爆轰波与水下冲击波连续测量方法
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摘要
爆轰是十分复杂的化学、物理和力学过程,爆轰过程的高速、高压、高温给爆轰参数的测量带来困难,尤其水中爆炸时引起的物理现象更是复杂且难以准确定量描述的,所以实验和测量技术在爆轰物理研究中的重要作用是显而易见的。连续测量方法有着其独特的优越性,在爆轰波与水下冲击波速度的连续测量中有着非常好的应用前景。
本文以现有的爆轰波连续测量方法为基础,研究了测量爆轰波与水下冲击波速度的连续压导探针,这种连续压导探针实现了在一次实验中就可以连续测量爆轰波与水下冲击波的传播过程,而且克服了其它连续测量探针的一些缺点。主要研究内容如下：
1、根据现有的爆速连续测量方法,基于HanditrapⅡ连续爆速记录仪,研制一种连续压导探针可以在一次实验中实现同时测量爆轰波与水下冲击波的传播速度,并且阐述了这种探针的工作原理。该方法不仅可以测量任意位置处爆速和水下冲击波速度,还可以扩展成炸药爆压测量的方法。
2、炸药水中爆炸时,根据两种介质波阻抗的特点,会在炸药中反射冲击波或者稀疏波,而在水中必然形成冲击波。在C-J模型下,根据爆轰波与介质相互作用关系,推导出计算炸药爆压和介质中初始参数的冲击波反射公式与等熵加卸载公式,并与水箱法与JWL状态方程对比。
3、选用黑索金与工业铵油炸药进行水下实验,对连续压导探针的可行性进行了初步探索；利用工程方法估算炸药的爆速,分析实验结果,对实测的炸药爆轰速度与计算值和文献记载数据进行对比分析,对连续压导探针的可信性进行了验证。
4、随着计算机技术的发展,数值计算成为了探讨和解决现实中各种复杂问题的重要途径,本文选用AUTODYN对黑索金和工业铵油炸药水下爆炸实验进行数值模拟,并与实验数据对比分析。对水下冲击波的衰减与传播规律进行了初步探索。
Detonation is a very complex chemical, physical and mechanical process with high speed, high pressure and high temperature, which made the measurement of detonation parameters difficult. In particular, the physical phenomenon caused by underwater explosion is more complex and difficult to accurately quantitative describe, therefore, experimental and measuring technique play an important role in the research of detonation physics. Continuous measurement method has a good application prospect because of its unique advantage on measurement of the velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave.
Based on the existing detonation wave continuous measurement method, continuous pressure conduction probe for measuring velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave was researched, which realized continuous measurement of propagation process of detonation and underwater shock wave during one experiment and overcame the shortcomings of the former continuous probe. The main research contents are as follows:
1. According to the existing velocity of detonation continuous measurement method, continuous pressure conduction probe was developed to measure velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave on the basis of HanditrapⅡ VOD recorder during one experiment, and the working principle of this probe was described. The meathod not only applys to measure velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave but also can expand to measure detonation pressure.
2. When explosive exploded underwater, according to the wave impedance characteristics of the two media, shock wave or rarefaction wave would be reflected into the explosive, it was bound to form a shock wave in the water. We derived the explosive shock wave reflection formula and equal entropy load and unload formulation, which was used to calculating detonation pressure and initial parameters of media, and compared with tank method and JWL state equation.
3. To conduct a preliminary exploration on the feasibility of continuous pressure conduction probe, RDX and ANFO were adopt to carry out underwater experiment, then we estimated the explosives velocity of detonation by engineering methods, the experimental results of velocity of detonation were compared with theoretical calculation value and literature data in order to verify the viable of the continuous pressure conduction probe.
4. With the development of computer technology, numerical calculation has become an important way to explore and solve the complex problems, in this paper, we simulated underwater detonation process of RDX and ANFO by AUTODYN to compared with the experiment. A preliminary exploration was conducted on attenuation and propagation discipline of underwater shock wave.
