企业家创业精神的结构和效应机制：人与创业匹配的视角
|
摘要
创业精神是人力资本的关键形式,是经济社会发展的内生动力。本研究采用创业研究的建构主义思想和过程观点理解创业,定义创业为创业者与环境交互作用以创新结果追求持续发展的行为过程。通过回顾创业精神的个性特质、行为特征、能力资源和个体差异4个方面的研究文献,表明创业精神存在多方面的研究证据,但是缺乏整合的结论,匹配于创业活动的创业精神结构及其效应机制是创业领域基础而紧要的研究问题之一。
本研究以人与创业匹配的观点作为理论焦点,来克服创业研究中以创业者为中心的特质范式和以创业过程为中心的行为范式之间的分离,通过以中国企业家为样本的4个研究,从创业者与创业活动的匹配关系中捕捉创业精神的内容结构并考察其在创业过程中的效应机制。
创业精神的内容结构研究采用扎根理论经典模式的综合设计策略,通过:(1)创业者个案访谈和企业家创业案例的理论编码;(2)企业家对编码的审计和反馈;(3)领域专家对编码的讨论;(4)扩展样本数据的编码验证;(5)与相关研究证据系统的理论比较:(6)扎根中国文化传承和时代背景的讨论以及中西研究证据的对比考察,得到创业精神内容结构的定性理解:创业精神是个体主动追求持续成功的行为状态,它包括进取导向、成长导向、责任导向和创新导向4个维度,其中责任导向和成长导向表征了中国文化传承和时代背景的优异基因。
创业精神与创业过程的关系研究整合过程理论和变量理论的分析策略考察创业者与创业活动的个案,提出了由创业精神、组织创业、创业绩效、智力资本和创业环境5个核心变量来理解创业精神在创业过程中的效应机制的理论模型:创业活动中体现的创业精神发动着组织创业,以实现御业绩效;创业环境塑造组织创业的行动策略,创业行动也塑造着创业环境:创业环境和组织创业影响组织的智力资本,智力资本也在创业过程中得到开发,并发挥着核心资源的作用。
创业精神的结构效度和差异特征研究证实了创业精神的成份观4维度结构。创业精神进取导向、成长导向、责任导向和创新导向的4维度模型得到好的拟合,维度之间具有中等程度的相关。维度的平均抽取方差与维度间相关系数的比较表明了创业精神测量较好的聚合效度和辨别效度。创业精神与创业胜任力在维度水平的相关分析支持创业精神的诺莫效度。创业精神对个体的生涯成功具有预测效度,维度水平的创新导向、进取导向和成长导向显著地影响生涯成功。比较不同个体和组织背景的受测者的创业精神表明其差异主要体现在企业管理背景和成长特性方面。
创业精神的效应机制研究表明:(1)创业精神对组织创业和创业绩效具有显著的效应。创业精神的4个维度都显著地影响组织创业,创新导向和责任导向显著地影响创业绩效。组织创业完全中介创业精神对创业绩效的效应。(2)创业环境及其社会支持和政策调控维度显著地影响创业绩效。组织创业充分中介创业环境对创业绩效的效应。组织创业及其创新领先、事业拓展、组织革新维度显著地影响创业环境。(3)创业环境对组织的智力资本具有显著的影响,社会支持、政策调控和资源配置3个维度都显著地影响智力资本。智力资本完全中介创业环境对创业绩效的效应。(4)智力资本对组织创业与创业绩效之间的关系具有完全中介的效应。(5)分别基于环境决定主义和战略选择观点的创业精神效应机制的理论模型都得到好的拟合,但是战略选择观点的模型拟合相对更优。研究证实了理解创业精神效应机制的理论模型,表明:创业者的创业精神激发组织创业,来塑造创业环境和提升智力资本,并通过智力资本实现创业绩效;创业环境显著地影响组织创业和智力资本,智力资本完全中介组织创业和创业环境对创业绩效的效应。
总体上,本研究紧扣创业领域的理论发展,围绕关键任务取得了2个主要进展:(1)匹配于创业活动的创业精神的成份结构模型:创业精神的进取导向、成长导向、创新导向、责任导向4维度的成份结构在个体层面对生涯成功、在组织层面对组织创业和创业绩效具有预测效度。(2)人与创业匹配的创业过程模型:创业精神激发创业活动,创业活动塑造创业环境和提升智力资本,并通过智力资本实现创业绩效;创业环境影响组织的创业活动和智力资本,并受到智力资本的完全中介而影响创业绩效。整合本研究的主要进展得到以人为本的创业发展模型。模型凸现创业精神为发展的根本动力,以智力资本为发展的核心资源;强调创业环境对创业活动的显著影响,突出创业活动对创业环境的塑造作用。模型对于深化创业和管理研究具有一定的理论意义,对于建设企业家队伍和促进创业发展、建设创新型国家具有一定的实践意义。
Entrepreneurship is the key form of human capital and an endogenous motivity of economic growth and societal development. This paper combined a structuration view and a process perspective to define entrepreneurship as a process through which entrepreneurs interact dynamically with ecology to seek for sustained development by innovative activities. By reviewing the entrepreneurship literature from 4 aspects of entrepreneurial traits, individual and organizational entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial competency and resources, and personal differences of entrepreneurs, it was found that what is entrepreneurship maintained unanswered with a number of research evidences but without even one agreed conclusion, and that the entrepreneurship fited with entrepreneurial activities is a basic theme longing for investigation.
With the Person-Entrepreneurship Fit perspective as a theoretical lens to settle the focus disconnection between trait approaches to entrepreneurs and behavioral approaches to the creation of new enterprises and corporate entrepreneurship, this paper intended to conduct 4 studies with Chinese entrepreneurs as subjects to make breakthroughs a Chinese culture grounded construct of entrepreneurship and a theretical model for entrepreneurial process by investigating the fit process of entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial activities.
In study 1, a comprehensive procedure based on the classical version of grounded theory was conducted to come up with the construct of entrepreneurship. The comprehensive procedure includes: (1) conceptually coding the interviewing and archival records of entrepreneurs; (2) auditing and feedback to the codes by entrepreneurs; (3) discussing the codes among subject matter experts; (4) verify check by coding of 100 business elites; (5) theoretically comparing the codes with evidences from indigenous researches related and from different overseas aspects of entrepreneurial traits, entrepreneurship management, entrepreneurship leadership as well as entrepreneurial orientation, and entrepreneurial competency and resources; (6) grounding the codes to Chinese cultural norms. Eventually a culture-grounded and theory-embedded construct of entrepreneurship was developed. Entrepreneurship refers to an endogenous state which entrepreneurs perform in pursuit of sustained success. It is composed of 4 dimensions: ambition, creativity, self-enabling, and burdening (ACEB). Burdening and self-enabling represent the virtuous features of Chinese cultural gene.
In study 2, Process theory and variance theory were integrated into case study of "entrepreneur Niu Gensheng and entrepreneurial MengNiu". Eventually a person-entrepreneurship fit model comprised of 5 variables of entrepreneurship, organizational entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial performance, entrepreneurial ecology, and intelligence capitals was developed to represent the entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurship motives organizational entrepreneurship aiming high sustained growth. Ecology makes entrepreneurial behaviors, and is made by the entrepreneurial activities of organizations. Intelligence capitals play a role of core resources in the entrepreneurial process, and are simutaniously developed during the entrepreneurial process and influenced by entrepreneurial ecology.
In study 3, the 4-dimension construct of entrepreneurship was validated in terms of the composite view of multidimensional constructs. EFA and CFA revealed that entrepreneurship had 4 dimensions with moderate correlations among dimensions. A 4-dimension model was more stable than any other substitutional model. The average variances extracted by the dimensions' measures and their contrast to correlations among dimensions revealed the 4-dimension construct had good convergent validity and discriminant validity. Correlation analysis at dimension level between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competency revealed entrepreneurship had good nomological validity. Entrepreneurship showed predictive validity to criterion of career success both at variable level and at dimension level. At dimension level, creativity, ambition, and self-enabling showed significant effects on evaluation of career success.
In study 4: (1) the relationships among entrepreneurship, organizational entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial performance were investigated with backward regression analysis. The results indicated that entrepreneurship significantly explained the variances of organizational entrepreneurship and of entrepreneurial performance. At dimension level, creativity, self-enabling, burdening and ambition all showed significant effects on organizational entrepreneurship, and creativity and burdening showed significant effects on entrepreneurial performance. Organizational entrepreneurship showed a sound mediating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance. (2) Entrepreneurial ecology significantly explained the variances of organizational entrepreneurial performance and of organizational intelligence capitals. At dimension level, societal support and policy regulation showed significant effects on entrepreneurial performance. Both organizational entrepreneurship and organizational intelligence capitals showed a sound mediating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial ecology and entrepreneurial performance. (3) Intelligence capitals showed a sound mediating effect on the relationship between organizational entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance. The validated entrepreneurial process model showed the effects of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship motives organizational entrepreneurship, which is made by and "makes" entrepreneurial ecology, to enhance intelligence capitals by which entrepreneurial performance is releaized.
As a whole, this paper made 2 breakthroughs. The first is the entrepreneurship fited with entrepreneurial activities. By indigenously developed and systematically validated an entrepreneurship construct of 4 dimensions: ambition, creativity, self-enabling, and burdening (ACEB), with Chinese entrepreneurs as sample, the predictive validity of entrepreneurship construct was indicated both individually with career success as criterion and organizationally with organizational entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance as criterion. The second is a person-entrepreneurship fit model of entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurship motives organizational entrepreneurship, which is made by and "makes" entrepreneurial ecology, to enhance intelligence capitals by which entrepreneurial performance is releaized. Entrepreneurial ecology influences organizational entrepreneurship and intelligence capitals by which is mediated to influenced entrepreneurial performance. By integrating thoses two breakthgoughs, a people-based model of entrepreneurship-focused development was presented, which has considerable implications towards both theoretically extending entrepreneurship and management research and practically strengthening Chinese entrepreneurs and building an innovative country.
本研究以人与创业匹配的观点作为理论焦点,来克服创业研究中以创业者为中心的特质范式和以创业过程为中心的行为范式之间的分离,通过以中国企业家为样本的4个研究,从创业者与创业活动的匹配关系中捕捉创业精神的内容结构并考察其在创业过程中的效应机制。
创业精神的内容结构研究采用扎根理论经典模式的综合设计策略,通过:(1)创业者个案访谈和企业家创业案例的理论编码;(2)企业家对编码的审计和反馈;(3)领域专家对编码的讨论;(4)扩展样本数据的编码验证;(5)与相关研究证据系统的理论比较:(6)扎根中国文化传承和时代背景的讨论以及中西研究证据的对比考察,得到创业精神内容结构的定性理解:创业精神是个体主动追求持续成功的行为状态,它包括进取导向、成长导向、责任导向和创新导向4个维度,其中责任导向和成长导向表征了中国文化传承和时代背景的优异基因。
创业精神与创业过程的关系研究整合过程理论和变量理论的分析策略考察创业者与创业活动的个案,提出了由创业精神、组织创业、创业绩效、智力资本和创业环境5个核心变量来理解创业精神在创业过程中的效应机制的理论模型:创业活动中体现的创业精神发动着组织创业,以实现御业绩效;创业环境塑造组织创业的行动策略,创业行动也塑造着创业环境:创业环境和组织创业影响组织的智力资本,智力资本也在创业过程中得到开发,并发挥着核心资源的作用。
创业精神的结构效度和差异特征研究证实了创业精神的成份观4维度结构。创业精神进取导向、成长导向、责任导向和创新导向的4维度模型得到好的拟合,维度之间具有中等程度的相关。维度的平均抽取方差与维度间相关系数的比较表明了创业精神测量较好的聚合效度和辨别效度。创业精神与创业胜任力在维度水平的相关分析支持创业精神的诺莫效度。创业精神对个体的生涯成功具有预测效度,维度水平的创新导向、进取导向和成长导向显著地影响生涯成功。比较不同个体和组织背景的受测者的创业精神表明其差异主要体现在企业管理背景和成长特性方面。
创业精神的效应机制研究表明:(1)创业精神对组织创业和创业绩效具有显著的效应。创业精神的4个维度都显著地影响组织创业,创新导向和责任导向显著地影响创业绩效。组织创业完全中介创业精神对创业绩效的效应。(2)创业环境及其社会支持和政策调控维度显著地影响创业绩效。组织创业充分中介创业环境对创业绩效的效应。组织创业及其创新领先、事业拓展、组织革新维度显著地影响创业环境。(3)创业环境对组织的智力资本具有显著的影响,社会支持、政策调控和资源配置3个维度都显著地影响智力资本。智力资本完全中介创业环境对创业绩效的效应。(4)智力资本对组织创业与创业绩效之间的关系具有完全中介的效应。(5)分别基于环境决定主义和战略选择观点的创业精神效应机制的理论模型都得到好的拟合,但是战略选择观点的模型拟合相对更优。研究证实了理解创业精神效应机制的理论模型,表明:创业者的创业精神激发组织创业,来塑造创业环境和提升智力资本,并通过智力资本实现创业绩效;创业环境显著地影响组织创业和智力资本,智力资本完全中介组织创业和创业环境对创业绩效的效应。
总体上,本研究紧扣创业领域的理论发展,围绕关键任务取得了2个主要进展:(1)匹配于创业活动的创业精神的成份结构模型:创业精神的进取导向、成长导向、创新导向、责任导向4维度的成份结构在个体层面对生涯成功、在组织层面对组织创业和创业绩效具有预测效度。(2)人与创业匹配的创业过程模型:创业精神激发创业活动,创业活动塑造创业环境和提升智力资本,并通过智力资本实现创业绩效;创业环境影响组织的创业活动和智力资本,并受到智力资本的完全中介而影响创业绩效。整合本研究的主要进展得到以人为本的创业发展模型。模型凸现创业精神为发展的根本动力,以智力资本为发展的核心资源;强调创业环境对创业活动的显著影响,突出创业活动对创业环境的塑造作用。模型对于深化创业和管理研究具有一定的理论意义,对于建设企业家队伍和促进创业发展、建设创新型国家具有一定的实践意义。
Entrepreneurship is the key form of human capital and an endogenous motivity of economic growth and societal development. This paper combined a structuration view and a process perspective to define entrepreneurship as a process through which entrepreneurs interact dynamically with ecology to seek for sustained development by innovative activities. By reviewing the entrepreneurship literature from 4 aspects of entrepreneurial traits, individual and organizational entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial competency and resources, and personal differences of entrepreneurs, it was found that what is entrepreneurship maintained unanswered with a number of research evidences but without even one agreed conclusion, and that the entrepreneurship fited with entrepreneurial activities is a basic theme longing for investigation.
With the Person-Entrepreneurship Fit perspective as a theoretical lens to settle the focus disconnection between trait approaches to entrepreneurs and behavioral approaches to the creation of new enterprises and corporate entrepreneurship, this paper intended to conduct 4 studies with Chinese entrepreneurs as subjects to make breakthroughs a Chinese culture grounded construct of entrepreneurship and a theretical model for entrepreneurial process by investigating the fit process of entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial activities.
In study 1, a comprehensive procedure based on the classical version of grounded theory was conducted to come up with the construct of entrepreneurship. The comprehensive procedure includes: (1) conceptually coding the interviewing and archival records of entrepreneurs; (2) auditing and feedback to the codes by entrepreneurs; (3) discussing the codes among subject matter experts; (4) verify check by coding of 100 business elites; (5) theoretically comparing the codes with evidences from indigenous researches related and from different overseas aspects of entrepreneurial traits, entrepreneurship management, entrepreneurship leadership as well as entrepreneurial orientation, and entrepreneurial competency and resources; (6) grounding the codes to Chinese cultural norms. Eventually a culture-grounded and theory-embedded construct of entrepreneurship was developed. Entrepreneurship refers to an endogenous state which entrepreneurs perform in pursuit of sustained success. It is composed of 4 dimensions: ambition, creativity, self-enabling, and burdening (ACEB). Burdening and self-enabling represent the virtuous features of Chinese cultural gene.
