入的研究,对系列化车型悬架系统的主要动力学参数进行优化设计。
本文的研究成果,首次应用于国内某轻型客车的系列产品实际开发过程之中,取得了很好的效果,为企业节省了大量的零部件开发费用和整车试验费用,缩短了产品开发周期。
With the rapid development of China's automobile industry, automobile manufacturers are facing fierce competition. The core of the competition is product cost control and product renewal rate, the product serialization is one of some effective methods. Product serialization includes two concepts, one is product diversification, and another one is components generalization. Product diversification is the target of the product serialization; it is to be satisfied to the different requirement of different custom based on using the existing components. Components generalization is the key solution and the requirement. Components generalization not only uses of existing components to realize the mass production and few types of the components, and also reduces the production costs, saving cost, testing cost and human resources, finally cut down the cost of whole vehicle and shorten product development cycle and reduce the costs of human training, saving cost, whole vehicle maintenance after-sales servicing. This will improve the competition ability in product and service for the manufacturer.
This article is based on actual results of minibus serialization design, testing, production process involved on a domestic automobile enterprise. The overall mission of the work is to develop extended models based on existing mature minibus, for example widen model, extended heightening widen model.
This work involves many items, for example, a minimum change of boy in white , interior parts , chassis parts, body strength, stiffness to ensure that regulations, application requirements, vehicle structure to meet regulatory requirements CMVDR294 (including the front crash, offset collision, rear collisions), and the pedestrian protection legislation, but also to consider how to facilitate customers to use and maintenance the vehicle, reducing the using cost . Based on doctoral dissertation researching, this paper is focusing the item on the generalization of components for different models, the results in other areas is not here involved.
The author constructs the front suspension system simulation model, the rear suspension system simulation model and the moving simulation model of whole vehicle for the standard models, widening and lengthening broadening model vehicle under the existing model’s basic design parameters, structure and the overall parameters constraints of the whole vehicle layout.
The vehicle performance comparative analysis is made between the real vehicle tests and the simulation results.
The article includes the following three aspects:
1)The application of suspension virtual prototype and bench test for the vehicle design.
Suspension K & C is including geometric kinematics and flexibility, both are inseparable. This article specifically addressed the research content, tools and the parameters of suspension K & C and established the virtual suspension for the typical minibus and simulated. By the comparison between the simulation results and bench test results, the validity of the suspension model is determined. The suspension hard points, spring stiffness, articulated parts’stiffness and other mechanical properties had been set. The article also provides an effective basis and support for the structure design of the body panel and chassis parts.
2)The application of the virtual simulation and road test in vehicle handling & stability research
The vehicle handling & Stability contains two interrelated parts, one is handling that means the ability of vehicle exactly responding to driver's steering commands; another one is the stability that means the ability of vehicle recovering the original state of motion after external disturbance. The two are inseparable.
The writer established the simulation model of the front suspension, the rear suspension, steering system and tire subsystem for the typical minibus by using the constraints libraries in ADAMS software and also established the whole vehicle simulation model by the introduction of road conditions and other external constraints. The models are used in simulation analysis for the handling and stability of the whole vehicle.
By the comparison between the vehicle road test results and the simulation results, the effectiveness of the model is determined
3)The application of the virtual simulation and road test in vehicle riding & braking research
through the front and rear suspension Biased design, impact strength and vibration attenuation of the simulation and comparative analysis of the road test results, the validity of the model is determined; through the comparative analysis between loaded with all-wheel brake calculation and the real test result, it is clear that the change of the vehicle parameters effect the performance of braking.
The innovation of this paper lies in the following areas:
1, first time in the country proposed a combining vehicle dynamics development approach, that is, simulation analysis, objective testing and subjective evaluation.
2, the article take the lead in the development of research systems from the Suspension system kinematic characteristics of K (Kinemics), then to study flexible kinematics C (Compliance) of the system, then to study the dynamic characteristics D (Dynamics)of suspension system, subjective evaluation and debugging on the shock absorber of front and rear suspension in vehicle series.
3, found the general principle in front and rear suspension biased design, and the ratio of them.
4, study riding from impact strength and vibration attenuation, and established a set of test methods and post-processing, to optimize the design of the riding, and to improve suspension buffer block design, to achieve good results.
