返乡农民工创业行为研究
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摘要
创业是创业者或者创业团队在不确定的条件下,通过快速采取行动实施创新、整合资源并承担风险的价值创造行为。返乡农民工在外打工期间开阔了眼界,积累了丰富的工作经验和技能,初步具备创业的潜能。在当前城乡收入差距的日益拉大,城镇化速度逐步提升,以及农村创业型经济逐步发育的背景下,返乡农民工选择创业已成为较为普遍的现象,但由于返乡农民工创业知识和技能的不完备性,在把握市场规律和识别创业机会方面存在行为上的诸多欠缺,并且创业模仿的低效性,造成创业行为异化,最终导致行为失败。基于此,该文拟以返乡农民工创业行为为研究对象,并把创业行为分解为计划行为、决策行为、合作行为和激励行为,分别探寻返乡农民工创业计划行为的意向和影响因素;创业决策行为的动机、过程和影响因素;创业合作行为的实质、基础和绩效影响因素;创业激励行为的动因、形式和模型。这些研究有助于识别影响返乡农民工创业计划行为实施的主要因素,科学测量创业计划行为意向对创业计划行为本身的影响程度,准确掌握不确定条件下返乡农民工创业决策行为的主要动机,明晰创业决策行为过程中的机会判断、决策行为自我效能评价以及决策行为方式选择;有利于客观理解返乡农民工创业合作行为的过程,找出对新创实体绩效评价的切入点,准确把握创业者经验异质性与合作成员间的信任对创业合作绩效的影响程度;有益于全面理解并掌握创业激励行为的重要性和必要性,以便创业者自身、创业合作团队和政府部门根据不同的创业组织形式使用各自的激励行为模型,实施具有针对性的激励行为。
该文根据行为经济学、行为心理学、现代创业学和现代管理学相关理论,综述了国内外创业行为理论及研究动态,在充分界定返乡农民工创业行为概念内涵和外延,统计分析了返乡农民工创业行为的现状,分类研究了返乡农民工创业计划行为、创业决策行为、创业合作行为和创业激励行为,构建了返乡农民工创业自我激励-团队激励-政府政策激励行为模型。为了增加研究结论的说服力,该文采用规范分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,其中,使用规范分析方法进行文献综述和理论基础解析,使用问卷调查法收集研究数据并定量分析了返乡农民工创业行为的现状,使用结构方程模型分析返乡农民工创业计划行为意向的影响因素,使用多因素排序量表模型分析创业决策行为动机,使用可变精度粗糙集模型分析创业决策行为的影响因素,使用创业合作效用假说分析返乡农民工创业合作行为的实质,使用多元逐步回归模型分析创业合作行为绩效影响因素,使用数量推导方法构建团队激励模型。对不确定条件下返乡农民工创业决策行为的过程、创业合作行为的认知与基础、创业激励行为的动因与形式定性进行分析。
该文通过系统研究认为:(1)返乡农民工创业行为呈现出创业计划行为缺失,决策行为凭借经验性主观判断,模仿创业是返乡农民工创业行为的理性选择,团队化创业合作是返乡农民工创业合作的主要形式,个体创业者以自我创业激励行为为主,家庭合伙创业的激励行为以自我激励行为和家庭激励行为为主,政府的政策激励行为相对滞后等特征;(2)返乡农民工创业计划意向深度对创业计划行为选择有决定性,创业计划意向依赖对创业计划行为选择有推动性,创业计划意愿强度与创业计划行为具有粘连性;(3)在不确定条件下,生存需求动机是返乡农民工创业者创业决策行为达成的最主要动机,其创业行为属于贫困推动型并且包含经济理性,家庭幸福动机扮演着连结创业经济效益和生活效用的纽带角色,返乡创业农民工创业决策行为可分为知识导向型、政策导向型、个人胆略导向型、个人经验导向型、个人事业心导向型和个人风险承担型;(4)信任和经验异质性是返乡农民工创业合作行为的基础,与创业合作行为的实施及其绩效密切相关,职能经验异质性与因变量创业企业产品/服务创新性之间不存在显著性相关关系,产业经验异质性与情感性信任的交互项以及与认知性信任的交互项对自变量产品/服务创新性存在显著的正向预测效应,产业经验异质性与情感性信任之间、产业经验异质性和认知性信任之间、职能经验异质性和认知性信任之间在效应传递路径上互为中介;(5)返乡农民工提升创业心理资本和政府实现公共目标是创业激励行为的诱因,团队化创业行为过程中客观存在“委托-代理”关系,同时,政府政策激励是主要外部激励行为,返乡农民工创业自我激励行为模型、团队创业激励行为模型和政府政策激励行为模型是一个有机整体。
该文可能的创新性研究结论有以下三点:其一,模仿是返乡农民工创业计划行为和决策行为的主要特征;其二,返乡农民工创业计划意向对行为的影响存在维度上的差异;其三,影响返乡农民工创业合作行为绩效的因素间存在复杂的效应传递关系。
Under uncertain conditions, the entrepreneurs’or entrepreneurial teams’value-creating behavior of taking actions to integrate resources and undertake risk are called Entrepreneurship. During the period of taking jobs in the city, the returned rural migrant workers (RRMWs) broadened their horizons, accumulated a wealth of work experiences, and grasped many entrepreneurial skills, all these become potentials to start a business. Under the backgrounds of the urban-rural income gap becomes wider, the speed of urbanization becomes quickly and the rural entrepreneurial economy develops gradually, it’s so popular to choose Entrepreneurship for the RRMWs, but many of them failed at last. Bases on this reason, this paper studies the RRMWs’entrepreneurial behavior, at the same time, divides the entrepreneurial behavior into the planned behavior, the decision-making behavior, the cooperative behavior and the incentive behavior, and then builds models analyzing these behaviors and the factors which influence them. First, all these studies are helpful to distinguish the influential