In study 2, Process theory and variance theory were integrated into case study of "entrepreneur Niu Gensheng and entrepreneurial MengNiu". Eventually a person-entrepreneurship fit model comprised of 5 variables of entrepreneurship, organizational entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial performance, entrepreneurial ecology, and intelligence capitals was developed to represent the entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurship motives organizational entrepreneurship aiming high sustained growth. Ecology makes entrepreneurial behaviors, and is made by the entrepreneurial activities of organizations. Intelligence capitals play a role of core resources in the entrepreneurial process, and are simutaniously developed during the entrepreneurial process and influenced by entrepreneurial ecology.
In study 3, the 4-dimension construct of entrepreneurship was validated in terms of the composite view of multidimensional constructs. EFA and CFA revealed that entrepreneurship had 4 dimensions with moderate correlations among dimensions. A 4-dimension model was more stable than any other substitutional model. The average variances extracted by the dimensions' measures and their contrast to correlations among dimensions revealed the 4-dimension construct had good convergent validity and discriminant validity. Correlation analysis at dimension level between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competency revealed entrepreneurship had good nomological validity. Entrepreneurship showed predictive validity to criterion of career success both at variable level and at dimension level. At dimension level, creativity, ambition, and self-enabling showed significant effects on evaluation of career success.
In study 4: (1) the relationships among entrepreneurship, organizational entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial performance were investigated with backward regression analysis. The results indicated that entrepreneurship significantly explained the variances of organizational entrepreneurship and of entrepreneurial performance. At dimension level, creativity, self-enabling, burdening and ambition all showed significant effects on organizational entrepreneurship, and creativity and burdening showed significant effects on entrepreneurial performance. Organizational entrepreneurship showed a sound mediating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance. (2) Entrepreneurial ecology significantly explained the variances of organizational entrepreneurial performance and of organizational intelligence capitals. At dimension level, societal support and policy regulation showed significant effects on entrepreneurial performance. Both organizational entrepreneurship and organizational intelligence capitals showed a sound mediating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial ecology and entrepreneurial performance. (3) Intelligence capitals showed a sound mediating effect on the relationship between organizational entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance. The validated entrepreneurial process model showed the effects of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship motives organizational entrepreneurship, which is made by and "makes" entrepreneurial ecology, to enhance intelligence capitals by which entrepreneurial performance is releaized.
As a whole, this paper made 2 breakthroughs. The first is the entrepreneurship fited with entrepreneurial activities. By indigenously developed and systematically validated an entrepreneurship construct of 4 dimensions: ambition, creativity, self-enabling, and burdening (ACEB), with Chinese entrepreneurs as sample, the predictive validity of entrepreneurship construct was indicated both individually with career success as criterion and organizationally with organizational entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial performance as criterion. The second is a person-entrepreneurship fit model of entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurship motives organizational entrepreneurship, which is made by and "makes" entrepreneurial ecology, to enhance intelligence capitals by which entrepreneurial performance is releaized. Entrepreneurial ecology influences organizational entrepreneurship and intelligence capitals by which is mediated to influenced entrepreneurial performance. By integrating thoses two breakthgoughs, a people-based model of entrepreneurship-focused development was presented, which has considerable implications towards both theoretically extending entrepreneurship and management research and practically strengthening Chinese entrepreneurs and building an innovative country.
引文
[1]Acs,Z.J.,Arenius,P.,HAY,M.,et al.Global entrepreneurship monitor:2004 executive report[M].Babson Park,MA:Babson College.2005
[2]Aldrich,H.E.,& Martinez,M.A.Many are called,but few are chosen:An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,Summer:41-56
[3]Aldrich,H.E.Using an ecological perspective to study organizational founding rates[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1990,14(3):7-24
[4]Aldrich,H.E.Who wants to be an evolutionary theorist:remarks on the occasion of the Year 2000 OMT Distinguished Scholarly Career Award Presentation[J].Journal of Management Inquest,2001,10(2):115-127
[5]Alvarez,S.A.,& Busenitz,L.W.The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory[J].Journal of Management,2001,27:755-775
[6]Ang,S.H.,& Hong,D.G.P.Entrepreneurial spirit among East Asian Chinese[J].Thunderbird International Business Review,2000,42(3):285-309
[7]Antonakis,J.,& Atwater,L.Leader distance:A review and proposed theory[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2002,13:673-704
[8]Antoncic,B.,& Hisrich,R.D.Intrapreneurship:Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2001,16:495-527
[9]Ardichvili,A.Leadership styles of Russian entrepreneurs and Managers[J].Journal of Development Entrepreneurship,2001,6(2):169-187
[10]Babb,E.M.,& Babb,S.V.Psychological traits of rural entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Socio-Economics,1992,21:353-362
[11]Bandura,A.Self-efficacy:the exercise of self control[M].New York:Freeman.1997
[12]Barney,J.Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage[J].Journal of Management,1991,17(1):99-120
[13]Baron,R.A.Potential benefits of the cognitive perspective:expanding entrepreneurship's array of conceptual tools[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19:169-172
[14]Baron,R.A.The cognitive perspective:A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic "why" questions[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19:221-239
[15]Baron,R.A.,& Markman,G.D.Beyond social capital:How social skills can enhance entrepreneurs' success[J].Academy of Management Executive,2000,14(1):106-116
[16]Baron,R.A.,& Markman,G.D.Beyond social capital:the role of entrepreneurs' social competence in their financial success[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,18:41-60
[17]Baron,R.M.,& Kenny,D.A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical considerations[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,51:1173-1182
[18]Barringer,B.R.,Jones,F.F.,& Neubaum,D.O.A quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of rapid-growth firms and their founders[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:663-687
[19]Bateman,T.S.,& Crant,J.M.The proactive component of organizational behavior:A measure and correlates[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1993,14(2):103-118
[20]Baughn,C.C.,& Neupert,K.E.Cultural and national conditions facilitating entrepreneurial start-ups[J].Journal of International Entrepreneurship,2003,1:313-330
[21] Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K.GA multi-dimensional model of venture growth [J].Academy of Management Journal, 2001,44(2): 292-303
[22] Baum, J.R., & Locke, E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2004, 89(4): 587-598.
[23] Baum, J.R., Locke, E.A., & Smith, K.G A multidimensional model of venture growth [J].Academy of Management Journal, 2001,44(2): 292-303
[24] Baum, R. The Relation of Traits, Competencies, Vision, Motivation, and Strategy to Venture Growth [D]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 1994
[25] Baumol, W.J. Entrepreneurship in economic theory [J]. American economic review,1968,58(2): 64-72
[26] Becherer, R.C., & Maurer, J. The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents [J]. Journal of Small Business Management,1999,37(1): 28-36
[27] Begley, T. M. Using founder status, age of firm, and company growth rate as the basis for distinguishing entrepreneurs form managers of smaller businesses [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1995,10:249-263
[28] Begley, T.M., & Boyd, D.P. Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses [J]. Journal of Bussiness Venturing, 1987,2:79-93
[29] Bender, S.L. Seven characteristics of the American woman entrepreneur: A hermeneutic approach to developing a universal characteristics model [D]. Ph. D dissertation. Capella University, 2000
[30] Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of coviance structures [J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 88(3): 588-606
[31] Boal, K.B., & Hooijberg, R. Strategic leadership research: Moving on [J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2000,11(4): 515-549
[32] Bond, M.H. The handbook of Chinese psychology [M]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 1980
[33] Bontis, N. Assessing knowledge assets: A review of the models used to measure intellectual capital [J]. International Journal of Management Review, 2001, 3(1): 41-60
[34] Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G S. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 1994,summer: 63-77
[35] Bradbury, H., & Lichtenstein, B.M.B. Relationality in organizatinoal research: enploring thespace between [J]. Organizational Science, 2000, 11(5):551-564
[36] Bratnicki, M. Organizational entrepreneurship: Theoretical background, some empirical tests, and directions for future research [J]. Human factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 2005,15(1): 15-23
[37] Brazeal, D.V., & Herbert, T.T. The genesis of entrepreneurship [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1999, Spring: 29-45
[38] Brockhaus, R. H. Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1980,23: 509-520
[39] Brown, T.E., Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. An operationalization of Stevenson's conceptualization of entrepreneurship as opportunity-based firm behavior [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2001,22(10): 953-968
[40]Brush,C.G.,Duhaime,I.M.,Gartner,W.B.,et al.Doctoral education in the field of entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Management,2003,29(3):309-331
[41]Bruyat,C.,& Julien,P.A.Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2000,16(2):165-180
[42]Budner,S.Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable[J].Journal of Personality,1982,30:29-50
[43]Burgelman,R.A.A model of the interaction of strategic behavior,corporate context,and the concept of strategy[J].Academy of Management Review,1983,8:61-70
[44]Burgelman,R.A.A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified major firm[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1983,28:223-244
[45]Burgelman,R.A.Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management:Insights from a process study[J].Management Science,1983,29:1649-1664
[46]Burgelman,R.A.Designs for corporate entrepreneurship in established firms[J].California Management Review,1984,26(3):154-166
[47]Burgelman,R.A.Strategy as vector and the inertia of coevolutionary lock-in[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2002,47(2):325-357
[48]Busenitz,L.W.,WeatⅢ,G.P.,Shepherd,D.,et al.Entreprenenrship research in emergence:Past trends and future directious[J].Journal of Management,2003,29(3):285-308
[49]Buttner,E.H.,& Gryskiewicz,N.Entrepreneurs' problem-solving styles:An empirical study using the kirton adaptation/innovation theory[J].Journal of Small Business Management,1993,31(1):22-31
[50]Cannella,A.A.,& Monroe,M.J.Contrasting perspectives on strategic leaders:toward a more realistic view of top managers[J].Journal of Management,1997,23(3):213-237
[51]Cannellar,A.A.Jr.,Pettigrew,A.,& Hambrick,D.Upper echelon:Donald Hambrick on executives and strategy[J].The Academy of Management Executive,2001,15(3):36-44
[52]Carland,J.W.,Hoy,F.,& Carland,J.A.C."Who is an entrepreneur?" is a question worth asking[J].American Journal of Small Business,1988,Spring:33-39
[53]Carland,J.W.,Hoy,F.,Boulton,W.R.,et al.Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners:A conceptualization[J].Academy of Management Review,1984,9(2):354-359
[54]Carsrud,A.L.,& Krueger,N.F.,Jr.Entrepreneurship and social psychology:Behavioral technology for the new venture initiation process[M].In J.A.Katz & R.H.Brockhaus,Sr.(Eds.),Advances in entrepreneurship,firm emergence,and growth(pp.73-96).Greenwich,CT:JAI Press.1995
[55]Chaiasson,M.,& Saunders,C.Reconciling diverse approaches to opportunity research using the structuration theory[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:747-767
[56]Chandler,G.N.,& Hanks,S.H.Founder competence,the environment,and venture performance[J].Entreprenenrship Theory and Practice,1994,Spring:77-89
[57]Chandler,G.N.,& Jansen,E.J.Founders' self assessed competence and venture performance[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1992,73(3):223-236
[58]Chandler,G.N.,& Lyon,D.W.Issues of research design and construct measurement in entrepreneurship research:The past decade[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,Summer:101-113
[59]Chen,C.C.,Greene,P.G.,& Crick,A.Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1998,13:295-316
[60] Chen, C.C., Chen, Y.R., & Xin, K. Guanxi practices and trust in management: A procedural justice perspective [J]. Organization Science, 2004,15(2): 200-209
[61] Child, J. Organization structure, environment and perforamance: The role of strategic choice [J]. Sociology, 1972,6: 1-22
[62] Chrisman, J.J., Bauerschmidt, A., & Hofer, C.W. The determinants of new venture performance: An extended model [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1998, fall:5-29
[63 Chu, R.L. Face and achievement: The examination of social-oriented motives in Chinese society [J]. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 1989, 31(2):79-90
[64] Church, A.T., & Burke, P.J. Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the big five and Tellegen's three-and-four -dimensional models [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994, 66(1): 93-114
[65] Cogliser, C.C., & Brigham, K.H. The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be learned [J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004,15: 771-799
[66] Collins, C., Locke, E., & Hanges, P. The relationship of need for achievement to entrepreneurial behavior: a meta-analysis [R]. Working paper, University of Maryland,College Park, MD. 2000
[67] Cooper, A.C., & Dunkelberg, W.C. Entrepreneurship and paths to business ownership [J].Strategic Management Journal, 1986,7(1): 53-68
[68] Cooper, A.C., Woo, C.Y., & Dunkelberg, W.C. Entrepreneur's perceived chance of success [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1988, 3(3):97-108
[69] Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. Business research methods (8th) [M]. McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2003
[70] Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P.. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1989,10: 75-87
[71] Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior [J].Entrepreneurhsip Theory and Practice, 1991, Fall:7-25
[72] Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. A response to Zahra's "critique and extension" of the Covin-Slevin entrepreneurship model [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1993,Summer: 23-28
[73] Crant, J. M. The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions [J].Journal of Small Business Management, 1996, 34(3): 42-49
[74] Creswell, J.W. Qualitative inquiry and research design [M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1998
[75] Cunningham, J.B., & Lischeron, J. Defining entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Small Business Management, 1991, 29(1): 45-61
[76] Czarniawska-Joerges, B., & Wolff, R. Leaders, managers, entrepreneurs on and off the organizational stage [J]. Organization Studies, 1991,12(4): 529-546
[77] Daily, C.M., McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., et al. Governance and strategic leadership in entrepreneurial firms [J]. Journal of Management, 2002,28(3): 387-412
[78] Damanpour F. Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1991, 34(3): 555-590
[79] Davidsson, P. & Wiklund, J. Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: Current research practice and suggestions for the future [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001, Summer: 81-99
[80] Davidsson, P. A conceptual framework for the study of entrepreneurship and the competence to practice it [R]. Unpublished manuscript,www.ihh.hj.se/eng/research/peg/documents/ framework %20pdf.pdf, 2000
[81 ] Davidsson, P., Low, M.B., & Wright, M. Editor's introduction: Low and MacMillan ten years on: Achievements and future directions for entrepreneurship research [J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001,25(4):5-15
[82] Dess, G.G., & Lumpkin, GT. The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship [J]. Academy of Management Executive, 2005,19(1): 147-156