With the improvement on computer simulation technology, and improvement of the suspension rubber bushing model, tire model and even the structure of the suspension, I believe that virtual simulation of vehicle performance results will be closer to the actual performance of vehicles, cost reduction of new products and shortening the development cycle will be more benefit from the computer simulation technology.
引文
[1]阿达姆.措莫托,黄锡朋,解春阳译.汽车行驶性能[M].北京:科学普及出版社,1992.9.
[2] Thomas D. Gillespie. Fundamental of Vehicle Dynamics[M].Society of Automotive Engineer Inc,2002.
[3]安部正人著,陈幸波译.汽车的运动与操纵[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
[4]宇野高明著,郝长文等译.汽车行驶性能和底盘机构[M].长春:第一汽车集团公司技术中心,1994.
[5] M.B.Gerrard. Rolling Centers and Jacking Force in Independent Suspension[C]//SAE paper NO.1999010046,1999.
[6] Donald Bastow. Car suspension and Handling[M].Pentech Press,1986.
[7] Stefano J. Cassara, David C. Anderson and J. Magnus Olofsson. A Multi-Level Approach for the Validation of a Tractor-Semitrailer Ride and Handling Model[C]//SAE Paper,2004-01-2694.
[8]郑建荣. ADAMS虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[9]轿车悬架运动学/弹性运动学adams模块的建立和仿真分析课题总结报告[R].上海同济大学汽车工程系,1998.
[10]秦民.整车动力学控制仿真分析[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2003.
[11] Andrew J. Barber, Accurate Models for Complex Vehicle Components using Empirical Methods[C]//SAE Paper,2000-01-1625.
[12]任卫群.车-路系统动力学中的虚拟样机[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[13]陈立平等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京清华大学出版社,2005.
[14] Prashaut S Rao, David Roccaforte,Ron Campbell. Developing an ADAMS model of an automobile using test data[C]//SAE Paper,2002-01-1567.
[15]张志杰.基于悬架参数测量试验台的操纵稳定性仿真分析[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.5.
[16]刑俊文. MSC.ADAMS/Flex与AutoFlex培训教程[M].北京科学出版社,2006.6.
[17] M.米奇克[德].汽车动力学C卷(2版)[M].陈荫三译.北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[18]郭孔辉.汽车操纵动力学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1991.
[19]耶尔森.赖姆帕尔著,张洪欣,余卓平译.汽车底盘基础[M].北京:科学普及出版社,1992.
[20]凌雯.桑塔纳轿车悬架运动学/弹性运动学ADAMS仿真分析[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,1999.5.
[21]吕振华,徐建国.五连杆悬架的刚体运动学分析[J].汽车技术,2002(11):10-13.
[22]宋传学,袁鸿,蔡章林.基于多体系统动力学的悬架虚拟样机库[J].长春:吉林大学学报(工学版),第38卷第5期,2008.9.
[23]杨树凯,宋传学,等.用虚拟样机方法分析悬架衬套弹性对整车转向特性的影响[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007.5.
[24]宋传学,蔡章林.基于ADAMS/CAR的双横臂独立悬架建模与仿真[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2004.4.
[25]蔡章林,宋传学,安晓鹃.车辆稳态回转特性的虚拟仿真[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2006,36(3):311-314.
[26]杨树凯,宋传学,等.多连杆悬架与双横臂悬架运动学和弹性运动学特性分析[J].汽车技术,2006.12
[27]杨树凯.独立悬架性能评价指标与评价方法及其在双横臂与多连杆式悬架上的仿真实现[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2005.5.
[28]陈明星.双横臂独立前悬架中橡胶衬套刚度的研究及优化[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.5.
[29]郭猛.汽车前轮定位参数分析与优化设计[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.5.
[30] Park Joonhong, Guenther Dennis A, Heydinger Gary J. Kinematic suspension model applicable to dynamic full vehicle simulation[C]//SAE Paper ,2003-01-0859
[31] Durali Mohammad, Kassaiezadeh Ali Reza. Design and software base modeling of anti-roll system[C]//SAE Paper, 2002-01-2217.
[32] Suh kwon-Hee, Lee Yoon-Ki, Jeong Hae-Myun.A study on the handling performances of a large-sized bus with the change of rear suspension geometry[C]//SAE Paper, 2002-01-3071.