factors of the enforcement of the entrepreneurial planned behavior, to measure the influential degree of the desire to the behavior most scientific, to master accurately the main motive of the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior under uncertain conditions, to make clear the chance judge during the process of entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, the decision-making behavior self efficiency evaluation and the choice ways of the decision-making behavior. Second, all these studies are better to understand the process of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior objective, find the breakthrough point to evaluate the new entrepreneurial entity, grasp the influential degree which the heterogeneity of the entrepreneurs’experience and the trust of the cooperative members to the performance. Third, all these studies are beneficial to understand and grasp the importance and necessity of the Entrepreneurial incentive behavior, help the entrepreneur, the entrepreneurial cooperative team and the government use the models of the incentive behaviors according to different organization forms, implement the appropriate incentive behaviors.
According to the Behavioral Economics, Behavioral Psychology, Modern Entrepreneurship and Modern Management Theories, this paper summarizes the entrepreneurship behavior theory and the research dynamic of domestic and overseas, bases on fully defining the relevant concepts, statistically analyzes the entrepreneurial behavior status of RRMWs, researches the entrepreneurial planned behavior, the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior and the entrepreneurial incentive behavior differently. In order to increase the persuasiveness of the research, the paper uses the methods of normative analysis, empirical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis etc., and analyzes the literature review with the method of normative analysis , collects the basic data with the method of questionnaire investigation, analyzes the status of the entrepreneurial behavior with the method of empirical analysis, analyzes the factors which affect the RRMWs’will of entrepreneurial planned behavior, analyzes the motive of entrepreneurial decision-making behavior with the model of multi-factor sort scale, analyzes the influential factors of the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior with variable precision rough set theory(VPRST), analyzes the essence of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior with the hypothesis of cooperation utility, analyzes the factors which influence the performance of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior with the model multiple regression, constructs the model of team incentive with the quantitative method, analyzes the process of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, the cognize perceive and basement of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior, the motive and form of the entrepreneurial incentive behavior with the qualitative analysis under uncertain conditions.