[83] Dess, G.G., Ireland, R.D., Zahra, S.A., et al. Emerging issues in corporate entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Management, 2003,29(3):351-378
[84] Dess, G.G., Lumpkin, G.T., & Covin, J.G. Entrepreneurial strategy making and firm performance: Tests of contingency and configurational models [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18: 677-695
[85] Dess, G.G., & Rasheed, A.A. Conceptualizing and measuring organizational environments: A critique and suggestions [J]. Journal of Management, 1991,17(4): 701-710
[86] Devers, E., & Robinson, K.M. The making of a rounded theory: After death communication [J]. Death Studies, 2002,26:241-253
[87] Dickson, B.J. Red capitalists in China: The party, private entrepreneurs, and prospects for political change [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2003
[88] Dodd, S.D. Metaphors and meaning: A grounded cultural model of US entrepreneurship [J].Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 519-535
[89] Douglas, D. Grounded theory and the "and" in entrepreneurship research [R]. Unpublished manuscript, WWW.ejbrm.com/vol2-issue2/vol2-art2-douglas.pdf.2004
[90] Driessen, M.P., & Zwart, P.S. The role of the entrepreneur in small business success: the Entrepreneurship Scan [R]. Unpublished manuscript. 1995
[91] Drucker, P.E. Our entrepreneurial economy [J]. Harvard Business Review, 1984,62(1):59-64
[92] Drucker, P.F. Entrepreneurship in the business enterprise [J]. Journal of Business Policy,1970, 1(1):10
[93] Duckett, J. Bureaucrats in business, Chinese-style: The lessons f market reform and state entrepreneurialism in the People's Republic of China [J]. World Development, 2001,29(1):23-37
[94] Eisenhardt, K. M. Building theory from case study research [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1989,14(4): 532-550
[95] Elenkov, D.S., Judge, W., & Wright, P. Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: an international multi-cluster comparative study [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2005,26: 665-682
[96] Ensley, M.D., Pearce, C.L., & Hmieleski, K.M. The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 243-263
[97] Erikson, T. Entrepreneurial capital: the emerging venture's most important asset and competitive advantage [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 275-290
[98] Etemad, H. International entrepreneurship as a dynamic adaptive system: Towards a grounded theory [J]. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2004,2:5-59
[99] Fayolle, A. Insights for research on the entrepreneurial process from a study on perceptions of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs [J]. Journal of Enterprising culture, 2002,10(4):257-285
[100] Fernald, L.W., Solomon, G.T., & Tarabishy, A. A new paradigm: Entreprenurial leadership [J]. Southern Business Review, 2005, 30(2):1-10
[101] Fineman, S. The achievement motive construct and its measurement: where are we now? [J].British Journal of Psychology, 1977, 68: 1-22
[102] Finkelstein, S. Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and validation [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1992, 35(3): 505-536
[103] Fornell, C, & Larcher, D. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error [J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1981,18: 39-50
[104] Gartner, W.B. "Who is an entrepreneur?" is the wrong question [J]. American Journal of Small Business, 1988, Spring: 11-31
[105] Gartner, W.B. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1985,10(4): 696-705
[106] Gartner, W.B. Is there an elephant in entrepreneurship? Blind assumption in theory development [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001, Summer: 21-39
[107] Gartner, W.B. What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship? [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1990, 5(1):15-29
[108] Gartner, W.B., & Birley, S. Introduction to the special issue on qualitative methods in entrepreneurship research [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17:387-395
[109] Garud, R., & Karnoe, P. Path creation as a process of mindful deviation. In: Garud, R., &Karnoe, P. (Eds), Path dependence and creation [M]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Mahwah,NJ.2001
[110] Gelderen, W. Enterprising behaviour of ordinary people [J]. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2000,9(1):81-88
[111] Gibb, A., & Li, J. Organizing for enterprise in China: What can we learn from the Chinese micro, small, and medium enterprise development experience [J]. Futures, 2003, 35:403-421
[112] Glaser, B.C., & Strauss, A.L. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research [M]. Chicago: Aldine. 1967
[113] Glaser, B.G. Conceptualization: On theory and theorizing using grounded theory [J].International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2002,1(2): 1-31
[114] Glaser, B.G. Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions [M]. Mill Valley, CA:Sociaology Press. 1998
[115] Glaser, B.G. Theoretical densitivity: advances in the methodology of grounded theory [M].Mill Valley, CA: Sociaology Press. 1978
[116] GlaserB.G. Remodeling grounded theory [M]. The Grounded Theory Review, 2004,4(1):1-24
[117] Goldsmith, R.E., & Kerr, J.R. Entrepreneurship and adaption-innovation theory [J].Technovation, 1991,11(6): 373-382
[118] Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W.M. Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1990,33(1):64-86
[119] Grant, R.M. Toward a knowledge-based theory of firm [J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996, 17: 108-122
[120] Gundry, L.K., & Welsch, H.P. The ambitious entrepreneur: High growth strategies of women-owned enterprises [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2001,16:453-470
[121] Gupta, V., & Wang, J.F. From corporate crisis to turnaround in East Asia: A study of China Huajing Electronics Group Coporation [J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2004,21:213-233
[122] Gupta, V., MacMillan, I.C., & Surie, G. Entrepreneurial leadreship: developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19:241-260
[123] Hambrick, D.C. Guest editor's introduction: Putting top managers back in the strategy picture [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1989,10: 5-15
[124] Hambrick, D.C., & Mason, P.A. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1984,9(2):193-206
[125] Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. The population ecology of organization [J]. American Journal of Socialogy, 1977, 82: 929-964
[126] Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. Structural inertia and organizational change [J]. American Sociological Review, 1985,49: 149-164
[127] Hansemark, O. C. Need for achievement, locus of control and the prediction of business start-ups: A longitudinal study [J]. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2003,24:301-319
[128] Hart, S. & Quinn, R.E. Roles executive play: CEOs, behaviors complexity, and firm performance [J]. Human Relations, 1993,46: 543-573
[129] Hayton, J.C., George, G., & Zahra, S.A. National cultural and entrepreneurship: A review of Behavioral research [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2002, summer: 33-52
[130] Hayton, J.C. Strategic human capital management in SMEs: An empirical study of entrepreneurial performance [J]. Human Resource Management, 2003,42(4): 375-391
[131] Hayton, J.C. Competing in the new economy: the effect of intellectual capital on corporate entrepreneurship in high-technology new ventures [J]. R & D Management, 2005,35(2):137-155
[132] Hebert, R.F., & Link, A.N. In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship [J]. Small Business Economics, 1989,1: 39-49
[133] Hofstede, G. Cultural consequences: International differences in work-related values [M].
[134] Hornsby, J.S., Kuratko, D.F., & Zahra, S.A. Middle managers' perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 253-273
[135] House, R. J., & Shamir, B. Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic and visionary theories of leadership [M]. In M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 81-107). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1993
[136] House, R.J., Hanges, P., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S.A. et al. Cultural influences on leadership and organization: the GLOBE project [M]. In: Mobley, W. (Ed.), Advances in Global Leadership, vol. 1. JAI Press, Stamford, CN, CT, pp. 171-233.1998
[137] Howell, J.M., Neufeld, D.J., & Avolio, B.J. Examining the relationship of leadership and physical distance with business unit performance [J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2005,16:273-285
[138] Huck, J. F., & McEwen, T. Competencies needed for small business success: Perceptions of Jamaican entrepreneurs [J]. Journal of Small Business Management, 1991, October: 90-93
[139] Hunt, J.M. Toward the development of a competency model for family firm leadership [R].Paper Presented to the 12th Annual National Conference, United States Association for Small Businessand Entrepreneurship, Clearwater, FL, 1998, January: 15-18
[140] Ireland, R.D., & Hitt, M.A. Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership [J]. Academy of Maangement Executive,2005,19(4): 63-77
[141] Jack, S.L. & Anderson, A.R. The effects of embeddeness on the entrepreneurial process [J].Journal of Business Venturing, 2001,12:467-487
[142] Janney, J.J., & Dess, GG The risk concept for entrepreneurs reconsidered: New challenges to the conventional wisdom [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 385-400
[143] Javidan, M, Dorfman, P.W., Luque, M.S., & House, R.J. In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE [J]. Academy of Management Perspectives, 2006, February: 67-90
[144] Johnson, B. Toward a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: the case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1990,14(3):39-54
[145] Jung, D. J., Ehrlich, S. B., Noble, A. F. D. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and its relationship to entrepreneurial action: A comparative study between the US and Korea [J]. Management International, 2001,6(1): 41-53
[146] Jung, D.I., Chow, C, & Wu, A. The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings [J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2003, 14: 525-544
[147] Kan, M.M., & Parry, K.W. Identifying paradox: A grounded theory of leadership in overcoming resistance to change [J]. The Leadership Quarterely, 2004,15: 467-491
[148] Kaufman, P.J., & Dant, R.P. Franchising and the domain of entrepreneurship research [J].Journal of Business Venturing, 1998,14(1): 5-16
[149] Keh, H. T, Foo, M. D., & Lim, B. C. Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions: The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2002, winter:125-148
[150] Khandwalla, P. N. Generators of pioneering innovative management: Some Indian evidence [J]. Organization Studies, 1977, 8(1): 39-59
[151] Kilby, P. Hunting the heffalump. In Peter Kilby (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Economic Development [M], PP.1-40. New York: The Free Press, 1971
[152] Kilby, P. The heffalump revisited [J]. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2003,1:13-29
[153] Kirton, M.J. A theory of cognitive style [M]. In M. J. Kirton, ed., Adaptors and Innovators:Styles of Creativity and Problem-Solving. London, England: Routledge, pp. 1-36. 1989.
[154] Kirton, M.J. Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory Manual [M]. Hatfield, England:Occupational Research Center, 1987
[155] Kirzner, I.M. Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1997, 35(1): 60-85
[156] Knight, G.A. Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1997,12: 213-225
[157] Kodithuwakku, S.S., & Rosa, P. The entrepreneurial process and economic success in a constrained environment [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 431-465
[158]Kolvereid,L.Prediction of employment status choice intention[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,1996,21(1):47-57
[159]Korunka,C.,Frank,H.,Lueger,M.,et al.The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources,environment,and the startup process-A configurational approach[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2003,Fall:23-42
[160]Kotey,B.,& Meredith,G.G.Relationships among owner/manager personal values,business strategies,and enterprise performance[J].Journal of Small Business Management,1997,35(2):37-64
[161]Krackhardt,D.Entrepreneurial opportunities in an entrepreneurial firm:A structural approach[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1995,Spring:53-69
[162]Kreiser,P.M.,Marino,L.D.,& Weaver,K.M.Reassessing the environment-EO Link:The impact of environmental hostility on the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation [R].Academy of Management Proceedings,G1-G6.2002.
[163]Kreiser,P.M.,Marino,L.D.,& Weaver,K.M.Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale:A multi-country analysis[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2002,Summer:71-94
[164]Kristof,A.L.Person-organization fit:an integrative review of its conceptualizations,measurement,and implications[J].Perconnel Psychology,1996,49:1-49
[165]Krueger,N.F.,Jr.,Reilly,M.D.,& Carsrud,A.L.Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15:411-432
[166]Krueger,N.F.,Jr.,& Brazeal,D.V.Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1994,18(3):91-104
[167]Krueger,N.The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1993,18(1):5-21
[168]Langley,A.Strategies for theorizing from process data[J].Academy of Management Review,1999,24(4):691-710
[169]Lans,T.,Wesselink,R,Biemans,H.J.A.,et al.Work-related lifelong learning for entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector[J].International Journal of Training and Development,2004,8(1):73-89
[170]Lau C.M.,& Busenit.z,L.W.Growth intentions of entrepreneurs in a transitional economy:The People's Republic of China[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,Fall:5-20
[171]Lau,T.,Chan,K.F.,& Ho,R.Cross-border entrepreneurs-a study of the changing strategies and competencies of HongKong ewntrepreneurs upon exposure to emerging market of China[J].Journal of Enterprising Culture,2004,12(2):165-193
[172]Law,K.S.,& Wong,C.S.Multidimensional constructs in structural equation analysis:A n illustration using the job perception and job satisfaction constructs[J].Journal of Management,1999,25(2):143-160
[173]Lawrence,B.S.The black box of organizational demography[J].Organization Science,1997,8:1-22
[174]Liebeskind,J.P.Knowledge,strategy,and the theory of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17:93-107
[175]Lomborg,K.,& Kirkevold,M.Truth and validity in grounded theory-a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria:fit,work,relevance and modifiability[J].Nursing Philosophy,2003,4:189-200
[176]Low,M.,& MacMillan,I.C.Entrepreneurship:Past research and future challenge[J].Journal of Management,1988,14(2):139-161
[177] Low, W.B. The adolescence of entrepreneurship research: Specification of purpose [J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001, Summer: 17-25
[178] Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G .G.Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1996, 21: 135-172
[179] Luo, X.M., Zhou, L.X., & Liu, S.S. Entrepreneurial firms in the context of China's transition economy: an integrative framework and empirical examination [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2005, 58: 277-284
[180] Luthans, F. Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths [J]. Academy of Management Executive, 2002,16(1): 57-72
[181] Luthans, F. The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2002,23(6): 695-706
[182] Ma, H. & Tan, J. Key components and implications of entrepreneurship: A 4-P framework [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 704-725
[183] MacCallum, R.C., & Browne, M.W. The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues [J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1993,114(3): 533-541
[184] MacMillan, I.C., & Katz, J.A. Idiosyncratic milieus of entrepreneurship research: The need for comprehensive theories [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1992, 7:1-8
[185] Man, W.Y.T. Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises in the Hong Kong services sector [D]. Dissertation for Ph D. Hong Kong Polytechnic University. 2001
[186] Man, W.Y.T, & Lau, T. Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owner/managers in the HongKong services sector: a qualitative analysis [J]. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 2000,8(3): 235-254
[187] Mark, A., Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., et al. The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage? [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19: 465-483
[188] Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. Inventors and new venture formation: the effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory &Practice, 2002, Winter: 149-165
[189] Markman, G.D., & Baron, R.A. Person-entrepreneurship fit: why people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others [J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13: 281-301
[190] Markman, K.D., & Tetlock, P.E. Accountability and close-call counterfactuals: The loser who nearly won and the winner who nearly lost [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2000,26:1213-1224
[191] Markoczy, L. Measuring beliefs: Accepts no substitute [J]. The Academy of Management Journal, 1997,40(5): 1228-1242.