[33] Jornsen Reimpell , Helut Stoll. Automotive chassis: EngineeringPrinciples[M].London: Arnold,1996.
[34] Matschinsky, Wolfgang.Die Radführungen der Strassfahrzeug[M].Verlag Tuev Reihland,1987.
[35] Kenneth William. Coupling suspension complex system optimization.State[D].University of New York at Buffalo. Ph.D thesis, 2001.
[36] T. E. Renner. Empirical Dynamics Models for Non-Linear Suspension Components [C]//SAE-FALL-2000.
[37] R. Ledesma, Z.-D. Ma,G. Hulbert,A. Wineman. A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Bushing Element In Multi-body Dynamics[J].Computational Mechanics, vol.17, pp. 287-296, 1996.
[38] Peter Holdmann , Philip Kohn , Bertram Moller. Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Measuring and Simulation[C]//SAE Paper,980897.
[39] Jeff Warfford,Norman Frey. A Facility for the measurement of HeavyTruck Chassis and Suspension Kinematics and Compliances[C]//SAE Paper,2004-01-2609.
[40] Peter Holdmann,Philip Kohn,Bertram Moller,Ralph Willems. Suspension Kinematics and Compliance-Measuring and Simulation[C]//SAEPaper,98-08-97.
[41] Design and Operation of a New Vehicle Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Facility[C]//SAEPaper,970096.
[42] MTS Kinematic And Compliance Deflection Measurement System Provides. MTS company,2007.11.
[43] [英]Dave Crolla,喻凡.车辆动力学及其控制[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[44]刘延柱,洪嘉振,杨海兴.多刚体系统动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989.
[45]郭孔辉.轮胎力学特性与悬架力学特性研究结题报告[R].长春:吉林大学汽车动态模拟国家重点实验室,2004.
[46]庄继德.汽车轮胎学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995.
[47]郭孔辉.长春汽车研究所近年来对汽车操纵稳定性的研究[J].汽车工程,1986.
[48]郭孔辉.汽车前轮定位及其影响因素[C]//学术交流会优秀论文集,长春汽车研究所,1990.
[49]胡宁,郑冬黎.汽车双横臂独立悬架的运动学分析[J].汽车工程, 1998(6):363-366.
[50] Cai zhang-lin,Song chuan-xue, An Xiao-juan.Virticual simulation research on vehicle ride comfort[C]//SAE Paper,2006-01-3499.
[51]蔡章林.基于VPD技术的悬架设计及整车试验优化[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2007.4.
[52]陈欣,林逸,王焕明,等.悬架元件对悬架性能的影响[J].汽车技术长春,1996.5.
[53]林逸,陈欣,王望予.独立悬架中的橡胶减振元件对汽车性能的影响[J].吉林工业大学学报,1993.3.
[54]赵栎华.汽车前轮定位对运行的影响[J].汽车运输,1990.5.
[55]王建康.浅析前束与前轮侧滑关系[J].汽车运输,1991.2.
[56]梁俊,吴光强,李文辉,魏宏.四连杆式独立悬架性能分析[J].汽车技术,2002.4.
[57]金叙龙,郭万富.双横臂独立悬架运动特性分析[J].汽车技术,2001.2.
[58]李新耀,张印,周良生,等.双横比扭杆悬架特性分析及设计计算[J].汽车工程,2003.2.
[59]左曙光,胡子正,李文辉,等.桑塔纳轿车后桥等效侧偏刚度分析及测试技术[J].汽车技术,2001.3.
[60]乐升彬.前双横臂独立悬架的建模仿真与改进设计[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004.5.
[61]天津夏利POLO悬架K&C特性与刚度特性试验报告[R].长春吉林大学汽车动态模拟国家重点试验室.2007.
[62] Jeff Warfford, Norman Frey. A Facility for the measurement of HeavyTruck Chassis and Suspension Kinematics and Compliances[C]//SAE Paper,2004-01-2609.
[63] Peter Holdmann, Philip Kohn , Bertram Moller , Ralph Willems. Suspension Kinematics and Compliance-Measuring and Simulation[C]//SAEPaper, 98-08-97.
[64] Design and Operation of a New Vehicle Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Facility[C]//SAE Paper,970096.