本文以现有的爆轰波连续测量方法为基础,研究了测量爆轰波与水下冲击波速度的连续压导探针,这种连续压导探针实现了在一次实验中就可以连续测量爆轰波与水下冲击波的传播过程,而且克服了其它连续测量探针的一些缺点。主要研究内容如下：
1、根据现有的爆速连续测量方法,基于HanditrapⅡ连续爆速记录仪,研制一种连续压导探针可以在一次实验中实现同时测量爆轰波与水下冲击波的传播速度,并且阐述了这种探针的工作原理。该方法不仅可以测量任意位置处爆速和水下冲击波速度,还可以扩展成炸药爆压测量的方法。
2、炸药水中爆炸时,根据两种介质波阻抗的特点,会在炸药中反射冲击波或者稀疏波,而在水中必然形成冲击波。在C-J模型下,根据爆轰波与介质相互作用关系,推导出计算炸药爆压和介质中初始参数的冲击波反射公式与等熵加卸载公式,并与水箱法与JWL状态方程对比。
3、选用黑索金与工业铵油炸药进行水下实验,对连续压导探针的可行性进行了初步探索；利用工程方法估算炸药的爆速,分析实验结果,对实测的炸药爆轰速度与计算值和文献记载数据进行对比分析,对连续压导探针的可信性进行了验证。
4、随着计算机技术的发展,数值计算成为了探讨和解决现实中各种复杂问题的重要途径,本文选用AUTODYN对黑索金和工业铵油炸药水下爆炸实验进行数值模拟,并与实验数据对比分析。对水下冲击波的衰减与传播规律进行了初步探索。
Detonation is a very complex chemical, physical and mechanical process with high speed, high pressure and high temperature, which made the measurement of detonation parameters difficult. In particular, the physical phenomenon caused by underwater explosion is more complex and difficult to accurately quantitative describe, therefore, experimental and measuring technique play an important role in the research of detonation physics. Continuous measurement method has a good application prospect because of its unique advantage on measurement of the velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave.
Based on the existing detonation wave continuous measurement method, continuous pressure conduction probe for measuring velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave was researched, which realized continuous measurement of propagation process of detonation and underwater shock wave during one experiment and overcame the shortcomings of the former continuous probe. The main research contents are as follows:
1. According to the existing velocity of detonation continuous measurement method, continuous pressure conduction probe was developed to measure velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave on the basis of HanditrapⅡ VOD recorder during one experiment, and the working principle of this probe was described. The meathod not only applys to measure velocity of detonation and underwater shock wave but also can expand to measure detonation pressure.
2. When explosive exploded underwater, according to the wave impedance characteristics of the two media, shock wave or rarefaction wave would be reflected into the explosive, it was bound to form a shock wave in the water. We derived the explosive shock wave reflection formula and equal entropy load and unload formulation, which was used to calculating detonation pressure and initial parameters of media, and compared with tank method and JWL state equation.
3. To conduct a preliminary exploration on the feasibility of continuous pressure conduction probe, RDX and ANFO were adopt to carry out underwater experiment, then we estimated the explosives velocity of detonation by engineering methods, the experimental results of velocity of detonation were compared with theoretical calculation value and literature data in order to verify the viable of the continuous pressure conduction probe.
4. With the development of computer technology, numerical calculation has become an important way to explore and solve the complex problems, in this paper, we simulated underwater detonation process of RDX and ANFO by AUTODYN to compared with the experiment. A preliminary exploration was conducted on attenuation and propagation discipline of underwater shock wave.
引文
[1]奥尔连科著,孙承纬译.爆炸物理学[M].北京：科学出版社,2011.
[2]王海亮.铁路工程爆破[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2001.
[3]Chapman D L. On the rate of explosions in gases [J]. Philos,1899,47:90-104.
[4]Jouget E. On the propogation of chemical reaction in gases [J]. J Math pure and Appl,1905,7:347-425.
[5]吴国栋.炸药爆轰参数的测量[J].爆炸与冲击,1987,7(4)：367-368.
[6]顾泽慧.多通道爆速测量仪设计[D].南京：南京理工大学通信与信息系,2011.
[7]宁建国,王成,马天宝.爆炸与冲击动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2010.
[8]尹群,陈永念,胡海岩.水下爆炸研究的现状和趋势[J].造船技术,2003,(6)：6-8.
[9]罗松林,叶序双,顾文彬.水下爆炸研究现状[J].工程爆破,1999,5(1)：84-86.
[10]Zamyshlysaev B V. Dynamic loading in underwater explosion [R]. AD-757183,1973.
[11]Kell J B. Damping of underwater explosion bubble oscillation. J Appl Phys,1956, 27(10).