[192] Maxwell, J. Understanding and validity in qualitative research [J]. Harvard Educational Review, 1992, 62: 279-300
[193] McCann, T., & Clark, E. Grounded theory in nursing research: part 2-critique [J]. Nurse Research, 2003,11(2): 19-28
[194] Mccleary, K.J., Rivers, P.A., & Schneller, E.S. A diagnostic approach to understanding entrepreneurship in health care [J]. Journal of Health & Human Services Administration,2006, Spring: 551-577
[195] McClelland, D. C. Power: the inner experience [M]. New York: Irvington. 1975
[196] McClelland, D. C. The achieving society [M]. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. 1961
[197] McClelland, D. C. Toward a theory of motive acquisition [J]. American Psychologist, 1965,20: 321-333
[198]McClelland,D.C.Testing for competence rather than for "intelligence"[J].American Psychologist,1973,January:1-14
[199]McCline,R.L.,Bhat,S.,& Baj,P.opportunity recognition:An exploratory investigation of a component of the entrepreneurial process in the context of the health care industry[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2000,Winter:81-94
[200]McGrath,R.G.& MacMillan,I.C.The entrepreneurial mindset[M].Harvard Business School Press,Boston,MA.2000.See Cruber,M.The entrepreneurial Mindset:Strategies for cintinously creating opportunity.Book Review.Schmalenbach Business Review,2002,54(4):380-381
[201]McKelvey,B.Toward a complexity science of entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business venturing,2004,19:313-341
[202]Medsker,G.J.,Williams,L.J.,& Holahan,P.J.A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research[J].Journal of Management,1994,20:439-464
[203]Miller,D.The correlates of entrepreneurship in there types of from[J].Management Science,1983,29(7):770-791
[204]Miller,D.,& Friesen,P.H.Archetypes of strategy formulation[J].Management Science,1978,24(9):921-933
[205]Miner,J.B.,& Raju,N.S.Risky propensity differences between managers and entrepreneurs and between low-and high-growth entrepreneurs:A reply in a more conservative vein[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(1):2-13
[206]Minniti,M.,& Bygrave,W.A dynamic model of entrepreneurial learning[J].Entreprenenrship Theory and Practice,2001,25(3):5-16
[207]Mintzberg,H.Strategy-making in three modes[J].California Management Review,1973,16(2):44-53
[208]Mirable,R.Everything you wanted to know about competency modeling[J].Training and Development,1997,August:73-77
[209]Mises,L.V.Human action[M].New Haven:Yale U.Press.1949.See Kirzner,I.M.Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process:An Austrian approach[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1997,35(1):60-85
[210]Mitchell,R.K.,Busenitz,L.,Lant,T.,et al.Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition:Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2002,Winter:93-104
[211]Mitton,D.G.The compleat entrepreneur[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1989,Spring:9-19
[212]Montes,J.L.,Moreno,A.R.,& Morales,V.G.Influence of support leadership and teamwork cohesion on organizational learning,innovation and performance:an empirical examination [J].Technovation,2005,25:1159-1172
[213]Mosakowski,E.Entrepreneurial Resources,Organizational Choices,and Competitive Outcomes[J].Organization Science,1998,9(6):625-643
[214]Mumford,M.D.,Scott,G.M.,& Gaddis,B.,et al.Leading creative people:Orchestrating expertise and relationships[J].Leadership Quarterly,2002,13:705-750
[215]Murray,G.A synthesis of six exploratory European case studies of successfully exited,venture capital-financed,new technology-based firms[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1996,20(4):41-60
[216] Neuschel, R. F. Three Tests of Top-Management Effectiveness [J]. McKinsey Quarterly,1970, 7(2): 2-10
[217] Newbert, S.L. New firm formation: A dynamic capability [J]. Journal of Small Buisness Management, 2005,43(1): 55-77
[218] Nicholson, N. Entreprenurial leadership: A study of the heads of the UK's most successful independent companies [J]. European Managemnet Journal, 1998,16(5): 520-539
[219] Norton, W. I. Jr., & Moore, W. T. Entrepreneurial risk: Have we been asking the wrong question? [J]. Small Business Economics, 2002,18: 281-287
[220] O'Leary-Kelly, S.W., & Vokurka, R.J. The empirical assessment of construct validity [J].Journal of Operations Management. 1998,16: 387-405
[221] OECD. Organization for economic co-operation and development: Measuring what people know [R]. Paris: OECD, 1996
[222] Olson, P.D. Entrepreneurship: Process and abilities [J]. American Journal of Small Business,1985, Summer: 25-31
[223] Palich, L. E., & Bagby, D. R. Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: challenging conventional wisdom [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1995,10:425-438
[224] Parry, K.W. Gronded theory and social process: A new direction for leadership research [J].The Leadership Quarterly, 1997,9(l):85-105
[225] Parry, K.W., & Sinha, P.N. Researching the trainability of transformational organizational leadership [J]. Human Resource Development International, 2005,8(2): 156-183
[226] Pendelaiu, G. From business creator to businessman: a strategic distinction [J]. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 1996,4(2): 123-146
[227] Peng, M. M., & Luo, Y. Managerial ties and firm performance n a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2000,43:486- 501
[228] Pervin, L.A. Person, situation, interactions: The history of a controversy and a discussion of theoretical models [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1989,14(3): 350-360
[229] Pettigrew, A.M. Longitudinal field research on change: theory and practice [J].Organizational Science, 1990.1: 267-292
[230] Phan, P.H. Dynamism as a necessary property of entrepreneurial systems [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 149-151
[231] Piazza-Georgi, B. The role of human and social capital in growth: extending our understanding [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2002,26:461-479
[232] Podsakoff, P.M., & Organ, D.W. Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects [J]. Journal of Management, 1986,12(4): 531-544
[233] Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., et al. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies [J]. Journal of Applies Psychology, 2003, 88(5): 879-903
[234] Rauch, A. Characteristics of Small-Scale Business Owners: A Meta-Analysis on Emergence and Success [R]. Paper presented at 2003 Babson Kaufman Entrepreneurship Research Conference, June 3rd - June 8th, Wellesley Park.2003
[235] Rauch, A. Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation and success [R].University of Giessen. Unpublished manscript. 2005
[236] Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Utsch, A. Effects of human capital and long-term human resources development and utilization on employment growth of small-scale businesses: A causal analysis [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2005, Nov.: 681-698
[237]Rauch,A.,Wiklund,J.,Lumpkin,G.T.,et al.Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance:Cumulative empirical evidence[R].Paper presented at the 2004 Babson College-Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference.2004
[238]Ravasi,D.,& Turati,C.Exploring entrepreneurial learning:a comparative study of technology development projects[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:137-164
[239]Richard,O.C.,Barnett,T.,Dwyer,S.,et al.Cultural diversity in management,firm performance,and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions[J].Academy of Management Journal,2004,47(2):255-266
[240]Robinson,B.B.,Stimpson,D.V.,Huefner,J.C.,et al.An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship[J].Entreprcneurship Theory & Practice,1991,15:13-31
[241]Rojagopalan,N.,Rasheed,A.,& Datta,D.Strategic decision processes:Critical review and future directions[J].Journal of Management,1993,19:349-384
[242]Rotter,J.B.Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement [J].Psychological Monographs:General and Applied,1966,80:609
[252]Rove,W.G.Creating wealth in organizations:The role of strategic leadership[J].Academy of Management Executive,2001,15(1):81-94
[243]Rudnicki,S.Confucius in the boardroom[M].Los Angeles:Dove Books.1998
[244]Sarason,Y.,Dean,T.,& Dillard,J.F.Entrepreneurship as the nexus of individual and opportunity:A structuration view[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006,21:286-305
[245]Sarasvathy,D.,Simon,H.,& Lave,L.Perceiving and managing business risks:differences between entrepreneurs and bankers[J].Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,1998,33:207-225
[246]Sarasvathy,S.D.Causation and effectuation:Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency[J].Academy Management Review,2001,26(2):243-263
[247]Sarasvathy,S.D.Entrepreneurship as a science of the artificial[J].Journal of Economic Psychology,2003,24:203-220.
[248]Sarasvathy,S.D.Making it happen:Beyond theories of the firm to theories of firm design[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2004,Winter:519-531
[249]Schein,E.Presentations on career anchors[R].Paper presented at the Adult Development Forum,Boston,MA.1975
[250]Schneider,B.Fits about fit[J].Applied Psychology:An International Review,2001,50(1):141-152.
[251]Schneider,B.The people make the place[J].Personnel Psychology,1987,40:437-454
[252]Schneider,B.,Goldstein,H.W.,& Smith,D.B.The ASA framework:An update[J].Personnel Psychology,1995,48:747-773
[253]Schneider,B.,Smith,D.B.,Taylor,S.,et al.Personality and organizations:A test of the homogeneity of personality hypothesis[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1998,83:462-470
[254]Schramm,C.J.Closing the enterprise gap[J].Vital Speeches of the Day,2005,71(6):174-178
[255]Schulz,T.W.The value of the ability to deal with disequilibria[J].Journal of Economic Literatur,1975,13:827-846
[256]Shamir,B.,Zakay,E.,& Popper,M.Correlates of charismatic leader behavior on military units:Subordinates' attitudes,unit characteristics,and superiors' appraisals of leader performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(4):387-409
[257] Shane, S. An evolving field: Guest editor's introduction to the special issue on evolutionary approaches to entrepreneurship in honor of Howard Aldrich [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19: 309-312
[258] Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research [J].Academy of Management Review, 2000, 25(1): 217-226
[259] Shane, S., Locke, E.A. & Collins, C.J. Entrepreneurial motivation [J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13:257-279
[260] Sharma, P., & Chrisman, J.J. Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1999, Spring: 11-27
[261] Shaver, K.G The entrepreneurial personality myth [J]. Business and Economic Review,1995,41(3): 20-23
[262] Shaver, K.G, & Scott, L.R. Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1991, Winter: 23-45
[263] Shook, C.L., Priem, R.L., & McGee, J.E. Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis [J]. Journal of Management, 2003,29(3): 379-399
[264] Simon, M., Houghton, S. M., & Aquino, K. Cognitive biases, risk perception, and venture formation: How individuals decide to start companies [J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15:113-134
[265] Smith, N.R., and Miner, J.B. Motivational considerations in the success of technologically innovative entrepreneurs [R]. In K.H. Vesper, ed., Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Wellesley, MA: Babson College, pp. 488-495.1984
[266] Smith, N.R., and Miner, J.B. Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial motivation: Implications for organizational life cycle theory [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1983,4:325-340
[267] Smith, P.B., Wang, Z.M., & Leung, K. Leadership, decision-making and cultural context:Event management within Chinese joint ventures [J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 1997, 8(4):413-431
[268] Stacey, R.D. The science of complexity: An alternative perspective for strategic change processes [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16:477-495
[269] Steiger, J.H. Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach [J]. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1990,25:173-180
[270] Stevenson, H.H. Why entrepreneurship has won? [R]. Unpublished manuscript. Graduate School of Business Administration. 2004
[271] Stevenson, H.H., & Gumpert, D.E. The heart of entrepreneurship [J]. Harvard Business Review, 1985, March-Aprail: 85-94
[272] Stevenson, H.H., & Jarillo, J.C. A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1990,11: 17-27
[273] Stewart, W.H., & Roth, P.L. Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2001, 86: 145-153
[274] Stewart, W.H.Jr., Carland, J.C., Carland, J.W., et al. Entrepreneurial dispositions and goal orientations: A comparative exploration of United States and Russian entrepreneurs [J].Journal of Small Business Management, 2003,41(1): 27-46
[275] Stewart, W.HJr., Warson, W.E., Carland, J.C., etal. A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1998,14: 189-214
[276]Swiercz,P.M.,& Lydon,S.R.Entrepreneurial leadership in high-tech firms:A field study[J].Leadership & Organization Development Journal,2002,23(7):380-389
[277]Tan,J.Innovation and risk-taking in a transitional economy:A comparative study of Chinese managers and entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2001,6:359-376
[278]Tarabishy,A.,Solomon,G.,Fernald,L.W.,et al.The entrepreneurial leader's impact on the organization's performance in dynamic markets[J].The Journal of Private Equity,2005,fall:20-29
[279]Thakur,S.P.Size of investment,opportunity choice and human resources in new venture growth:Some typologies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1998,14:283-309
[280]Thomas,J.E.,Man,W.Y.T.,Lau,T.,et al.The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises:a conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2002,17:123-142
[281]Thornton,P.H.The sociology of entrepreneurship[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1999,25:19-46
[282]Timmons,J.A.Characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship[J].American Journal of Small Business,1978,3(1):5-17
[283]Tsui,A.S.,Wang,H.,Xin,K.,et al."let a thousand flowers bloom":Variation of leadership styles among Chinese CEOs[J].Organizational Dynamics,2004,33(1):5-20
[284]Tsui,A.S.,Zhang,Z.X.,Wang,H.,et al.Unpacking the relationship between CEO leadership behavior and organizational culture[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2006:17:113-137