[65] L.Segel. Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Substantiation of the Response of the Automobile to Steering Control[R].Institution of the Mechanical Engineers Proceedings of the Automobile Division,1956-1957.
[66] J.Segel. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model. Programmers Manual,1976.
[67] J.Segel. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model. Users Manual,1976.
[68] J.Segel. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model. Validation,1976.
[69] ADI Technical Staff. Seventeen-Degree-of-freedom Motor Vehicle Simulation [R].Application Report.
[70] Ryan,R.R. Functional Virtual Prototyping: Realizztion of“The Digital CAR”white paper. http//www.adams.com/solutions/anto/ Digital_Car_Paper.pdf,2007.
[71]董得忠,郭军,丁希仑,等.双连杆柔性臂动力学建模与仿真分析[J].机械科学与技术,2006.4.
[72] [德]施普尔,克劳舍著,宁汝新等译.虚拟产品开发技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[73] Whitney, Joseph Daniel. Experimental characterization and dynamic simulation of a quadra link independent rear automotive suspension system[D].University of Massachusetts Lowell. M.S.degree thesis, 2003.
[74]杨树凯.橡胶衬套对悬架弹性运动与整车转向特性影响的研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.6
[75]郭孔辉.汽车底盘平台集成与调校技术[C]//汽车底盘集成匹配设计高级研修班讲义,2007.
[76]郭孔辉,王爽,丁海涛,等.后悬架非对称式橡胶衬套弹性耦合特性[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007.6.
[77]温强.悬架运动学/弹性运动学试验方法及装置的研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,1999.12.
[78]王其东.基于多体理论的汽车悬架系统分析设计与控制研究[D].合肥工业大学博士学位论文,2002.
[79]洪嘉振.计算多体系统动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[80]黄文虎,邵成勋.多柔体系统动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[81]喻凡,林逸.汽车系统动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[82] R.R.Craig,M.C.C.Bampton. Coupling of Structures for Dynamics Analysis[J].AIAA,1968.6.
[83] Venu Subramanyam,Vince Monkaba and Todd Alexander. A Unique Approach to All-Wheel Drive Vehicle Dynamics Model Simulation and Correlation[C]//SAE Paper 2000-01-3526.
[84]马天飞等.轻型客车NVH特性的刚弹耦合、声固耦合仿真研究[J].汽车工程,2005.1.
[85]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[2] Thomas D. Gillespie. Fundamental of Vehicle Dynamics[M].Society of Automotive Engineer Inc,2002.
[3]安部正人著,陈幸波译.汽车的运动与操纵[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
[4]宇野高明著,郝长文等译.汽车行驶性能和底盘机构[M].长春:第一汽车集团公司技术中心,1994.
[5] M.B.Gerrard. Rolling Centers and Jacking Force in Independent Suspension[C]//SAE paper NO.1999010046,1999.
[6] Donald Bastow. Car suspension and Handling[M].Pentech Press,1986.
[7] Stefano J. Cassara, David C. Anderson and J. Magnus Olofsson. A Multi-Level Approach for the Validation of a Tractor-Semitrailer Ride and Handling Model[C]//SAE Paper,2004-01-2694.
[8]郑建荣. ADAMS虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[9]轿车悬架运动学/弹性运动学adams模块的建立和仿真分析课题总结报告[R].上海同济大学汽车工程系,1998.
[10]秦民.整车动力学控制仿真分析[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2003.
[11] Andrew J. Barber, Accurate Models for Complex Vehicle Components using Empirical Methods[C]//SAE Paper,2000-01-1625.
[12]任卫群.车-路系统动力学中的虚拟样机[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.
[13]陈立平等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京清华大学出版社,2005.
[14] Prashaut S Rao, David Roccaforte,Ron Campbell. Developing an ADAMS model of an automobile using test data[C]//SAE Paper,2002-01-1567.
[15]张志杰.基于悬架参数测量试验台的操纵稳定性仿真分析[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.5.
[16]刑俊文. MSC.ADAMS/Flex与AutoFlex培训教程[M].北京科学出版社,2006.6.
[17] M.米奇克[德].汽车动力学C卷(2版)[M].陈荫三译.北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[18]郭孔辉.汽车操纵动力学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1991.
[19]耶尔森.赖姆帕尔著,张洪欣,余卓平译.汽车底盘基础[M].北京:科学普及出版社,1992.