The main conclusions of this paper are included: (1) There are many characteristics of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial behavior, such as lack of entrepreneurial planning behavior, decision-making behavior depends much on the empirical subjective judgment, imitation is a rational choice of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial behavior, team-oriented cooperation is the main form of the start-up cooperation of RRMWs, individual entrepreneurs mainly choose self-employment incentive behavior, the incentive behavior of the family partnership entrepreneurship is mainly consist of self-motivation behavior and family incentive behavior, the government's incentive policies are relatively slowly.(2) The intention depth of RRMWs’entrepreneurial planning is a decisive factor for the planning behavior choices, the intention dependency of RRMWs’entrepreneurial planning is a promote factor to he behavior choices, and there is adhesion relationship between the entrepreneurial planning intentions and behaviors. (3)Under uncertain conditions, survival needs are the main motivation of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, their entrepreneurial behaviors are poverty-driven and include some economic rationality, and the family-happy motivation plays the role of links ties from the business economic benefits to the life utility of RRMWs’ entrepreneurs.While, the decision-making behaviors of RRMWs can be divided into six types by the systematic VPRST analysis, such as knowledge-oriented, policy-oriented, personal courage-oriented, personal experience-oriented, personal dedication and personal risk-oriented.(4) The trust and the experience heterogeneity are the basement of the RRMWs’cooperative behaviors, and are closely related to the implementation and the performance of cooperative behaviors. There are not significant correlations between the Functional Experience Heterogeneity (FEH) and the product / service innovation, the interaction terms of Industry Experience Heterogeneity (IEH) with the emotional trust and the cognitive trust influence the product/service innovation significantly , positively and predictable. There are several intermediary relationship on the effect-transferring paths among the variables, such as between the emotional trust and IEH, between the cognitive trust and IEH, between the cognitive trust and FEH. (5) Improving the entrepreneurial psychological capital of the RRMWs and realizing the public goals are the remote cause of entrepreneurial incentive behavior, and there existes an objective principal-agent relationship during the process of the team-based entrepreneurial behavior, the government’s incentive policies are the main external reasons to the incentive behaviors. The self-motivation behavior model, team motivation behavior model and government policies motivation behavior model are the organic entirety.
The possible innovation points of this article include:(1)The imitation is the main feature of the planning and decision-making behavior of the RRMWs.(2) There exists differences in dimensions between the entrepreneurial planned intention and behavior .(3)The factors which influence the performance of entrepreneurial cooperative behavior have complex effect-transferring relationships.
该文根据行为经济学、行为心理学、现代创业学和现代管理学相关理论,综述了国内外创业行为理论及研究动态,在充分界定返乡农民工创业行为概念内涵和外延,统计分析了返乡农民工创业行为的现状,分类研究了返乡农民工创业计划行为、创业决策行为、创业合作行为和创业激励行为,构建了返乡农民工创业自我激励-团队激励-政府政策激励行为模型。为了增加研究结论的说服力,该文采用规范分析与实证分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,其中,使用规范分析方法进行文献综述和理论基础解析,使用问卷调查法收集研究数据并定量分析了返乡农民工创业行为的现状,使用结构方程模型分析返乡农民工创业计划行为意向的影响因素,使用多因素排序量表模型分析创业决策行为动机,使用可变精度粗糙集模型分析创业决策行为的影响因素,使用创业合作效用假说分析返乡农民工创业合作行为的实质,使用多元逐步回归模型分析创业合作行为绩效影响因素,使用数量推导方法构建团队激励模型。对不确定条件下返乡农民工创业决策行为的过程、创业合作行为的认知与基础、创业激励行为的动因与形式定性进行分析。
该文通过系统研究认为:(1)返乡农民工创业行为呈现出创业计划行为缺失,决策行为凭借经验性主观判断,模仿创业是返乡农民工创业行为的理性选择,团队化创业合作是返乡农民工创业合作的主要形式,个体创业者以自我创业激励行为为主,家庭合伙创业的激励行为以自我激励行为和家庭激励行为为主,政府的政策激励行为相对滞后等特征;(2)返乡农民工创业计划意向深度对创业计划行为选择有决定性,创业计划意向依赖对创业计划行为选择有推动性,创业计划意愿强度与创业计划行为具有粘连性;(3)在不确定条件下,生存需求动机是返乡农民工创业者创业决策行为达成的最主要动机,其创业行为属于贫困推动型并且包含经济理性,家庭幸福动机扮演着连结创业经济效益和生活效用的纽带角色,返乡创业农民工创业决策行为可分为知识导向型、政策导向型、个人胆略导向型、个人经验导向型、个人事业心导向型和个人风险承担型;(4)信任和经验异质性是返乡农民工创业合作行为的基础,与创业合作行为的实施及其绩效密切相关,职能经验异质性与因变量创业企业产品/服务创新性之间不存在显著性相关关系,产业经验异质性与情感性信任的交互项以及与认知性信任的交互项对自变量产品/服务创新性存在显著的正向预测效应,产业经验异质性与情感性信任之间、产业经验异质性和认知性信任之间、职能经验异质性和认知性信任之间在效应传递路径上互为中介;(5)返乡农民工提升创业心理资本和政府实现公共目标是创业激励行为的诱因,团队化创业行为过程中客观存在“委托-代理”关系,同时,政府政策激励是主要外部激励行为,返乡农民工创业自我激励行为模型、团队创业激励行为模型和政府政策激励行为模型是一个有机整体。