[285]Ucbasaran,D.,Westhead,P.,& Wright,M.The focus of entrepreneurial research:Contextual and process issues[J].Entreprenenrship Theory and Practice,2001,Summer:57-80
[286]Van de Ven,A.H.,& Engleman,R.M.Event-and outcome-driven explanations of entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19:343-358
[287]Vecchio,R.P.Entrepreneurship and leadership:common trends and common threads[J].Human Resource Management Review,2003,13:303-327
[288]Verheul,I.,Uhlaner,L.,& Thurik,R.Business accomplishments,gender and entrepreneurial self-image[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:483-518
[289]Waldman,D.A.,Ramirez,G.G.,& House,R.J.Does leadership matter? Ceo leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,44(1):134-143
[290]Walker,R.M.Innovation and organizational performance:A critical review of the evidence and a research agenda[R].Academy of Management Best Conference Paper,PNP:B3.2005
[291]Wall,T.D.,Michie,J.,Patterson,M.,et al.On the validity of subjective measures of company performance[J].Personnel Psychology,2004,57:95-118
[292]Wang,Z.M.,& Zang,Z.Strategic human resources,innovation and entrepreneurship fit:A cross-regional comparative model[J].International Journal of Manpower,2005,26(6):544-559
[293]Wang,Zhong-Ming.Integrated personnel selection,appraisal and decision:A Chinese appraoach.Chapter for the International Handbook of Selection and Appraisal-2th Edition.2003
[294]Wang,Zhong-Ming.Managerial competency modeling and the development of organizational psychology:A Chinese approach[J].International Journal of Psychology,2003,38(5):323-334
[295] Wei, L.Q., Wang, Z.H., & Young, M.N. A test of upper echelons theory in Chinese shareholding enterprises [R]. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper, 2003, IM:J5
[296] Weigold, M. F., & Schlenker, B. R.. Accountability and risk taking [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1991,17: 25-29
[297] Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth [J]. Small Business Economics, 1999,13: 27-55
[298] Wernerfelt, B. A resource-based view of the firm [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1984,5(2): 171-180
[299] Westerman, J.W., & Cyr, L.A. An integrative analysis of person-organization fit theories [J].International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2004,12(3): 252-261
[300] Wiklund, J. The Sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship [J]. 1999, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1999, Fall: 37-48
[301] Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, 20:71-91
[302] Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. Knoeledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized business [J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003,24:1307-1314
[303] Wright, P.M., Dunford, B.B., & Snell, S.A. Human resources and the resource based view of the firm [J]. Journal of Management, 2001,27: 701-721
[304] Yin, R.K. The case study crisis: Some answers [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1981,26(1): 58-65
[305] Youndt, M.A., & Snell, S.A. Human resource configurations, intellectual capital, and organizational performance [J]. Journal of Managerial Issues, 2004,16(3): 337-360
[306] Young, J.E., & Corzine, J.B. The sage entrepreneur: A review of traditional Confucian practices applied to contemporary entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Enterprising Culture,2004,12(1): 79-104
[307] Yu, T.F.L. Entrepreneurial alertness and discovery [J]. The Review of Austrian Economics,2001,14(1): 47-63
[308] Zahra, S. A. Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An exploratory study [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1991, 6: 259-285
[309] Zahra, S.A. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior: A critique and extension [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1993, Summer: 5-21
[310] Zahra, S.A. Environment, corporate entrepreneurship, and financial performance: A taxonomic approach [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1993, 8(4):319-340
[311] Zahra, S.A. Governance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1996, 39(6):1713-1735
[312] Zahra, S.A., Jennings, D.F., & Kuratko, D.F. The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1999, Winter: 46-65
[313] Zahra, S.A., Neubaum, D.O., & Huse, M. Entrepreneurship in Medium-Size Companies:Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems [J]. Journal of Management,2000, 26(5): 947-976
[314] Zapalska, A.M., & Edwards, W. Chinese entrepreneurship in a cultural and economic perspective [J]. Journal of Small Business Management, 2001, 39(3): 286-292
[315]Zhu,W.C.,Chew,I.K.H.,& Spangler,W.D.CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes:The mediating role of human-capital-enhancing human resource management[J].Leadership Quarterly,2005,16:39-52
[316]艾尔·巴比著.邱泽奇译.社会研究方法(8th,上)[M].北京:华夏出版社,2000
[317]彼德·德鲁克著,张炜译.创新与创业精神[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[318]陈锦华.企业家应担负起社会责任[J].北京:当代经济.2004,4:1
[319]陈劲,朱朝晖,王安全.公司企业家精神培育的系统理论假设模型及验证[J].天津:南开管理评论.2003,5:36-41
[320]陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].北京:中国社会科学.1996,6:93-102
[321]陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M],北京:教育科学出版社,2000
[322]陈志辉.中小企业家人力资本与绩效关系实证分析[J].北京:科学学与科学技术管理.2005,7:126-130
[323]成思危.认真开展案例研究,促进管理科学及管理教育发展[J].北京:管理科学学报.2001,4(5):1-6
[324]丁栋虹.西部大开发中企业家精神激活的路径分析[J].学术界.2005,5:48-54
[325]丁红玲.面对全球化,中国企业家应具备哪些精神[J].生产力研究.20025:277-278
[326]董景荣,杨秀苔.技术创新的几个理论误区[J].北京:当代经济研究.2001,6:56-59
[327]范剑峰.民营企业内创业行为及其与绩效关系的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文.2004
[328]范魏,王重鸣.创业倾向影响因素研究[J].上海:心理科学,2004,27(5):1087-1090
[329]方立.中华民族的脊梁(民族精神教育读本)[M].北京:晨光出版社,2004
[330]付桂生,郭锦墉.企业家精神与经济增长[J].南昌:江西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2004,3(1):82-84
[331]高建,姜彦福,雷家驌,等.新企业与创业者[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[332]高伟凯,王荣.企业家能力与企业绩效[J].北京:现代经济探讨.2005,10:53-56
[333]苟昂,程德俊.论东西方企业家精神的演讲与比较[J].北京:现代管理科学.2003,3:15-17
[334]郭为.儒家文化的制度视角与企业家精神[J].武汉:江汉论坛.2002,10:24-27
[335]郝晓彤,唐元虎.刍议企业家精神[J].北京:经济与管理研究.2003,5:17-80
[336]何斌.创业策略、创业认知与绩效关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文.2004
[337]何志聪,重鸣.企业成长与公司创业精神的培育[J].北京:科研管理.2005,26(3):51-54
[338]贺小刚.企业家能力评测:一个定性研究的方法与框架[J].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院学报.2005,6:125-130
[339]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社.2004
[340]黄育川.“企业家精神”是中国的历史传统[J].北京:中国企业家.2004,9:88
[341]纪世瀛.企业家精神是社会发展与进步的巨大驱动力[J].北京:中国民营科技与经济.2005,6:64-66
[342]贾生华.企业家能力与企业成长模式的匹配[J].天津:南开学报(哲学社会科学版).2004,1:21-23
[343]贾小明,赵曙明.成功企业家内在素质研究[J].现代经济探讨.2005,6:57-60
[344]蒋璟萍.创业精神的本质、特征和功能[J].沈阳:沈阳大学学报.2004,16(1):15-21
[345]金杨华,王重鸣.人与组织匹配研究进展及其意义[J].合肥:人类工效学.2001,7(2):36-39
[346]康健.蒙牛攻略[M].西安:陕西师范大学出版社.2005
[347]李国军,王重鸣.组织创新的研究进展[J].上海:心理科学.2006,29(5):218-220
[348]李纪明.中国近代民族企业家精神探微[J].武汉:武汉冶金科技大学学报(社会科学版).1999.1(3):32-35
[349]李玉.传统文化与近代民族实业家的创业精神[J].中华文化论坛.1996,2:25-26
[350]李玉刚,胡君莲.战略制定与企业家精神[J].北京:经济与管理研究.2005,3:29-32
[351]李志,曹跃群.“企业家精神”研究文献的内容分析[J].重庆:重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版).2003,20(2):79-81
[352]李志,郎福臣,张光富.对我国“企业家能力”研究文献的内容分析[J].重庆:重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2003,9(3):116-118
[353]梁镇,曹晓丽:中外企业家比较研究[J].北京:科学学与科学技术管理.2005,4:115-122
[354]林祥.企业家能力与企业核心能力的相关性--对企业家能力的一种概括[J].北京:经济社会体制比较.2002,5:86-90
[355]林晓芳.中国企业家精神的追问[J].北京:理财热点.2005,7:36-39
[356]林左鸣,吴秀生.中国企业家精神特质及其建构条件分析[J].云梦学刊.2005,26(5):52-58
[357]林左鸣.论企业家的七种精神特质[J].国防科技工业.2005,10:36-38
[358]龙永图.企业家精神就是时代的民族精神[J].北京:中国企业家,2003,1:35-36
[359]陆学艺.中国私营经济、私营企业主阶层产生、发展的实践和理论演变[J].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院学报.2003,1:8-14
[360]吕勇斌,李丽.制度视角下的企业家精神培育机制[J].北京:生产力研究.2004,12:70-81
[361]马桂梅,樊耘.企业竞争力与企业家能力的融合与发展[J].长沙:湖南工程学院学报.2004,14(3):14
[362]马蔚华.转轨时期的企业家精神[J].北京:企业管理.2004,5:13-14
[363]马新建.关于企业家资源若干基本理论问题的探讨[J].北京:企业管理.2005,3:77-83
[364]毛学农.追寻未来的梦--农民企业家韦翠芳的创业决断[J].江淮文史.2006,2:67-72
[365]梅宪宾.析企业家能力资本[J].北京:理论前沿.2005,18:22-23
[366]苗青,王重鸣.基于企业竞争力的企业家胜任力模型[J].北京:中国地质大学学报(社会科学版).2003,3(3):18-20,24
[367]苗青,王重鸣.企业家能力:理论、结构与实践[J].重庆:重庆大学学报(社会科学版).2002,9(1):129-131
[368]聂伟.企业家精神与企业文化的关系[J].柳州:广西社会科学.2005,10:188-190
[369]钱·金,勒妮·莫博涅.蓝海战略[M].北京:商务印书馆.2006
[370]秦志华.企业家的本质特征与创新活动[J].北京:经济界.2005,5:50-55
[371]任武贤.浅议《论语》与企业家修养[J].北京:东方企业文化.2006,4:64-65
[372]时鹏程,许磊.论企业家精神的三个层次及其启示[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2006,28(2):44-51
[373]孙冬.民营企业呼唤健康的企业家精神[J].北京:全球科技经济瞭望.2004,11:36-37
[374]孙先红,张治国.蒙牛内蒙[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2006
[375]汤敏.呼唤“社会企业家”[J].北京:中国企业家.2006,3:22-24
[376]田凯.构建时代的企业家精神[J].北京:社会科学研究.1998,3:38-40
[377]田益峰,胡华安,李永洲.高技术企业中企业家的才能评估及其待遇[J].经济问题.2004,1:27-29
[378]汪丁丁.企业家的精神[J].技术经济.2002,3:27-29
[379]汪丁丁.我思考的经济学[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店.1997
[380]王金洲.企业家概念--一个理论综述[J].武汉:湖北经济学院学报.2005,3(2):77-82
[381]王坤,荣兆梓.小企业向大公司演化的机理[J].华东经济管理.2005,19(10):50-54
[382]王屹.中国的企业家“精神”何在--来自云南弥勒中国企业家论坛上的报告[J].北京:中国改革.2003,9:31-33
[383]王重鸣.管理心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社.2000
[384]王重鸣.心理学研究方法[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001
[385]王重鸣.心理学研究方法[M].北京:人民教育出版社.1990
[386]翁乾麟.农业企业家与传统农业的改造[J].学术论坛.2005,5:68-71
[387]吴道友.创业精神及其不同层次的分析:目前的实践及未来研究建议[J].科技进步与对策.2005,4:177-179
[388]吴道友.中小企业内创业能力及其与绩效的关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文.2003
[389]吴东晓.创业社会胜任力结构模型与绩效关系研究[D].浙江大学管理学院博士学位论文,2005
[390]肖知兴.寻找精神资源--中国企业管理变革的文化分析[J].IT经理世界.2003,6:48-51
[391]谢小云.人力资源测评效标模型:效度概化的视角[D].杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文,2005
[392]邢以群.企业家及其企业家精神[J].杭州:浙江大学学报.1994,2(8):67-74
[393]熊毅.论企业家的人格特质[J].乡镇企业研究.2004,1:5-6
[394]徐孝纯.论“中国企业家”[J].北京:技术经济与管理研究.2004,2:13-14
[395]许庆瑞,陈重.企业经营管理基本规律与模式[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社.2001
[396]薛红志,张玉利,杨俊.机会拉动与贫穷推动型企业家精神比较研究[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2003,25(6):2-8
[397]杨德林,王乐,张剑,等.中关村科技型创业者行为与特点分析[J].北京:科学学研究.2002,20(5):500-505
[398]杨俊.基于创业行为的企业家能力研究--一个基本分析框架[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2005,27(4):29-35
[399]杨万东.我国企业家问题讨论综述[J].北京:经济理论与经济管理.2004,11:76-80.
[400]姚祖军,蔡根女.论企业家精神的内涵与中国企业家精神的缺失[J].山西:经济师.2004,8:267
[401]叶勤.企业家精神的兴起对美国经济增长的促进作用及启示[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2000,25(10):16-20
[402]弋亚群,刘益,李垣.企业家的战略创新与群体创新--克服组织惯性的途径[J].北京:科学学与科学技术管理.2005,6:142-146
[403]袁卫东.大交锋--决定企业命运的力量[J].广州:南风窗.2005,02,01
[404]袁卫东.大震荡--明星的落马与出局[J].广州:南风窗.2005,02,01
[405]张兵,王晖.当代中国民营企业家精神的特点[J].中外企业文化.2003,8:42-43
[406]张军.怎样解释中国的经济增长[J].经济观察报.2006-1-4
[407]张培刚.新发展经济学(M).开封:河南人民出版社.2001
[408]张晓峰.传统文化与企业家精神[J].武汉:南京财经大学学报.2004,3:41-45
[409]张勇,李晶.企业家精神与其在中国的培育[J].北京:当代经济.2004,12:36-37
[410]张玉利.创业与企业家精神:管理者的思维模式和行为准则[J].天津:南开学报(哲学社会科学版).2004,1:12-15
[411]张玉利.企业家型企业的创业与快速成长[M].天津:南开大学出版社.2003
[412]赵华亚,伊伟萍.当前企业应当继续发扬乡镇企业家精神[J].北京:中国乡镇企业.2006,11:128
[413]赵曙民.南大商学评论[M].北京:人民出版社.2004
[414]中国企业家调查系统.中国企业家队伍成长现状与环境评价--2003年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:管理世界.2003,7:101-119,152
[415]中国企业家调查系统.中国企业经营者队伍制度化建设的现状与发展--2000年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:管理世界.2000,4:92-102
[416]中国企业家调查系统.中国企业经营者价值取向:现状与特征--2004年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:管理世界.2004,6:82-96
[417]中国企业家调查系统课题组.企业创新:现状、问题及对策--2001年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:经济研究参考.2001,52:6-21
[418]周霞,王仁强,王健.企业家精神及其发展模式研究[J].济南:山东农业大学学报(社会科学版).2003,5(3):52-56
[419]周直.创业精神及其培育[J].南京:江苏行政学院学报.2005,2:30-33
[420]周直.创业精神及其文化培育[J].南京:南京社会科学.2004,Sep.:19-26
[421]朱元根.企业家精神及企业家成长的社会制度与环境[J].前沿.2005,2:28-30
[422]朱治龙,王丽.上市公司经营者个性特征与公司绩效的相关性实证研究[J].财经理论与实践.2004,2:15-19
[2]Aldrich,H.E.,& Martinez,M.A.Many are called,but few are chosen:An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,Summer:41-56
[3]Aldrich,H.E.Using an ecological perspective to study organizational founding rates[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1990,14(3):7-24
[4]Aldrich,H.E.Who wants to be an evolutionary theorist:remarks on the occasion of the Year 2000 OMT Distinguished Scholarly Career Award Presentation[J].Journal of Management Inquest,2001,10(2):115-127
[5]Alvarez,S.A.,& Busenitz,L.W.The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory[J].Journal of Management,2001,27:755-775
[6]Ang,S.H.,& Hong,D.G.P.Entrepreneurial spirit among East Asian Chinese[J].Thunderbird International Business Review,2000,42(3):285-309
[7]Antonakis,J.,& Atwater,L.Leader distance:A review and proposed theory[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2002,13:673-704
[8]Antoncic,B.,& Hisrich,R.D.Intrapreneurship:Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2001,16:495-527
[9]Ardichvili,A.Leadership styles of Russian entrepreneurs and Managers[J].Journal of Development Entrepreneurship,2001,6(2):169-187
[10]Babb,E.M.,& Babb,S.V.Psychological traits of rural entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Socio-Economics,1992,21:353-362
[11]Bandura,A.Self-efficacy:the exercise of self control[M].New York:Freeman.1997
[12]Barney,J.Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage[J].Journal of Management,1991,17(1):99-120
[13]Baron,R.A.Potential benefits of the cognitive perspective:expanding entrepreneurship's array of conceptual tools[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19:169-172
[14]Baron,R.A.The cognitive perspective:A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic "why" questions[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19:221-239
[15]Baron,R.A.,& Markman,G.D.Beyond social capital:How social skills can enhance entrepreneurs' success[J].Academy of Management Executive,2000,14(1):106-116
[16]Baron,R.A.,& Markman,G.D.Beyond social capital:the role of entrepreneurs' social competence in their financial success[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,18:41-60
[17]Baron,R.M.,& Kenny,D.A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical considerations[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,51:1173-1182
[18]Barringer,B.R.,Jones,F.F.,& Neubaum,D.O.A quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of rapid-growth firms and their founders[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:663-687
[19]Bateman,T.S.,& Crant,J.M.The proactive component of organizational behavior:A measure and correlates[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1993,14(2):103-118
[20]Baughn,C.C.,& Neupert,K.E.Cultural and national conditions facilitating entrepreneurial start-ups[J].Journal of International Entrepreneurship,2003,1:313-330
[21] Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K.GA multi-dimensional model of venture growth [J].Academy of Management Journal, 2001,44(2): 292-303
[22] Baum, J.R., & Locke, E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2004, 89(4): 587-598.