[20]凌雯.桑塔纳轿车悬架运动学/弹性运动学ADAMS仿真分析[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,1999.5.
[21]吕振华,徐建国.五连杆悬架的刚体运动学分析[J].汽车技术,2002(11):10-13.
[22]宋传学,袁鸿,蔡章林.基于多体系统动力学的悬架虚拟样机库[J].长春:吉林大学学报(工学版),第38卷第5期,2008.9.
[23]杨树凯,宋传学,等.用虚拟样机方法分析悬架衬套弹性对整车转向特性的影响[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007.5.
[24]宋传学,蔡章林.基于ADAMS/CAR的双横臂独立悬架建模与仿真[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2004.4.
[25]蔡章林,宋传学,安晓鹃.车辆稳态回转特性的虚拟仿真[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2006,36(3):311-314.
[26]杨树凯,宋传学,等.多连杆悬架与双横臂悬架运动学和弹性运动学特性分析[J].汽车技术,2006.12
[27]杨树凯.独立悬架性能评价指标与评价方法及其在双横臂与多连杆式悬架上的仿真实现[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2005.5.
[28]陈明星.双横臂独立前悬架中橡胶衬套刚度的研究及优化[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.5.
[29]郭猛.汽车前轮定位参数分析与优化设计[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.5.
[30] Park Joonhong, Guenther Dennis A, Heydinger Gary J. Kinematic suspension model applicable to dynamic full vehicle simulation[C]//SAE Paper ,2003-01-0859
[31] Durali Mohammad, Kassaiezadeh Ali Reza. Design and software base modeling of anti-roll system[C]//SAE Paper, 2002-01-2217.
[32] Suh kwon-Hee, Lee Yoon-Ki, Jeong Hae-Myun.A study on the handling performances of a large-sized bus with the change of rear suspension geometry[C]//SAE Paper, 2002-01-3071.
[33] Jornsen Reimpell , Helut Stoll. Automotive chassis: EngineeringPrinciples[M].London: Arnold,1996.
[34] Matschinsky, Wolfgang.Die Radführungen der Strassfahrzeug[M].Verlag Tuev Reihland,1987.
[35] Kenneth William. Coupling suspension complex system optimization.State[D].University of New York at Buffalo. Ph.D thesis, 2001.
[36] T. E. Renner. Empirical Dynamics Models for Non-Linear Suspension Components [C]//SAE-FALL-2000.
[37] R. Ledesma, Z.-D. Ma,G. Hulbert,A. Wineman. A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Bushing Element In Multi-body Dynamics[J].Computational Mechanics, vol.17, pp. 287-296, 1996.
[38] Peter Holdmann , Philip Kohn , Bertram Moller. Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Measuring and Simulation[C]//SAE Paper,980897.
[39] Jeff Warfford,Norman Frey. A Facility for the measurement of HeavyTruck Chassis and Suspension Kinematics and Compliances[C]//SAE Paper,2004-01-2609.
[40] Peter Holdmann,Philip Kohn,Bertram Moller,Ralph Willems. Suspension Kinematics and Compliance-Measuring and Simulation[C]//SAEPaper,98-08-97.
[41] Design and Operation of a New Vehicle Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Facility[C]//SAEPaper,970096.
[42] MTS Kinematic And Compliance Deflection Measurement System Provides. MTS company,2007.11.
[43] [英]Dave Crolla,喻凡.车辆动力学及其控制[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[44]刘延柱,洪嘉振,杨海兴.多刚体系统动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989.
[45]郭孔辉.轮胎力学特性与悬架力学特性研究结题报告[R].长春:吉林大学汽车动态模拟国家重点实验室,2004.
[46]庄继德.汽车轮胎学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1995.
[47]郭孔辉.长春汽车研究所近年来对汽车操纵稳定性的研究[J].汽车工程,1986.
[48]郭孔辉.汽车前轮定位及其影响因素[C]//学术交流会优秀论文集,长春汽车研究所,1990.
[49]胡宁,郑冬黎.汽车双横臂独立悬架的运动学分析[J].汽车工程, 1998(6):363-366.
[50] Cai zhang-lin,Song chuan-xue, An Xiao-juan.Virticual simulation research on vehicle ride comfort[C]//SAE Paper,2006-01-3499.
