新技术企业市场进入战略决策机制研究
|
摘要
近二十年来,新技术的快速发展和普及应用极大地推动了新一轮的创业热潮。作为科技成果商业化的重要途径,技术创业的关键在于完成从技术创新到实现经济与社会价值的飞跃。创业与战略领域的相关研究表明,市场进入战略等一系列初始战略决策是技术创业成败与商业价值创造的关键因素。因此从理论上解释新技术企业初始战略的决策逻辑,是提升技术创业者商业技能,进而改善我国创业活动结构的关键途径。本文以初创期的新技术企业为研究对象,从初始条件的视角,运用社会认知、战略选择等理论知识,考察创业团队成员如何依照其先前经验,并综合考虑技术资产和所面临的环境条件等因素为新企业选择市场进入战略。利用150份基于分层随机抽样得到的有效问卷,采用因子分析、多元回归分析等分析方法进行了实证检验,得到如下结论：
第一,市场进入战略的创新性从整体上提升了新技术企业绩效,但对成长性绩效和规模绩效的影响性不同。新企业在产品与服务、交易结构及交互项上的创新都使其拥有更高的成长性。但在产品与服务上谋求创新的新企业会暂时牺牲其发展规模,使其绝对值受到影响。交易结构创新稳定的与以规模为标准而测度的绩效正相关,表现在资产规模、员工人数和销售收入三方面。
第二,新技术企业初始战略来源于创业团队基于先前经验而达成的集体认知决策。技术导向型团队倾向于通过产品与服务的创新进入市场,市场导向型的团队则竭力从交易结构的创新入手,在行为模式上更加商业化,往往忽视产品与服务的创新。兼顾技术和市场导向的团队,虽然拥有多元化的认知模式,却没能迸发出应有的创造力。
第三,技术独享性在创业团队经验构成与进入战略创新性之间起正向调节作用。核心技术受到较好的知识产权保护时,技术导向型团队更加倾向于通过高研发投入来开发创新性的产品与服务,市场导向型团队则因此而加大在交易结构上创新的力度,兼顾技术与市场导向的创业团队依然无法在进入战略上谋求创新。技术独享性提升了创业团队在市场进入战略上进行创新性动力,但并没有使得创业团队成员跨出固有认知模式的烙印作用而尝试新的创新途径,仅仅是深化其原有的认知模式。
第四,环境宽松性改变了创业团队在选择市场进入战略时的关注点。新企业资源禀赋的匮乏加大了从外部获取资源的必要性,在进入战略上的创新更需要权衡外部环境条件而谋求平衡。实证结果表明当环境较为宽松时,技术导向型和市场导向型的创业团队均表现出对产品与服务创新的忽视,而加大了在交易结构上谋求创新的力度。
本文的理论价值和创新之处体现在以下三方面。第一,突破了已往研究仅仅关注哪种战略选择更有助于提升新企业绩效的问题,将视角前移到初始战略的来源和决策机制等更具本源性的问题。第二,针对初始战略的多层次多维度性,聚焦于市场进入战略的前因与结果研究。基于中国情境下的随机样本,界定市场进入战略的内涵与维度,整合并开发测度量表,探讨市场进入战略的前因变量及其对新企业绩效的影响,深化了对该前沿问题的了解。第三,将技术资产及环境要素纳入市场进入战略选择的分析框架并验证其调节作用。深化了西方研究领域里仍很前沿的创业团队构成与进入战略创新性关系问题的探讨,检验了西方理论对我国新技术企业进入战略生成的适用性,有助于启发东西方制度文化背景下的比较研究,探索制度文化差异如何塑造进入战略属性及其生成过程特征、不同制度文化条件下影响进入战略创新性的关键要素有何差异等深层次问题。
本文共六章,结构安排如下：第一章,绪论。介绍研究背景、研究问题和意义、研究目标和方法等,归纳论文的框架体系。第二章,文献回顾与评述。对研究依托的理论基础和相关研究成果进行梳理,识别已有研究的不足及可能的拓展方向,导出本研究的问题。第三章,理论模型与研究设计。界定研究的关键变量,提出研究假设,并推导文章的整体模型。第四章,研究设计与研究流程。介绍从探测性调研到正式随机抽样方案的设计,主要变量的选取和测量方式、统计分析方法等。第五章,实证分析与结果。汇报具体数据收集过程及样本数据描述性统计分析、条目鉴别能力及同源方法偏差检验以及信度与因子分析的结果。在此基础上进行了回归分析和假设检验,得出研究结论及其相应的解释。第六章,结论与展望。提炼论文的主要发现和创新点,总结研究的理论贡献及实践启示。同时提出存在的不足和未来研究的展望。
As an important way for the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, technology entrepreneurship plays an increasingly important role in the new historical stage of China's reform and opening period. The core of technology entrepreneurship relies on the successful market entrance with new products and services, so as to realize value creation on economic and social dimensions. The market entry strategy is a key determinant of start-up success and value creation. Therefore, clarify the origin and decision-making mechanisms of new technology venture's founding strategy, not only helps to grasp the management focus of entrepreneurial activity, but also improve China's entrepreneuriship structure and upgrade the business skills of technology entrepreneurs.