[23] Baum, J.R., Locke, E.A., & Smith, K.G A multidimensional model of venture growth [J].Academy of Management Journal, 2001,44(2): 292-303
[24] Baum, R. The Relation of Traits, Competencies, Vision, Motivation, and Strategy to Venture Growth [D]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD. 1994
[25] Baumol, W.J. Entrepreneurship in economic theory [J]. American economic review,1968,58(2): 64-72
[26] Becherer, R.C., & Maurer, J. The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents [J]. Journal of Small Business Management,1999,37(1): 28-36
[27] Begley, T. M. Using founder status, age of firm, and company growth rate as the basis for distinguishing entrepreneurs form managers of smaller businesses [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1995,10:249-263
[28] Begley, T.M., & Boyd, D.P. Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses [J]. Journal of Bussiness Venturing, 1987,2:79-93
[29] Bender, S.L. Seven characteristics of the American woman entrepreneur: A hermeneutic approach to developing a universal characteristics model [D]. Ph. D dissertation. Capella University, 2000
[30] Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D.G Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of coviance structures [J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1980, 88(3): 588-606
[31] Boal, K.B., & Hooijberg, R. Strategic leadership research: Moving on [J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2000,11(4): 515-549
[32] Bond, M.H. The handbook of Chinese psychology [M]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 1980
[33] Bontis, N. Assessing knowledge assets: A review of the models used to measure intellectual capital [J]. International Journal of Management Review, 2001, 3(1): 41-60
[34] Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G S. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 1994,summer: 63-77
[35] Bradbury, H., & Lichtenstein, B.M.B. Relationality in organizatinoal research: enploring thespace between [J]. Organizational Science, 2000, 11(5):551-564
[36] Bratnicki, M. Organizational entrepreneurship: Theoretical background, some empirical tests, and directions for future research [J]. Human factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 2005,15(1): 15-23
[37] Brazeal, D.V., & Herbert, T.T. The genesis of entrepreneurship [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1999, Spring: 29-45
[38] Brockhaus, R. H. Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1980,23: 509-520
[39] Brown, T.E., Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. An operationalization of Stevenson's conceptualization of entrepreneurship as opportunity-based firm behavior [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2001,22(10): 953-968
[40]Brush,C.G.,Duhaime,I.M.,Gartner,W.B.,et al.Doctoral education in the field of entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Management,2003,29(3):309-331
[41]Bruyat,C.,& Julien,P.A.Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2000,16(2):165-180
[42]Budner,S.Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable[J].Journal of Personality,1982,30:29-50
[43]Burgelman,R.A.A model of the interaction of strategic behavior,corporate context,and the concept of strategy[J].Academy of Management Review,1983,8:61-70
[44]Burgelman,R.A.A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified major firm[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1983,28:223-244
[45]Burgelman,R.A.Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management:Insights from a process study[J].Management Science,1983,29:1649-1664
[46]Burgelman,R.A.Designs for corporate entrepreneurship in established firms[J].California Management Review,1984,26(3):154-166
[47]Burgelman,R.A.Strategy as vector and the inertia of coevolutionary lock-in[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,2002,47(2):325-357
[48]Busenitz,L.W.,WeatⅢ,G.P.,Shepherd,D.,et al.Entreprenenrship research in emergence:Past trends and future directious[J].Journal of Management,2003,29(3):285-308
[49]Buttner,E.H.,& Gryskiewicz,N.Entrepreneurs' problem-solving styles:An empirical study using the kirton adaptation/innovation theory[J].Journal of Small Business Management,1993,31(1):22-31
[50]Cannella,A.A.,& Monroe,M.J.Contrasting perspectives on strategic leaders:toward a more realistic view of top managers[J].Journal of Management,1997,23(3):213-237
[51]Cannellar,A.A.Jr.,Pettigrew,A.,& Hambrick,D.Upper echelon:Donald Hambrick on executives and strategy[J].The Academy of Management Executive,2001,15(3):36-44
[52]Carland,J.W.,Hoy,F.,& Carland,J.A.C."Who is an entrepreneur?" is a question worth asking[J].American Journal of Small Business,1988,Spring:33-39
[53]Carland,J.W.,Hoy,F.,Boulton,W.R.,et al.Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners:A conceptualization[J].Academy of Management Review,1984,9(2):354-359
[54]Carsrud,A.L.,& Krueger,N.F.,Jr.Entrepreneurship and social psychology:Behavioral technology for the new venture initiation process[M].In J.A.Katz & R.H.Brockhaus,Sr.(Eds.),Advances in entrepreneurship,firm emergence,and growth(pp.73-96).Greenwich,CT:JAI Press.1995
[55]Chaiasson,M.,& Saunders,C.Reconciling diverse approaches to opportunity research using the structuration theory[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:747-767
[56]Chandler,G.N.,& Hanks,S.H.Founder competence,the environment,and venture performance[J].Entreprenenrship Theory and Practice,1994,Spring:77-89
[57]Chandler,G.N.,& Jansen,E.J.Founders' self assessed competence and venture performance[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1992,73(3):223-236
[58]Chandler,G.N.,& Lyon,D.W.Issues of research design and construct measurement in entrepreneurship research:The past decade[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,Summer:101-113
[59]Chen,C.C.,Greene,P.G.,& Crick,A.Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1998,13:295-316
[60] Chen, C.C., Chen, Y.R., & Xin, K. Guanxi practices and trust in management: A procedural justice perspective [J]. Organization Science, 2004,15(2): 200-209
[61] Child, J. Organization structure, environment and perforamance: The role of strategic choice [J]. Sociology, 1972,6: 1-22
[62] Chrisman, J.J., Bauerschmidt, A., & Hofer, C.W. The determinants of new venture performance: An extended model [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1998, fall:5-29
[63 Chu, R.L. Face and achievement: The examination of social-oriented motives in Chinese society [J]. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 1989, 31(2):79-90
[64] Church, A.T., & Burke, P.J. Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the big five and Tellegen's three-and-four -dimensional models [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994, 66(1): 93-114
[65] Cogliser, C.C., & Brigham, K.H. The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be learned [J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004,15: 771-799
[66] Collins, C., Locke, E., & Hanges, P. The relationship of need for achievement to entrepreneurial behavior: a meta-analysis [R]. Working paper, University of Maryland,College Park, MD. 2000
[67] Cooper, A.C., & Dunkelberg, W.C. Entrepreneurship and paths to business ownership [J].Strategic Management Journal, 1986,7(1): 53-68
[68] Cooper, A.C., Woo, C.Y., & Dunkelberg, W.C. Entrepreneur's perceived chance of success [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1988, 3(3):97-108
[69] Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. Business research methods (8th) [M]. McGraw-Hill/Irwin,2003
[70] Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P.. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1989,10: 75-87
[71] Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior [J].Entrepreneurhsip Theory and Practice, 1991, Fall:7-25
[72] Covin, J.G., & Slevin, D.P. A response to Zahra's "critique and extension" of the Covin-Slevin entrepreneurship model [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1993,Summer: 23-28
[73] Crant, J. M. The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions [J].Journal of Small Business Management, 1996, 34(3): 42-49
[74] Creswell, J.W. Qualitative inquiry and research design [M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1998
[75] Cunningham, J.B., & Lischeron, J. Defining entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Small Business Management, 1991, 29(1): 45-61
[76] Czarniawska-Joerges, B., & Wolff, R. Leaders, managers, entrepreneurs on and off the organizational stage [J]. Organization Studies, 1991,12(4): 529-546
[77] Daily, C.M., McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., et al. Governance and strategic leadership in entrepreneurial firms [J]. Journal of Management, 2002,28(3): 387-412
[78] Damanpour F. Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1991, 34(3): 555-590
[79] Davidsson, P. & Wiklund, J. Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: Current research practice and suggestions for the future [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001, Summer: 81-99
[80] Davidsson, P. A conceptual framework for the study of entrepreneurship and the competence to practice it [R]. Unpublished manuscript,www.ihh.hj.se/eng/research/peg/documents/ framework %20pdf.pdf, 2000
[81 ] Davidsson, P., Low, M.B., & Wright, M. Editor's introduction: Low and MacMillan ten years on: Achievements and future directions for entrepreneurship research [J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001,25(4):5-15
[82] Dess, G.G., & Lumpkin, GT. The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship [J]. Academy of Management Executive, 2005,19(1): 147-156
[83] Dess, G.G., Ireland, R.D., Zahra, S.A., et al. Emerging issues in corporate entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Management, 2003,29(3):351-378
[84] Dess, G.G., Lumpkin, G.T., & Covin, J.G. Entrepreneurial strategy making and firm performance: Tests of contingency and configurational models [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18: 677-695
[85] Dess, G.G., & Rasheed, A.A. Conceptualizing and measuring organizational environments: A critique and suggestions [J]. Journal of Management, 1991,17(4): 701-710
[86] Devers, E., & Robinson, K.M. The making of a rounded theory: After death communication [J]. Death Studies, 2002,26:241-253
[87] Dickson, B.J. Red capitalists in China: The party, private entrepreneurs, and prospects for political change [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2003
[88] Dodd, S.D. Metaphors and meaning: A grounded cultural model of US entrepreneurship [J].Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 519-535
[89] Douglas, D. Grounded theory and the "and" in entrepreneurship research [R]. Unpublished manuscript, WWW.ejbrm.com/vol2-issue2/vol2-art2-douglas.pdf.2004
[90] Driessen, M.P., & Zwart, P.S. The role of the entrepreneur in small business success: the Entrepreneurship Scan [R]. Unpublished manuscript. 1995
[91] Drucker, P.E. Our entrepreneurial economy [J]. Harvard Business Review, 1984,62(1):59-64
[92] Drucker, P.F. Entrepreneurship in the business enterprise [J]. Journal of Business Policy,1970, 1(1):10
[93] Duckett, J. Bureaucrats in business, Chinese-style: The lessons f market reform and state entrepreneurialism in the People's Republic of China [J]. World Development, 2001,29(1):23-37
[94] Eisenhardt, K. M. Building theory from case study research [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1989,14(4): 532-550
[95] Elenkov, D.S., Judge, W., & Wright, P. Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: an international multi-cluster comparative study [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2005,26: 665-682
[96] Ensley, M.D., Pearce, C.L., & Hmieleski, K.M. The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 243-263
[97] Erikson, T. Entrepreneurial capital: the emerging venture's most important asset and competitive advantage [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 275-290
[98] Etemad, H. International entrepreneurship as a dynamic adaptive system: Towards a grounded theory [J]. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2004,2:5-59
[99] Fayolle, A. Insights for research on the entrepreneurial process from a study on perceptions of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs [J]. Journal of Enterprising culture, 2002,10(4):257-285
[100] Fernald, L.W., Solomon, G.T., & Tarabishy, A. A new paradigm: Entreprenurial leadership [J]. Southern Business Review, 2005, 30(2):1-10
[101] Fineman, S. The achievement motive construct and its measurement: where are we now? [J].British Journal of Psychology, 1977, 68: 1-22
[102] Finkelstein, S. Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and validation [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1992, 35(3): 505-536
[103] Fornell, C, & Larcher, D. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error [J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1981,18: 39-50
[104] Gartner, W.B. "Who is an entrepreneur?" is the wrong question [J]. American Journal of Small Business, 1988, Spring: 11-31
[105] Gartner, W.B. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1985,10(4): 696-705
[106] Gartner, W.B. Is there an elephant in entrepreneurship? Blind assumption in theory development [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001, Summer: 21-39
[107] Gartner, W.B. What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship? [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1990, 5(1):15-29
[108] Gartner, W.B., & Birley, S. Introduction to the special issue on qualitative methods in entrepreneurship research [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17:387-395
[109] Garud, R., & Karnoe, P. Path creation as a process of mindful deviation. In: Garud, R., &Karnoe, P. (Eds), Path dependence and creation [M]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Mahwah,NJ.2001
[110] Gelderen, W. Enterprising behaviour of ordinary people [J]. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2000,9(1):81-88
[111] Gibb, A., & Li, J. Organizing for enterprise in China: What can we learn from the Chinese micro, small, and medium enterprise development experience [J]. Futures, 2003, 35:403-421
[112] Glaser, B.C., & Strauss, A.L. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research [M]. Chicago: Aldine. 1967
[113] Glaser, B.G. Conceptualization: On theory and theorizing using grounded theory [J].International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2002,1(2): 1-31
[114] Glaser, B.G. Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions [M]. Mill Valley, CA:Sociaology Press. 1998
[115] Glaser, B.G. Theoretical densitivity: advances in the methodology of grounded theory [M].Mill Valley, CA: Sociaology Press. 1978
[116] GlaserB.G. Remodeling grounded theory [M]. The Grounded Theory Review, 2004,4(1):1-24
[117] Goldsmith, R.E., & Kerr, J.R. Entrepreneurship and adaption-innovation theory [J].Technovation, 1991,11(6): 373-382
[118] Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W.M. Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1990,33(1):64-86
[119] Grant, R.M. Toward a knowledge-based theory of firm [J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996, 17: 108-122
[120] Gundry, L.K., & Welsch, H.P. The ambitious entrepreneur: High growth strategies of women-owned enterprises [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2001,16:453-470
[121] Gupta, V., & Wang, J.F. From corporate crisis to turnaround in East Asia: A study of China Huajing Electronics Group Coporation [J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2004,21:213-233
[122] Gupta, V., MacMillan, I.C., & Surie, G. Entrepreneurial leadreship: developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19:241-260
[123] Hambrick, D.C. Guest editor's introduction: Putting top managers back in the strategy picture [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1989,10: 5-15
[124] Hambrick, D.C., & Mason, P.A. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1984,9(2):193-206
[125] Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. The population ecology of organization [J]. American Journal of Socialogy, 1977, 82: 929-964
[126] Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. Structural inertia and organizational change [J]. American Sociological Review, 1985,49: 149-164
[127] Hansemark, O. C. Need for achievement, locus of control and the prediction of business start-ups: A longitudinal study [J]. Journal of Economic Psychology, 2003,24:301-319
[128] Hart, S. & Quinn, R.E. Roles executive play: CEOs, behaviors complexity, and firm performance [J]. Human Relations, 1993,46: 543-573
[129] Hayton, J.C., George, G., & Zahra, S.A. National cultural and entrepreneurship: A review of Behavioral research [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2002, summer: 33-52
[130] Hayton, J.C. Strategic human capital management in SMEs: An empirical study of entrepreneurial performance [J]. Human Resource Management, 2003,42(4): 375-391
[131] Hayton, J.C. Competing in the new economy: the effect of intellectual capital on corporate entrepreneurship in high-technology new ventures [J]. R & D Management, 2005,35(2):137-155
[132] Hebert, R.F., & Link, A.N. In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship [J]. Small Business Economics, 1989,1: 39-49
[133] Hofstede, G. Cultural consequences: International differences in work-related values [M].
[134] Hornsby, J.S., Kuratko, D.F., & Zahra, S.A. Middle managers' perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 253-273
[135] House, R. J., & Shamir, B. Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic and visionary theories of leadership [M]. In M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 81-107). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1993
[136] House, R.J., Hanges, P., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S.A. et al. Cultural influences on leadership and organization: the GLOBE project [M]. In: Mobley, W. (Ed.), Advances in Global Leadership, vol. 1. JAI Press, Stamford, CN, CT, pp. 171-233.1998
[137] Howell, J.M., Neufeld, D.J., & Avolio, B.J. Examining the relationship of leadership and physical distance with business unit performance [J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2005,16:273-285
[138] Huck, J. F., & McEwen, T. Competencies needed for small business success: Perceptions of Jamaican entrepreneurs [J]. Journal of Small Business Management, 1991, October: 90-93
[139] Hunt, J.M. Toward the development of a competency model for family firm leadership [R].Paper Presented to the 12th Annual National Conference, United States Association for Small Businessand Entrepreneurship, Clearwater, FL, 1998, January: 15-18
[140] Ireland, R.D., & Hitt, M.A. Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership [J]. Academy of Maangement Executive,2005,19(4): 63-77
[141] Jack, S.L. & Anderson, A.R. The effects of embeddeness on the entrepreneurial process [J].Journal of Business Venturing, 2001,12:467-487
[142] Janney, J.J., & Dess, GG The risk concept for entrepreneurs reconsidered: New challenges to the conventional wisdom [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 385-400
[143] Javidan, M, Dorfman, P.W., Luque, M.S., & House, R.J. In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE [J]. Academy of Management Perspectives, 2006, February: 67-90
[144] Johnson, B. Toward a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: the case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1990,14(3):39-54
[145] Jung, D. J., Ehrlich, S. B., Noble, A. F. D. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and its relationship to entrepreneurial action: A comparative study between the US and Korea [J]. Management International, 2001,6(1): 41-53
[146] Jung, D.I., Chow, C, & Wu, A. The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings [J]. Leadership Quarterly, 2003, 14: 525-544
[147] Kan, M.M., & Parry, K.W. Identifying paradox: A grounded theory of leadership in overcoming resistance to change [J]. The Leadership Quarterely, 2004,15: 467-491
[148] Kaufman, P.J., & Dant, R.P. Franchising and the domain of entrepreneurship research [J].Journal of Business Venturing, 1998,14(1): 5-16
[149] Keh, H. T, Foo, M. D., & Lim, B. C. Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions: The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 2002, winter:125-148
[150] Khandwalla, P. N. Generators of pioneering innovative management: Some Indian evidence [J]. Organization Studies, 1977, 8(1): 39-59
[151] Kilby, P. Hunting the heffalump. In Peter Kilby (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Economic Development [M], PP.1-40. New York: The Free Press, 1971
[152] Kilby, P. The heffalump revisited [J]. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2003,1:13-29
[153] Kirton, M.J. A theory of cognitive style [M]. In M. J. Kirton, ed., Adaptors and Innovators:Styles of Creativity and Problem-Solving. London, England: Routledge, pp. 1-36. 1989.
[154] Kirton, M.J. Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory Manual [M]. Hatfield, England:Occupational Research Center, 1987
[155] Kirzner, I.M. Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach [J]. Journal of Economic Literature, 1997, 35(1): 60-85
[156] Knight, G.A. Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1997,12: 213-225
[157] Kodithuwakku, S.S., & Rosa, P. The entrepreneurial process and economic success in a constrained environment [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002,17: 431-465
[158]Kolvereid,L.Prediction of employment status choice intention[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,1996,21(1):47-57
[159]Korunka,C.,Frank,H.,Lueger,M.,et al.The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources,environment,and the startup process-A configurational approach[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2003,Fall:23-42
[160]Kotey,B.,& Meredith,G.G.Relationships among owner/manager personal values,business strategies,and enterprise performance[J].Journal of Small Business Management,1997,35(2):37-64
[161]Krackhardt,D.Entrepreneurial opportunities in an entrepreneurial firm:A structural approach[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1995,Spring:53-69
[162]Kreiser,P.M.,Marino,L.D.,& Weaver,K.M.Reassessing the environment-EO Link:The impact of environmental hostility on the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation [R].Academy of Management Proceedings,G1-G6.2002.