[12]徐森,唐双凌,刘大斌等.改性铵油炸药连续爆速实验研究[J].火炸药学报,2009,32(3)：25-27.
[13]刘志.水下爆炸冲击波的传播特性试验研究[D].成都：西南交通大学岩土工程,2007.
[14]北京工业学院八系《爆炸及其作用》编写组.爆炸及其作用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1979.
[15]于德洋,曾雄飞,徐康.阻抗匹配法测爆压的研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1983,3(3)：71.
[16]孙承纬,卫玉章,周之奎.应用爆轰物理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2000.
[17]徐康,于德洋,许云祥.水箱法—一种可用于小药量测定炸药爆轰压力的方法[J].爆炸与冲击,1981,(2)：91.
[18]薛彭寿,王淑萍.大药量水箱法测定炸药爆轰压力的研究[J]火炸药,1992,(2)：14.
[19]于德洋,曾雄飞,徐康.对一种新的爆压测试方法—二碘甲烷法的研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1985,5(2)：69-72.
[20]Bauer B J. Detonation Pressure, Hardness of Steel and Dent Depth.8th Symp [M] On Explosive and Pyrotechnics,1974.
[21]刘玉存,王作山,吕春玲.炸药的输出钢凹值与爆压的关系研究[J].华北工学院学报,2001,22(4)：304.
[22]智丽娜,赵倩,付琼.炸药输出能量在鉴定块中衰变过程的数值模拟[J].山西化工,2011,31(3)：32-34.
[23]曾贵玉,高大元,黄辉等.有机玻璃法测试硝铵炸药的爆压[J].兵工学报,2009,30(5)：541-542.
[24]Held M.4th APS Topical Conference on Shock Wave in Condensed Matter(Abstract), 1985[C].
[25]中国力学学会.全国第二届物理力学会议论文集[C].成都：[出版者不祥],1986.
[26]Bernstein D, Keough D D. Piezoresistivity of manganin [J]. J Appl Phys,1964, 35:1471.
[27]Fuller P J A, Price J H. Dynamic pressure measurements to 300 kilobars with a resistance transducer [J]. J Appl Phys,1964,15:751.
[28]彭昆雅,段卓平,黄正平.低阻值锰铜压阻计量程扩展新技术—双恒流压阻法[J].兵工学报,1998,19(1)：80-82.
[29]李磊,冯顺山.水下爆炸对舰船结构毁伤效应的研究现状及展望[J].舰船科学技术,2008,30(3)：26-29.
[30]逢春京.水下爆炸气泡动过程的数值模拟研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学力学,2008.
[31]董炯.钝感炸药的爆轰波传播研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学力学系,2011.
[32]陈明.爆炸载荷的统计模型[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学航天与建筑工程学院,2009.
[33]郑锋,段赞,刘永明.用水箱电探针法测定工业炸药的爆轰压力[J].煤矿安全,2003,34(6)：40-42.
[34]张宝评,张庆明,黄风雷.爆轰物理学[M].北京：兵器工业出版社,2001.
[35]孙新利,蔡星会,姬国勋.内爆冲击动力学[M].西安：西北工业大学出版社,2011.
[36]MIL-STD-1751(USAF), Method 17[S].1982:1-5.
[37]赵铮,陶钢,杜长星.爆轰产物JWL状态方程应用研究[J].高压物理学报,2009,23(4)：277-231.
[38]赵峥.颗粒增强铜基复合材料的爆炸压实和数值模拟研究[D].大连：大连理工大学运载工程与力学学部,2011.
[39]杨雷,张建奇.电子测量与传感技术[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008.
[41]赵根,王文辉.孔内炸药连续爆速测试新技术[J].工程爆破,2008,14(3)：64-65.
[42]许云祥,于德洋,徐康等.水箱法测爆压的研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1987,(3)：124.
[2]王海亮.铁路工程爆破[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2001.
[3]Chapman D L. On the rate of explosions in gases [J]. Philos,1899,47:90-104.
[4]Jouget E. On the propogation of chemical reaction in gases [J]. J Math pure and Appl,1905,7:347-425.
[5]吴国栋.炸药爆轰参数的测量[J].爆炸与冲击,1987,7(4)：367-368.
[6]顾泽慧.多通道爆速测量仪设计[D].南京：南京理工大学通信与信息系,2011.
[7]宁建国,王成,马天宝.爆炸与冲击动力学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2010.