Based on above background, the study takes the new technology venture in founding period as research target and combines the social cognition theory, strategic choice theory and the entrepreneurial process research results as the theoretical base. The study explores how entrepreneurial teams make decision based on their prior experiences and choose the entry strategy, while taking technology assets and environment conditions into consideration.150 copies of questionnaires based on layered random sampling method were used to do empirical examination, using factor analysis and multiple regression analysis etc.
With the theoretical development and quantitative analysis, the foundings are showed as follows:
First of all, the innovativeness of the market entry strategy improves the new technology ventures' performance as a whole, but it plays different effects on growth-oriented performance and scale-orientated performance. From new venture growth point of view, the innovation on either dimension of product and service or transaction structure, or both dimensions will endow much higher growth potential on new technology venture. With respect of the size of the new venture, innovation on product and service negatively impacts their initial scale. On the other hands, the innovation on transaction structure positively relates to the new venture performance, which will have larger scales on current assets, employee numbers and sales revenues.
Secondly, the founding strategy originates from collective cognitive based on entrepreneurial teams'prior experience. This study builds up a founding strategy choice model based on social cognition theory, which is, during the founding period, entrepreneurial teams make decision based on their prior experiences and choose the entry strategy. Specifically, the technology oriented teams tend to enter the market by innovative products or services, while the market oriented teams prefer transaction structure innovation. The heterogeneous team with both technology and market orientation failed to innovate on entry strategy in spite of the multiple cognitive mode.
Thirdly, technology appropriability enhanced the innovativess of market entry strategy, but could not change entrepreneurial teams' inherent cognitive model. Besides the main effect of the prior experience and market entry strategy choice, one goes further into the decision process. It finds that technology appropriability play a positive moderating effect.In details, technology orientated team inclines to development more innovative product and service due to higher intellectual property protection mechanism, while market orientated team will enhanced their innovation on transaction structure and the insignificant relationship between heterogeneous team with both technology and market orientation and market entry strategy innovation remains. It means the advantage of technology appropriability do not make entrepreneurial team try new innovation, but only deepen their original cognitive model.
Last but not the least, environment munificence change entrepreneurial teams' focus during market entry strategy choice.Due to the scarcity of their initial resource endowments, new venture depend on external resources and its receptivity to support their innovation activities. The study finds out that, under the munificent environment, both the technology and market oriented team fails to innovate on product or service, but commit themselves to the innovation on transaction structure and try to enter the market through new channels.
The contributions of the study are showed as follows. First of all, this study explores the genesis and decision mechanism of new ventures' founding strategy, but not only the common questions of which kinds of strategy are more helpful to new venture growth. Based on social cognition and strategy choice theory, one illustrates the critical role of prior experience in strategic decision-making and suggests that key theoretical and empirical evidence from cognitive and social psychology can be generalized to the context of new ventures' strategic decision-making. Secondly, in deal with the multiple dimension of founding strategy, the study focuses on the cause and effect of the market entry strategy. Based on random sample of Chinese new technology venture, the study defines its dimension and consolidates the measurement scale. One examine the applicability of western theory on the market entry perception in China, which will enlighten the comparative study between western and eastern institutional background.Thirdly, this study takes the technology asset and environment factors into market entry strategy choice model and examine their moderating effect, which capture both the internal and external influencing factors and revivifies the real decision process to the largest externt.