[163]Kreiser,P.M.,Marino,L.D.,& Weaver,K.M.Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale:A multi-country analysis[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2002,Summer:71-94
[164]Kristof,A.L.Person-organization fit:an integrative review of its conceptualizations,measurement,and implications[J].Perconnel Psychology,1996,49:1-49
[165]Krueger,N.F.,Jr.,Reilly,M.D.,& Carsrud,A.L.Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15:411-432
[166]Krueger,N.F.,Jr.,& Brazeal,D.V.Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1994,18(3):91-104
[167]Krueger,N.The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1993,18(1):5-21
[168]Langley,A.Strategies for theorizing from process data[J].Academy of Management Review,1999,24(4):691-710
[169]Lans,T.,Wesselink,R,Biemans,H.J.A.,et al.Work-related lifelong learning for entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector[J].International Journal of Training and Development,2004,8(1):73-89
[170]Lau C.M.,& Busenit.z,L.W.Growth intentions of entrepreneurs in a transitional economy:The People's Republic of China[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2001,Fall:5-20
[171]Lau,T.,Chan,K.F.,& Ho,R.Cross-border entrepreneurs-a study of the changing strategies and competencies of HongKong ewntrepreneurs upon exposure to emerging market of China[J].Journal of Enterprising Culture,2004,12(2):165-193
[172]Law,K.S.,& Wong,C.S.Multidimensional constructs in structural equation analysis:A n illustration using the job perception and job satisfaction constructs[J].Journal of Management,1999,25(2):143-160
[173]Lawrence,B.S.The black box of organizational demography[J].Organization Science,1997,8:1-22
[174]Liebeskind,J.P.Knowledge,strategy,and the theory of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17:93-107
[175]Lomborg,K.,& Kirkevold,M.Truth and validity in grounded theory-a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria:fit,work,relevance and modifiability[J].Nursing Philosophy,2003,4:189-200
[176]Low,M.,& MacMillan,I.C.Entrepreneurship:Past research and future challenge[J].Journal of Management,1988,14(2):139-161
[177] Low, W.B. The adolescence of entrepreneurship research: Specification of purpose [J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001, Summer: 17-25
[178] Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G .G.Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1996, 21: 135-172
[179] Luo, X.M., Zhou, L.X., & Liu, S.S. Entrepreneurial firms in the context of China's transition economy: an integrative framework and empirical examination [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2005, 58: 277-284
[180] Luthans, F. Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths [J]. Academy of Management Executive, 2002,16(1): 57-72
[181] Luthans, F. The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior [J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2002,23(6): 695-706
[182] Ma, H. & Tan, J. Key components and implications of entrepreneurship: A 4-P framework [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 704-725
[183] MacCallum, R.C., & Browne, M.W. The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: Some practical issues [J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1993,114(3): 533-541
[184] MacMillan, I.C., & Katz, J.A. Idiosyncratic milieus of entrepreneurship research: The need for comprehensive theories [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1992, 7:1-8
[185] Man, W.Y.T. Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises in the Hong Kong services sector [D]. Dissertation for Ph D. Hong Kong Polytechnic University. 2001
[186] Man, W.Y.T, & Lau, T. Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owner/managers in the HongKong services sector: a qualitative analysis [J]. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 2000,8(3): 235-254
[187] Mark, A., Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., et al. The Big Five and venture survival: Is there a linkage? [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19: 465-483
[188] Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. Inventors and new venture formation: the effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory &Practice, 2002, Winter: 149-165
[189] Markman, G.D., & Baron, R.A. Person-entrepreneurship fit: why people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others [J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13: 281-301
[190] Markman, K.D., & Tetlock, P.E. Accountability and close-call counterfactuals: The loser who nearly won and the winner who nearly lost [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2000,26:1213-1224
[191] Markoczy, L. Measuring beliefs: Accepts no substitute [J]. The Academy of Management Journal, 1997,40(5): 1228-1242.
[192] Maxwell, J. Understanding and validity in qualitative research [J]. Harvard Educational Review, 1992, 62: 279-300
[193] McCann, T., & Clark, E. Grounded theory in nursing research: part 2-critique [J]. Nurse Research, 2003,11(2): 19-28
[194] Mccleary, K.J., Rivers, P.A., & Schneller, E.S. A diagnostic approach to understanding entrepreneurship in health care [J]. Journal of Health & Human Services Administration,2006, Spring: 551-577
[195] McClelland, D. C. Power: the inner experience [M]. New York: Irvington. 1975
[196] McClelland, D. C. The achieving society [M]. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. 1961
[197] McClelland, D. C. Toward a theory of motive acquisition [J]. American Psychologist, 1965,20: 321-333
[198]McClelland,D.C.Testing for competence rather than for "intelligence"[J].American Psychologist,1973,January:1-14
[199]McCline,R.L.,Bhat,S.,& Baj,P.opportunity recognition:An exploratory investigation of a component of the entrepreneurial process in the context of the health care industry[J].Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,2000,Winter:81-94
[200]McGrath,R.G.& MacMillan,I.C.The entrepreneurial mindset[M].Harvard Business School Press,Boston,MA.2000.See Cruber,M.The entrepreneurial Mindset:Strategies for cintinously creating opportunity.Book Review.Schmalenbach Business Review,2002,54(4):380-381
[201]McKelvey,B.Toward a complexity science of entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business venturing,2004,19:313-341
[202]Medsker,G.J.,Williams,L.J.,& Holahan,P.J.A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research[J].Journal of Management,1994,20:439-464
[203]Miller,D.The correlates of entrepreneurship in there types of from[J].Management Science,1983,29(7):770-791
[204]Miller,D.,& Friesen,P.H.Archetypes of strategy formulation[J].Management Science,1978,24(9):921-933
[205]Miner,J.B.,& Raju,N.S.Risky propensity differences between managers and entrepreneurs and between low-and high-growth entrepreneurs:A reply in a more conservative vein[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(1):2-13
[206]Minniti,M.,& Bygrave,W.A dynamic model of entrepreneurial learning[J].Entreprenenrship Theory and Practice,2001,25(3):5-16
[207]Mintzberg,H.Strategy-making in three modes[J].California Management Review,1973,16(2):44-53
[208]Mirable,R.Everything you wanted to know about competency modeling[J].Training and Development,1997,August:73-77
[209]Mises,L.V.Human action[M].New Haven:Yale U.Press.1949.See Kirzner,I.M.Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process:An Austrian approach[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1997,35(1):60-85
[210]Mitchell,R.K.,Busenitz,L.,Lant,T.,et al.Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition:Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2002,Winter:93-104
[211]Mitton,D.G.The compleat entrepreneur[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1989,Spring:9-19
[212]Montes,J.L.,Moreno,A.R.,& Morales,V.G.Influence of support leadership and teamwork cohesion on organizational learning,innovation and performance:an empirical examination [J].Technovation,2005,25:1159-1172
[213]Mosakowski,E.Entrepreneurial Resources,Organizational Choices,and Competitive Outcomes[J].Organization Science,1998,9(6):625-643
[214]Mumford,M.D.,Scott,G.M.,& Gaddis,B.,et al.Leading creative people:Orchestrating expertise and relationships[J].Leadership Quarterly,2002,13:705-750
[215]Murray,G.A synthesis of six exploratory European case studies of successfully exited,venture capital-financed,new technology-based firms[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1996,20(4):41-60
[216] Neuschel, R. F. Three Tests of Top-Management Effectiveness [J]. McKinsey Quarterly,1970, 7(2): 2-10
[217] Newbert, S.L. New firm formation: A dynamic capability [J]. Journal of Small Buisness Management, 2005,43(1): 55-77
[218] Nicholson, N. Entreprenurial leadership: A study of the heads of the UK's most successful independent companies [J]. European Managemnet Journal, 1998,16(5): 520-539
[219] Norton, W. I. Jr., & Moore, W. T. Entrepreneurial risk: Have we been asking the wrong question? [J]. Small Business Economics, 2002,18: 281-287
[220] O'Leary-Kelly, S.W., & Vokurka, R.J. The empirical assessment of construct validity [J].Journal of Operations Management. 1998,16: 387-405
[221] OECD. Organization for economic co-operation and development: Measuring what people know [R]. Paris: OECD, 1996
[222] Olson, P.D. Entrepreneurship: Process and abilities [J]. American Journal of Small Business,1985, Summer: 25-31
[223] Palich, L. E., & Bagby, D. R. Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: challenging conventional wisdom [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1995,10:425-438
[224] Parry, K.W. Gronded theory and social process: A new direction for leadership research [J].The Leadership Quarterly, 1997,9(l):85-105
[225] Parry, K.W., & Sinha, P.N. Researching the trainability of transformational organizational leadership [J]. Human Resource Development International, 2005,8(2): 156-183
[226] Pendelaiu, G. From business creator to businessman: a strategic distinction [J]. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 1996,4(2): 123-146
[227] Peng, M. M., & Luo, Y. Managerial ties and firm performance n a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2000,43:486- 501
[228] Pervin, L.A. Person, situation, interactions: The history of a controversy and a discussion of theoretical models [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1989,14(3): 350-360
[229] Pettigrew, A.M. Longitudinal field research on change: theory and practice [J].Organizational Science, 1990.1: 267-292
[230] Phan, P.H. Dynamism as a necessary property of entrepreneurial systems [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006,21: 149-151
[231] Piazza-Georgi, B. The role of human and social capital in growth: extending our understanding [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2002,26:461-479
[232] Podsakoff, P.M., & Organ, D.W. Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects [J]. Journal of Management, 1986,12(4): 531-544
[233] Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., et al. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies [J]. Journal of Applies Psychology, 2003, 88(5): 879-903
[234] Rauch, A. Characteristics of Small-Scale Business Owners: A Meta-Analysis on Emergence and Success [R]. Paper presented at 2003 Babson Kaufman Entrepreneurship Research Conference, June 3rd - June 8th, Wellesley Park.2003
[235] Rauch, A. Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation and success [R].University of Giessen. Unpublished manscript. 2005
[236] Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Utsch, A. Effects of human capital and long-term human resources development and utilization on employment growth of small-scale businesses: A causal analysis [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2005, Nov.: 681-698
[237]Rauch,A.,Wiklund,J.,Lumpkin,G.T.,et al.Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance:Cumulative empirical evidence[R].Paper presented at the 2004 Babson College-Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference.2004
[238]Ravasi,D.,& Turati,C.Exploring entrepreneurial learning:a comparative study of technology development projects[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:137-164
[239]Richard,O.C.,Barnett,T.,Dwyer,S.,et al.Cultural diversity in management,firm performance,and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions[J].Academy of Management Journal,2004,47(2):255-266
[240]Robinson,B.B.,Stimpson,D.V.,Huefner,J.C.,et al.An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship[J].Entreprcneurship Theory & Practice,1991,15:13-31
[241]Rojagopalan,N.,Rasheed,A.,& Datta,D.Strategic decision processes:Critical review and future directions[J].Journal of Management,1993,19:349-384
[242]Rotter,J.B.Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement [J].Psychological Monographs:General and Applied,1966,80:609
[252]Rove,W.G.Creating wealth in organizations:The role of strategic leadership[J].Academy of Management Executive,2001,15(1):81-94
[243]Rudnicki,S.Confucius in the boardroom[M].Los Angeles:Dove Books.1998
[244]Sarason,Y.,Dean,T.,& Dillard,J.F.Entrepreneurship as the nexus of individual and opportunity:A structuration view[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006,21:286-305
[245]Sarasvathy,D.,Simon,H.,& Lave,L.Perceiving and managing business risks:differences between entrepreneurs and bankers[J].Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,1998,33:207-225
[246]Sarasvathy,S.D.Causation and effectuation:Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency[J].Academy Management Review,2001,26(2):243-263
[247]Sarasvathy,S.D.Entrepreneurship as a science of the artificial[J].Journal of Economic Psychology,2003,24:203-220.
[248]Sarasvathy,S.D.Making it happen:Beyond theories of the firm to theories of firm design[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2004,Winter:519-531
[249]Schein,E.Presentations on career anchors[R].Paper presented at the Adult Development Forum,Boston,MA.1975
[250]Schneider,B.Fits about fit[J].Applied Psychology:An International Review,2001,50(1):141-152.