[8]尹群,陈永念,胡海岩.水下爆炸研究的现状和趋势[J].造船技术,2003,(6)：6-8.
[9]罗松林,叶序双,顾文彬.水下爆炸研究现状[J].工程爆破,1999,5(1)：84-86.
[10]Zamyshlysaev B V. Dynamic loading in underwater explosion [R]. AD-757183,1973.
[11]Kell J B. Damping of underwater explosion bubble oscillation. J Appl Phys,1956, 27(10).
[12]徐森,唐双凌,刘大斌等.改性铵油炸药连续爆速实验研究[J].火炸药学报,2009,32(3)：25-27.
[13]刘志.水下爆炸冲击波的传播特性试验研究[D].成都：西南交通大学岩土工程,2007.
[14]北京工业学院八系《爆炸及其作用》编写组.爆炸及其作用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1979.
[15]于德洋,曾雄飞,徐康.阻抗匹配法测爆压的研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1983,3(3)：71.
[16]孙承纬,卫玉章,周之奎.应用爆轰物理[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2000.
[17]徐康,于德洋,许云祥.水箱法—一种可用于小药量测定炸药爆轰压力的方法[J].爆炸与冲击,1981,(2)：91.
[18]薛彭寿,王淑萍.大药量水箱法测定炸药爆轰压力的研究[J]火炸药,1992,(2)：14.
[19]于德洋,曾雄飞,徐康.对一种新的爆压测试方法—二碘甲烷法的研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1985,5(2)：69-72.
[20]Bauer B J. Detonation Pressure, Hardness of Steel and Dent Depth.8th Symp [M] On Explosive and Pyrotechnics,1974.
[21]刘玉存,王作山,吕春玲.炸药的输出钢凹值与爆压的关系研究[J].华北工学院学报,2001,22(4)：304.
[22]智丽娜,赵倩,付琼.炸药输出能量在鉴定块中衰变过程的数值模拟[J].山西化工,2011,31(3)：32-34.
[23]曾贵玉,高大元,黄辉等.有机玻璃法测试硝铵炸药的爆压[J].兵工学报,2009,30(5)：541-542.
[24]Held M.4th APS Topical Conference on Shock Wave in Condensed Matter(Abstract), 1985[C].
[25]中国力学学会.全国第二届物理力学会议论文集[C].成都：[出版者不祥],1986.
[26]Bernstein D, Keough D D. Piezoresistivity of manganin [J]. J Appl Phys,1964, 35:1471.
[27]Fuller P J A, Price J H. Dynamic pressure measurements to 300 kilobars with a resistance transducer [J]. J Appl Phys,1964,15:751.
[28]彭昆雅,段卓平,黄正平.低阻值锰铜压阻计量程扩展新技术—双恒流压阻法[J].兵工学报,1998,19(1)：80-82.
[29]李磊,冯顺山.水下爆炸对舰船结构毁伤效应的研究现状及展望[J].舰船科学技术,2008,30(3)：26-29.
[30]逢春京.水下爆炸气泡动过程的数值模拟研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学力学,2008.
[31]董炯.钝感炸药的爆轰波传播研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学力学系,2011.
[32]陈明.爆炸载荷的统计模型[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学航天与建筑工程学院,2009.
[33]郑锋,段赞,刘永明.用水箱电探针法测定工业炸药的爆轰压力[J].煤矿安全,2003,34(6)：40-42.
[34]张宝评,张庆明,黄风雷.爆轰物理学[M].北京：兵器工业出版社,2001.
[35]孙新利,蔡星会,姬国勋.内爆冲击动力学[M].西安：西北工业大学出版社,2011.
[36]MIL-STD-1751(USAF), Method 17[S].1982:1-5.
[37]赵铮,陶钢,杜长星.爆轰产物JWL状态方程应用研究[J].高压物理学报,2009,23(4)：277-231.
[38]赵峥.颗粒增强铜基复合材料的爆炸压实和数值模拟研究[D].大连：大连理工大学运载工程与力学学部,2011.
[39]杨雷,张建奇.电子测量与传感技术[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2008.
[41]赵根,王文辉.孔内炸药连续爆速测试新技术[J].工程爆破,2008,14(3)：64-65.
[42]许云祥,于德洋,徐康等.水箱法测爆压的研究[J].爆炸与冲击,1987,(3)：124.