[51]蔡章林.基于VPD技术的悬架设计及整车试验优化[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2007.4.
[52]陈欣,林逸,王焕明,等.悬架元件对悬架性能的影响[J].汽车技术长春,1996.5.
[53]林逸,陈欣,王望予.独立悬架中的橡胶减振元件对汽车性能的影响[J].吉林工业大学学报,1993.3.
[54]赵栎华.汽车前轮定位对运行的影响[J].汽车运输,1990.5.
[55]王建康.浅析前束与前轮侧滑关系[J].汽车运输,1991.2.
[56]梁俊,吴光强,李文辉,魏宏.四连杆式独立悬架性能分析[J].汽车技术,2002.4.
[57]金叙龙,郭万富.双横臂独立悬架运动特性分析[J].汽车技术,2001.2.
[58]李新耀,张印,周良生,等.双横比扭杆悬架特性分析及设计计算[J].汽车工程,2003.2.
[59]左曙光,胡子正,李文辉,等.桑塔纳轿车后桥等效侧偏刚度分析及测试技术[J].汽车技术,2001.3.
[60]乐升彬.前双横臂独立悬架的建模仿真与改进设计[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2004.5.
[61]天津夏利POLO悬架K&C特性与刚度特性试验报告[R].长春吉林大学汽车动态模拟国家重点试验室.2007.
[62] Jeff Warfford, Norman Frey. A Facility for the measurement of HeavyTruck Chassis and Suspension Kinematics and Compliances[C]//SAE Paper,2004-01-2609.
[63] Peter Holdmann, Philip Kohn , Bertram Moller , Ralph Willems. Suspension Kinematics and Compliance-Measuring and Simulation[C]//SAEPaper, 98-08-97.
[64] Design and Operation of a New Vehicle Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Facility[C]//SAE Paper,970096.
[65] L.Segel. Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Substantiation of the Response of the Automobile to Steering Control[R].Institution of the Mechanical Engineers Proceedings of the Automobile Division,1956-1957.
[66] J.Segel. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model. Programmers Manual,1976.
[67] J.Segel. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model. Users Manual,1976.
[68] J.Segel. Highway Vehicle Object Simulation Model. Validation,1976.
[69] ADI Technical Staff. Seventeen-Degree-of-freedom Motor Vehicle Simulation [R].Application Report.
[70] Ryan,R.R. Functional Virtual Prototyping: Realizztion of“The Digital CAR”white paper. http//www.adams.com/solutions/anto/ Digital_Car_Paper.pdf,2007.
[71]董得忠,郭军,丁希仑,等.双连杆柔性臂动力学建模与仿真分析[J].机械科学与技术,2006.4.
[72] [德]施普尔,克劳舍著,宁汝新等译.虚拟产品开发技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[73] Whitney, Joseph Daniel. Experimental characterization and dynamic simulation of a quadra link independent rear automotive suspension system[D].University of Massachusetts Lowell. M.S.degree thesis, 2003.
[74]杨树凯.橡胶衬套对悬架弹性运动与整车转向特性影响的研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.6
[75]郭孔辉.汽车底盘平台集成与调校技术[C]//汽车底盘集成匹配设计高级研修班讲义,2007.
[76]郭孔辉,王爽,丁海涛,等.后悬架非对称式橡胶衬套弹性耦合特性[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007.6.
[77]温强.悬架运动学/弹性运动学试验方法及装置的研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,1999.12.
[78]王其东.基于多体理论的汽车悬架系统分析设计与控制研究[D].合肥工业大学博士学位论文,2002.
[79]洪嘉振.计算多体系统动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[80]黄文虎,邵成勋.多柔体系统动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[81]喻凡,林逸.汽车系统动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[82] R.R.Craig,M.C.C.Bampton. Coupling of Structures for Dynamics Analysis[J].AIAA,1968.6.
[83] Venu Subramanyam,Vince Monkaba and Todd Alexander. A Unique Approach to All-Wheel Drive Vehicle Dynamics Model Simulation and Correlation[C]//SAE Paper 2000-01-3526.
[84]马天飞等.轻型客车NVH特性的刚弹耦合、声固耦合仿真研究[J].汽车工程,2005.1.
[85]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.