[251]Schneider,B.The people make the place[J].Personnel Psychology,1987,40:437-454
[252]Schneider,B.,Goldstein,H.W.,& Smith,D.B.The ASA framework:An update[J].Personnel Psychology,1995,48:747-773
[253]Schneider,B.,Smith,D.B.,Taylor,S.,et al.Personality and organizations:A test of the homogeneity of personality hypothesis[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1998,83:462-470
[254]Schramm,C.J.Closing the enterprise gap[J].Vital Speeches of the Day,2005,71(6):174-178
[255]Schulz,T.W.The value of the ability to deal with disequilibria[J].Journal of Economic Literatur,1975,13:827-846
[256]Shamir,B.,Zakay,E.,& Popper,M.Correlates of charismatic leader behavior on military units:Subordinates' attitudes,unit characteristics,and superiors' appraisals of leader performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(4):387-409
[257] Shane, S. An evolving field: Guest editor's introduction to the special issue on evolutionary approaches to entrepreneurship in honor of Howard Aldrich [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2004,19: 309-312
[258] Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research [J].Academy of Management Review, 2000, 25(1): 217-226
[259] Shane, S., Locke, E.A. & Collins, C.J. Entrepreneurial motivation [J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13:257-279
[260] Sharma, P., & Chrisman, J.J. Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1999, Spring: 11-27
[261] Shaver, K.G The entrepreneurial personality myth [J]. Business and Economic Review,1995,41(3): 20-23
[262] Shaver, K.G, & Scott, L.R. Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1991, Winter: 23-45
[263] Shook, C.L., Priem, R.L., & McGee, J.E. Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis [J]. Journal of Management, 2003,29(3): 379-399
[264] Simon, M., Houghton, S. M., & Aquino, K. Cognitive biases, risk perception, and venture formation: How individuals decide to start companies [J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15:113-134
[265] Smith, N.R., and Miner, J.B. Motivational considerations in the success of technologically innovative entrepreneurs [R]. In K.H. Vesper, ed., Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Wellesley, MA: Babson College, pp. 488-495.1984
[266] Smith, N.R., and Miner, J.B. Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial motivation: Implications for organizational life cycle theory [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1983,4:325-340
[267] Smith, P.B., Wang, Z.M., & Leung, K. Leadership, decision-making and cultural context:Event management within Chinese joint ventures [J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 1997, 8(4):413-431
[268] Stacey, R.D. The science of complexity: An alternative perspective for strategic change processes [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1995,16:477-495
[269] Steiger, J.H. Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach [J]. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1990,25:173-180
[270] Stevenson, H.H. Why entrepreneurship has won? [R]. Unpublished manuscript. Graduate School of Business Administration. 2004
[271] Stevenson, H.H., & Gumpert, D.E. The heart of entrepreneurship [J]. Harvard Business Review, 1985, March-Aprail: 85-94
[272] Stevenson, H.H., & Jarillo, J.C. A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1990,11: 17-27
[273] Stewart, W.H., & Roth, P.L. Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2001, 86: 145-153
[274] Stewart, W.H.Jr., Carland, J.C., Carland, J.W., et al. Entrepreneurial dispositions and goal orientations: A comparative exploration of United States and Russian entrepreneurs [J].Journal of Small Business Management, 2003,41(1): 27-46
[275] Stewart, W.HJr., Warson, W.E., Carland, J.C., etal. A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1998,14: 189-214
[276]Swiercz,P.M.,& Lydon,S.R.Entrepreneurial leadership in high-tech firms:A field study[J].Leadership & Organization Development Journal,2002,23(7):380-389
[277]Tan,J.Innovation and risk-taking in a transitional economy:A comparative study of Chinese managers and entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2001,6:359-376
[278]Tarabishy,A.,Solomon,G.,Fernald,L.W.,et al.The entrepreneurial leader's impact on the organization's performance in dynamic markets[J].The Journal of Private Equity,2005,fall:20-29
[279]Thakur,S.P.Size of investment,opportunity choice and human resources in new venture growth:Some typologies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1998,14:283-309
[280]Thomas,J.E.,Man,W.Y.T.,Lau,T.,et al.The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises:a conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2002,17:123-142
[281]Thornton,P.H.The sociology of entrepreneurship[J].Annual Review of Sociology,1999,25:19-46
[282]Timmons,J.A.Characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship[J].American Journal of Small Business,1978,3(1):5-17
[283]Tsui,A.S.,Wang,H.,Xin,K.,et al."let a thousand flowers bloom":Variation of leadership styles among Chinese CEOs[J].Organizational Dynamics,2004,33(1):5-20
[284]Tsui,A.S.,Zhang,Z.X.,Wang,H.,et al.Unpacking the relationship between CEO leadership behavior and organizational culture[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2006:17:113-137
[285]Ucbasaran,D.,Westhead,P.,& Wright,M.The focus of entrepreneurial research:Contextual and process issues[J].Entreprenenrship Theory and Practice,2001,Summer:57-80
[286]Van de Ven,A.H.,& Engleman,R.M.Event-and outcome-driven explanations of entrepreneurship[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19:343-358
[287]Vecchio,R.P.Entrepreneurship and leadership:common trends and common threads[J].Human Resource Management Review,2003,13:303-327
[288]Verheul,I.,Uhlaner,L.,& Thurik,R.Business accomplishments,gender and entrepreneurial self-image[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2005,20:483-518
[289]Waldman,D.A.,Ramirez,G.G.,& House,R.J.Does leadership matter? Ceo leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty[J].Academy of Management Journal,2002,44(1):134-143
[290]Walker,R.M.Innovation and organizational performance:A critical review of the evidence and a research agenda[R].Academy of Management Best Conference Paper,PNP:B3.2005
[291]Wall,T.D.,Michie,J.,Patterson,M.,et al.On the validity of subjective measures of company performance[J].Personnel Psychology,2004,57:95-118
[292]Wang,Z.M.,& Zang,Z.Strategic human resources,innovation and entrepreneurship fit:A cross-regional comparative model[J].International Journal of Manpower,2005,26(6):544-559
[293]Wang,Zhong-Ming.Integrated personnel selection,appraisal and decision:A Chinese appraoach.Chapter for the International Handbook of Selection and Appraisal-2th Edition.2003
[294]Wang,Zhong-Ming.Managerial competency modeling and the development of organizational psychology:A Chinese approach[J].International Journal of Psychology,2003,38(5):323-334
[295] Wei, L.Q., Wang, Z.H., & Young, M.N. A test of upper echelons theory in Chinese shareholding enterprises [R]. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper, 2003, IM:J5
[296] Weigold, M. F., & Schlenker, B. R.. Accountability and risk taking [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1991,17: 25-29
[297] Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth [J]. Small Business Economics, 1999,13: 27-55
[298] Wernerfelt, B. A resource-based view of the firm [J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1984,5(2): 171-180
[299] Westerman, J.W., & Cyr, L.A. An integrative analysis of person-organization fit theories [J].International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2004,12(3): 252-261
[300] Wiklund, J. The Sustainability of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship [J]. 1999, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1999, Fall: 37-48
[301] Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, 20:71-91
[302] Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. Knoeledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized business [J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003,24:1307-1314
[303] Wright, P.M., Dunford, B.B., & Snell, S.A. Human resources and the resource based view of the firm [J]. Journal of Management, 2001,27: 701-721
[304] Yin, R.K. The case study crisis: Some answers [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1981,26(1): 58-65
[305] Youndt, M.A., & Snell, S.A. Human resource configurations, intellectual capital, and organizational performance [J]. Journal of Managerial Issues, 2004,16(3): 337-360
[306] Young, J.E., & Corzine, J.B. The sage entrepreneur: A review of traditional Confucian practices applied to contemporary entrepreneurship [J]. Journal of Enterprising Culture,2004,12(1): 79-104
[307] Yu, T.F.L. Entrepreneurial alertness and discovery [J]. The Review of Austrian Economics,2001,14(1): 47-63
[308] Zahra, S. A. Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An exploratory study [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1991, 6: 259-285
[309] Zahra, S.A. A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior: A critique and extension [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1993, Summer: 5-21
[310] Zahra, S.A. Environment, corporate entrepreneurship, and financial performance: A taxonomic approach [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 1993, 8(4):319-340
[311] Zahra, S.A. Governance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1996, 39(6):1713-1735
[312] Zahra, S.A., Jennings, D.F., & Kuratko, D.F. The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field [J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1999, Winter: 46-65
[313] Zahra, S.A., Neubaum, D.O., & Huse, M. Entrepreneurship in Medium-Size Companies:Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems [J]. Journal of Management,2000, 26(5): 947-976
[314] Zapalska, A.M., & Edwards, W. Chinese entrepreneurship in a cultural and economic perspective [J]. Journal of Small Business Management, 2001, 39(3): 286-292
[315]Zhu,W.C.,Chew,I.K.H.,& Spangler,W.D.CEO transformational leadership and organizational outcomes:The mediating role of human-capital-enhancing human resource management[J].Leadership Quarterly,2005,16:39-52
[316]艾尔·巴比著.邱泽奇译.社会研究方法(8th,上)[M].北京:华夏出版社,2000
[317]彼德·德鲁克著,张炜译.创新与创业精神[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[318]陈锦华.企业家应担负起社会责任[J].北京:当代经济.2004,4:1
[319]陈劲,朱朝晖,王安全.公司企业家精神培育的系统理论假设模型及验证[J].天津:南开管理评论.2003,5:36-41
[320]陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].北京:中国社会科学.1996,6:93-102
[321]陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M],北京:教育科学出版社,2000
[322]陈志辉.中小企业家人力资本与绩效关系实证分析[J].北京:科学学与科学技术管理.2005,7:126-130
[323]成思危.认真开展案例研究,促进管理科学及管理教育发展[J].北京:管理科学学报.2001,4(5):1-6
[324]丁栋虹.西部大开发中企业家精神激活的路径分析[J].学术界.2005,5:48-54
[325]丁红玲.面对全球化,中国企业家应具备哪些精神[J].生产力研究.20025:277-278
[326]董景荣,杨秀苔.技术创新的几个理论误区[J].北京:当代经济研究.2001,6:56-59
[327]范剑峰.民营企业内创业行为及其与绩效关系的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文.2004
[328]范魏,王重鸣.创业倾向影响因素研究[J].上海:心理科学,2004,27(5):1087-1090
[329]方立.中华民族的脊梁(民族精神教育读本)[M].北京:晨光出版社,2004
[330]付桂生,郭锦墉.企业家精神与经济增长[J].南昌:江西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2004,3(1):82-84
[331]高建,姜彦福,雷家驌,等.新企业与创业者[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[332]高伟凯,王荣.企业家能力与企业绩效[J].北京:现代经济探讨.2005,10:53-56
[333]苟昂,程德俊.论东西方企业家精神的演讲与比较[J].北京:现代管理科学.2003,3:15-17
[334]郭为.儒家文化的制度视角与企业家精神[J].武汉:江汉论坛.2002,10:24-27
[335]郝晓彤,唐元虎.刍议企业家精神[J].北京:经济与管理研究.2003,5:17-80
[336]何斌.创业策略、创业认知与绩效关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文.2004
[337]何志聪,重鸣.企业成长与公司创业精神的培育[J].北京:科研管理.2005,26(3):51-54
[338]贺小刚.企业家能力评测:一个定性研究的方法与框架[J].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院学报.2005,6:125-130
[339]侯杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:教育科学出版社.2004
[340]黄育川.“企业家精神”是中国的历史传统[J].北京:中国企业家.2004,9:88
[341]纪世瀛.企业家精神是社会发展与进步的巨大驱动力[J].北京:中国民营科技与经济.2005,6:64-66
[342]贾生华.企业家能力与企业成长模式的匹配[J].天津:南开学报(哲学社会科学版).2004,1:21-23
[343]贾小明,赵曙明.成功企业家内在素质研究[J].现代经济探讨.2005,6:57-60
[344]蒋璟萍.创业精神的本质、特征和功能[J].沈阳:沈阳大学学报.2004,16(1):15-21
[345]金杨华,王重鸣.人与组织匹配研究进展及其意义[J].合肥:人类工效学.2001,7(2):36-39
[346]康健.蒙牛攻略[M].西安:陕西师范大学出版社.2005
[347]李国军,王重鸣.组织创新的研究进展[J].上海:心理科学.2006,29(5):218-220
[348]李纪明.中国近代民族企业家精神探微[J].武汉:武汉冶金科技大学学报(社会科学版).1999.1(3):32-35
[349]李玉.传统文化与近代民族实业家的创业精神[J].中华文化论坛.1996,2:25-26
[350]李玉刚,胡君莲.战略制定与企业家精神[J].北京:经济与管理研究.2005,3:29-32
[351]李志,曹跃群.“企业家精神”研究文献的内容分析[J].重庆:重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版).2003,20(2):79-81
[352]李志,郎福臣,张光富.对我国“企业家能力”研究文献的内容分析[J].重庆:重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2003,9(3):116-118
[353]梁镇,曹晓丽:中外企业家比较研究[J].北京:科学学与科学技术管理.2005,4:115-122
[354]林祥.企业家能力与企业核心能力的相关性--对企业家能力的一种概括[J].北京:经济社会体制比较.2002,5:86-90
[355]林晓芳.中国企业家精神的追问[J].北京:理财热点.2005,7:36-39
[356]林左鸣,吴秀生.中国企业家精神特质及其建构条件分析[J].云梦学刊.2005,26(5):52-58
[357]林左鸣.论企业家的七种精神特质[J].国防科技工业.2005,10:36-38
[358]龙永图.企业家精神就是时代的民族精神[J].北京:中国企业家,2003,1:35-36
[359]陆学艺.中国私营经济、私营企业主阶层产生、发展的实践和理论演变[J].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院学报.2003,1:8-14
[360]吕勇斌,李丽.制度视角下的企业家精神培育机制[J].北京:生产力研究.2004,12:70-81
[361]马桂梅,樊耘.企业竞争力与企业家能力的融合与发展[J].长沙:湖南工程学院学报.2004,14(3):14
[362]马蔚华.转轨时期的企业家精神[J].北京:企业管理.2004,5:13-14
[363]马新建.关于企业家资源若干基本理论问题的探讨[J].北京:企业管理.2005,3:77-83
[364]毛学农.追寻未来的梦--农民企业家韦翠芳的创业决断[J].江淮文史.2006,2:67-72
[365]梅宪宾.析企业家能力资本[J].北京:理论前沿.2005,18:22-23
[366]苗青,王重鸣.基于企业竞争力的企业家胜任力模型[J].北京:中国地质大学学报(社会科学版).2003,3(3):18-20,24
[367]苗青,王重鸣.企业家能力:理论、结构与实践[J].重庆:重庆大学学报(社会科学版).2002,9(1):129-131
[368]聂伟.企业家精神与企业文化的关系[J].柳州:广西社会科学.2005,10:188-190
[369]钱·金,勒妮·莫博涅.蓝海战略[M].北京:商务印书馆.2006
[370]秦志华.企业家的本质特征与创新活动[J].北京:经济界.2005,5:50-55
[371]任武贤.浅议《论语》与企业家修养[J].北京:东方企业文化.2006,4:64-65
[372]时鹏程,许磊.论企业家精神的三个层次及其启示[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2006,28(2):44-51
[373]孙冬.民营企业呼唤健康的企业家精神[J].北京:全球科技经济瞭望.2004,11:36-37
[374]孙先红,张治国.蒙牛内蒙[M].北京:北京大学出版社.2006
[375]汤敏.呼唤“社会企业家”[J].北京:中国企业家.2006,3:22-24
[376]田凯.构建时代的企业家精神[J].北京:社会科学研究.1998,3:38-40
[377]田益峰,胡华安,李永洲.高技术企业中企业家的才能评估及其待遇[J].经济问题.2004,1:27-29
[378]汪丁丁.企业家的精神[J].技术经济.2002,3:27-29
[379]汪丁丁.我思考的经济学[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店.1997
[380]王金洲.企业家概念--一个理论综述[J].武汉:湖北经济学院学报.2005,3(2):77-82
[381]王坤,荣兆梓.小企业向大公司演化的机理[J].华东经济管理.2005,19(10):50-54
[382]王屹.中国的企业家“精神”何在--来自云南弥勒中国企业家论坛上的报告[J].北京:中国改革.2003,9:31-33
[383]王重鸣.管理心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社.2000
[384]王重鸣.心理学研究方法[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001
[385]王重鸣.心理学研究方法[M].北京:人民教育出版社.1990
[386]翁乾麟.农业企业家与传统农业的改造[J].学术论坛.2005,5:68-71
[387]吴道友.创业精神及其不同层次的分析:目前的实践及未来研究建议[J].科技进步与对策.2005,4:177-179
[388]吴道友.中小企业内创业能力及其与绩效的关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学管理学院硕士学位论文.2003
[389]吴东晓.创业社会胜任力结构模型与绩效关系研究[D].浙江大学管理学院博士学位论文,2005
[390]肖知兴.寻找精神资源--中国企业管理变革的文化分析[J].IT经理世界.2003,6:48-51
[391]谢小云.人力资源测评效标模型:效度概化的视角[D].杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文,2005
[392]邢以群.企业家及其企业家精神[J].杭州:浙江大学学报.1994,2(8):67-74
[393]熊毅.论企业家的人格特质[J].乡镇企业研究.2004,1:5-6
[394]徐孝纯.论“中国企业家”[J].北京:技术经济与管理研究.2004,2:13-14
[395]许庆瑞,陈重.企业经营管理基本规律与模式[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社.2001
[396]薛红志,张玉利,杨俊.机会拉动与贫穷推动型企业家精神比较研究[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2003,25(6):2-8
[397]杨德林,王乐,张剑,等.中关村科技型创业者行为与特点分析[J].北京:科学学研究.2002,20(5):500-505
[398]杨俊.基于创业行为的企业家能力研究--一个基本分析框架[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2005,27(4):29-35
[399]杨万东.我国企业家问题讨论综述[J].北京:经济理论与经济管理.2004,11:76-80.
[400]姚祖军,蔡根女.论企业家精神的内涵与中国企业家精神的缺失[J].山西:经济师.2004,8:267
[401]叶勤.企业家精神的兴起对美国经济增长的促进作用及启示[J].上海:外国经济与管理.2000,25(10):16-20
[402]弋亚群,刘益,李垣.企业家的战略创新与群体创新--克服组织惯性的途径[J].北京:科学学与科学技术管理.2005,6:142-146
[403]袁卫东.大交锋--决定企业命运的力量[J].广州:南风窗.2005,02,01
[404]袁卫东.大震荡--明星的落马与出局[J].广州:南风窗.2005,02,01
[405]张兵,王晖.当代中国民营企业家精神的特点[J].中外企业文化.2003,8:42-43
[406]张军.怎样解释中国的经济增长[J].经济观察报.2006-1-4
[407]张培刚.新发展经济学(M).开封:河南人民出版社.2001
[408]张晓峰.传统文化与企业家精神[J].武汉:南京财经大学学报.2004,3:41-45
[409]张勇,李晶.企业家精神与其在中国的培育[J].北京:当代经济.2004,12:36-37
[410]张玉利.创业与企业家精神:管理者的思维模式和行为准则[J].天津:南开学报(哲学社会科学版).2004,1:12-15
[411]张玉利.企业家型企业的创业与快速成长[M].天津:南开大学出版社.2003
[412]赵华亚,伊伟萍.当前企业应当继续发扬乡镇企业家精神[J].北京:中国乡镇企业.2006,11:128
[413]赵曙民.南大商学评论[M].北京:人民出版社.2004
[414]中国企业家调查系统.中国企业家队伍成长现状与环境评价--2003年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:管理世界.2003,7:101-119,152
[415]中国企业家调查系统.中国企业经营者队伍制度化建设的现状与发展--2000年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:管理世界.2000,4:92-102
[416]中国企业家调查系统.中国企业经营者价值取向:现状与特征--2004年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:管理世界.2004,6:82-96
[417]中国企业家调查系统课题组.企业创新:现状、问题及对策--2001年中国企业经营者成长与发展专题调查报告[J].北京:经济研究参考.2001,52:6-21
[418]周霞,王仁强,王健.企业家精神及其发展模式研究[J].济南:山东农业大学学报(社会科学版).2003,5(3):52-56
[419]周直.创业精神及其培育[J].南京:江苏行政学院学报.2005,2:30-33
[420]周直.创业精神及其文化培育[J].南京:南京社会科学.2004,Sep.:19-26
[421]朱元根.企业家精神及企业家成长的社会制度与环境[J].前沿.2005,2:28-30
[422]朱治龙,王丽.上市公司经营者个性特征与公司绩效的相关性实证研究[J].财经理论与实践.2004,2:15-19