该文可能的创新性研究结论有以下三点:其一,模仿是返乡农民工创业计划行为和决策行为的主要特征;其二,返乡农民工创业计划意向对行为的影响存在维度上的差异;其三,影响返乡农民工创业合作行为绩效的因素间存在复杂的效应传递关系。
Under uncertain conditions, the entrepreneurs’or entrepreneurial teams’value-creating behavior of taking actions to integrate resources and undertake risk are called Entrepreneurship. During the period of taking jobs in the city, the returned rural migrant workers (RRMWs) broadened their horizons, accumulated a wealth of work experiences, and grasped many entrepreneurial skills, all these become potentials to start a business. Under the backgrounds of the urban-rural income gap becomes wider, the speed of urbanization becomes quickly and the rural entrepreneurial economy develops gradually, it’s so popular to choose Entrepreneurship for the RRMWs, but many of them failed at last. Bases on this reason, this paper studies the RRMWs’entrepreneurial behavior, at the same time, divides the entrepreneurial behavior into the planned behavior, the decision-making behavior, the cooperative behavior and the incentive behavior, and then builds models analyzing these behaviors and the factors which influence them. First, all these studies are helpful to distinguish the influential factors of the enforcement of the entrepreneurial planned behavior, to measure the influential degree of the desire to the behavior most scientific, to master accurately the main motive of the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior under uncertain conditions, to make clear the chance judge during the process of entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, the decision-making behavior self efficiency evaluation and the choice ways of the decision-making behavior. Second, all these studies are better to understand the process of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior objective, find the breakthrough point to evaluate the new entrepreneurial entity, grasp the influential degree which the heterogeneity of the entrepreneurs’experience and the trust of the cooperative members to the performance. Third, all these studies are beneficial to understand and grasp the importance and necessity of the Entrepreneurial incentive behavior, help the entrepreneur, the entrepreneurial cooperative team and the government use the models of the incentive behaviors according to different organization forms, implement the appropriate incentive behaviors.
According to the Behavioral Economics, Behavioral Psychology, Modern Entrepreneurship and Modern Management Theories, this paper summarizes the entrepreneurship behavior theory and the research dynamic of domestic and overseas, bases on fully defining the relevant concepts, statistically analyzes the entrepreneurial behavior status of RRMWs, researches the entrepreneurial planned behavior, the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior and the entrepreneurial incentive behavior differently. In order to increase the persuasiveness of the research, the paper uses the methods of normative analysis, empirical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis etc., and analyzes the literature review with the method of normative analysis , collects the basic data with the method of questionnaire investigation, analyzes the status of the entrepreneurial behavior with the method of empirical analysis, analyzes the factors which affect the RRMWs’will of entrepreneurial planned behavior, analyzes the motive of entrepreneurial decision-making behavior with the model of multi-factor sort scale, analyzes the influential factors of the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior with variable precision rough set theory(VPRST), analyzes the essence of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior with the hypothesis of cooperation utility, analyzes the factors which influence the performance of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior with the model multiple regression, constructs the model of team incentive with the quantitative method, analyzes the process of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, the cognize perceive and basement of the entrepreneurial cooperative behavior, the motive and form of the entrepreneurial incentive behavior with the qualitative analysis under uncertain conditions.
The main conclusions of this paper are included: (1) There are many characteristics of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial behavior, such as lack of entrepreneurial planning behavior, decision-making behavior depends much on the empirical subjective judgment, imitation is a rational choice of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial behavior, team-oriented cooperation is the main form of the start-up cooperation of RRMWs, individual entrepreneurs mainly choose self-employment incentive behavior, the incentive behavior of the family partnership entrepreneurship is mainly consist of self-motivation behavior and family incentive behavior, the government's incentive policies are relatively slowly.(2) The intention depth of RRMWs’entrepreneurial planning is a decisive factor for the planning behavior choices, the intention dependency of RRMWs’entrepreneurial planning is a promote factor to he behavior choices, and there is adhesion relationship between the entrepreneurial planning intentions and behaviors. (3)Under uncertain conditions, survival needs are the main motivation of the RRMWs’entrepreneurial decision-making behavior, their entrepreneurial behaviors are poverty-driven and include some economic rationality, and the family-happy motivation plays the role of links ties from the business economic benefits to the life utility of RRMWs’ entrepreneurs.While, the decision-making behaviors of RRMWs can be divided into six types by the systematic VPRST analysis, such as knowledge-oriented, policy-oriented, personal courage-oriented, personal experience-oriented, personal dedication and personal risk-oriented.(4) The trust and the experience heterogeneity are the basement of the RRMWs’cooperative behaviors, and are closely related to the implementation and the performance of cooperative behaviors. There are not significant correlations between the Functional Experience Heterogeneity (FEH) and the product / service innovation, the interaction terms of Industry Experience Heterogeneity (IEH) with the emotional trust and the cognitive trust influence the product/service innovation significantly , positively and predictable. There are several intermediary relationship on the effect-transferring paths among the variables, such as between the emotional trust and IEH, between the cognitive trust and IEH, between the cognitive trust and FEH. (5) Improving the entrepreneurial psychological capital of the RRMWs and realizing the public goals are the remote cause of entrepreneurial incentive behavior, and there existes an objective principal-agent relationship during the process of the team-based entrepreneurial behavior, the government’s incentive policies are the main external reasons to the incentive behaviors. The self-motivation behavior model, team motivation behavior model and government policies motivation behavior model are the organic entirety.
The possible innovation points of this article include:(1)The imitation is the main feature of the planning and decision-making behavior of the RRMWs.(2) There exists differences in dimensions between the entrepreneurial planned intention and behavior .(3)The factors which influence the performance of entrepreneurial cooperative behavior have complex effect-transferring relationships.
引文
12参考张玉利(2010)主编的《创业研究经典文献述评》第152页。
18何大安(2004)把有限理论性状态划分为潜在有限理性状态、即时有限理性状态和实际有限理性状态。
19爱德华兹悖论问题的主要内容是人们在估计某一事物发生概率的时候,整个决策过程是如何进行的;
20阿莱斯悖论问题的主要内容是人们在面对多个可选事物的情况下,是如何做挑选的
21包括BSV模型、DHS模型、HS模型和BHS模型等在金融领域内具有普适性的研究模型
29该行业划分依据采用《国家统计局关于印发<三次产业划分规定>》的通知(国统字[2003]14号)》文件和《国民经济行业分类》(GB/T 4754-2002)中的标准。
54本部分研究内容中涉及研究方法的章节已经作为本文阶段性研究成果发表于《华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2010年第3期
66返乡农民工本人自己创业
67返乡农民工和父母、丈夫或妻子、孩子一起创业,其中以夫妻店为主要形式
68返乡农民工跟邻居、结识多年的旧友、打工认识的朋友、政府推荐的合作伙伴等一起创业
69关于关于返乡农民工社会合伙创业(团队创业)中的“委托—代理”关系提法在本章有相关论述。
74元认知是认知主体对自身心理状态、能力、任务目标、认知策略等方面的认识,又是认知主体对自身各种认知活动的计划、监控和调节。(杨宁1995)
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18何大安(2004)把有限理论性状态划分为潜在有限理性状态、即时有限理性状态和实际有限理性状态。
19爱德华兹悖论问题的主要内容是人们在估计某一事物发生概率的时候,整个决策过程是如何进行的;
20阿莱斯悖论问题的主要内容是人们在面对多个可选事物的情况下,是如何做挑选的
21包括BSV模型、DHS模型、HS模型和BHS模型等在金融领域内具有普适性的研究模型
29该行业划分依据采用《国家统计局关于印发<三次产业划分规定>》的通知(国统字[2003]14号)》文件和《国民经济行业分类》(GB/T 4754-2002)中的标准。
54本部分研究内容中涉及研究方法的章节已经作为本文阶段性研究成果发表于《华南农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2010年第3期
66返乡农民工本人自己创业
67返乡农民工和父母、丈夫或妻子、孩子一起创业,其中以夫妻店为主要形式
68返乡农民工跟邻居、结识多年的旧友、打工认识的朋友、政府推荐的合作伙伴等一起创业
69关于关于返乡农民工社会合伙创业(团队创业)中的“委托—代理”关系提法在本章有相关论述。
74元认知是认知主体对自身心理状态、能力、任务目标、认知策略等方面的认识,又是认知主体对自身各种认知活动的计划、监控和调节。(杨宁1995)
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