The structure of the study is showed as follows. Chapter one makes a review about this research's logic clues and key issues, and introduces the study context, contents and methods, and the systematic framework. Chapter two is the part of literature review and showed the theoretical context and theoretical base of the study. Chapter three is the part of theoretical development and model development. Chapter four is the part of research design and process, which reports the tentative research and the random sampling method, variable measurement and statistical analysis method. Chapter five is the part of empirical study, which explores the relationship between the innovativeness of market entry strategy and new venture performance, the entrepreneurial teams'prior experience and its founding strategy choice as well as the moderating effect.Chapter six summarizes conclusions and explains the study's contribution and innovation points in theory and practice aspects, and analyzes the deficiency and the future research around the dissertation issue.
第一,市场进入战略的创新性从整体上提升了新技术企业绩效,但对成长性绩效和规模绩效的影响性不同。新企业在产品与服务、交易结构及交互项上的创新都使其拥有更高的成长性。但在产品与服务上谋求创新的新企业会暂时牺牲其发展规模,使其绝对值受到影响。交易结构创新稳定的与以规模为标准而测度的绩效正相关,表现在资产规模、员工人数和销售收入三方面。
第二,新技术企业初始战略来源于创业团队基于先前经验而达成的集体认知决策。技术导向型团队倾向于通过产品与服务的创新进入市场,市场导向型的团队则竭力从交易结构的创新入手,在行为模式上更加商业化,往往忽视产品与服务的创新。兼顾技术和市场导向的团队,虽然拥有多元化的认知模式,却没能迸发出应有的创造力。
第三,技术独享性在创业团队经验构成与进入战略创新性之间起正向调节作用。核心技术受到较好的知识产权保护时,技术导向型团队更加倾向于通过高研发投入来开发创新性的产品与服务,市场导向型团队则因此而加大在交易结构上创新的力度,兼顾技术与市场导向的创业团队依然无法在进入战略上谋求创新。技术独享性提升了创业团队在市场进入战略上进行创新性动力,但并没有使得创业团队成员跨出固有认知模式的烙印作用而尝试新的创新途径,仅仅是深化其原有的认知模式。
第四,环境宽松性改变了创业团队在选择市场进入战略时的关注点。新企业资源禀赋的匮乏加大了从外部获取资源的必要性,在进入战略上的创新更需要权衡外部环境条件而谋求平衡。实证结果表明当环境较为宽松时,技术导向型和市场导向型的创业团队均表现出对产品与服务创新的忽视,而加大了在交易结构上谋求创新的力度。
本文的理论价值和创新之处体现在以下三方面。第一,突破了已往研究仅仅关注哪种战略选择更有助于提升新企业绩效的问题,将视角前移到初始战略的来源和决策机制等更具本源性的问题。第二,针对初始战略的多层次多维度性,聚焦于市场进入战略的前因与结果研究。基于中国情境下的随机样本,界定市场进入战略的内涵与维度,整合并开发测度量表,探讨市场进入战略的前因变量及其对新企业绩效的影响,深化了对该前沿问题的了解。第三,将技术资产及环境要素纳入市场进入战略选择的分析框架并验证其调节作用。深化了西方研究领域里仍很前沿的创业团队构成与进入战略创新性关系问题的探讨,检验了西方理论对我国新技术企业进入战略生成的适用性,有助于启发东西方制度文化背景下的比较研究,探索制度文化差异如何塑造进入战略属性及其生成过程特征、不同制度文化条件下影响进入战略创新性的关键要素有何差异等深层次问题。
本文共六章,结构安排如下：第一章,绪论。介绍研究背景、研究问题和意义、研究目标和方法等,归纳论文的框架体系。第二章,文献回顾与评述。对研究依托的理论基础和相关研究成果进行梳理,识别已有研究的不足及可能的拓展方向,导出本研究的问题。第三章,理论模型与研究设计。界定研究的关键变量,提出研究假设,并推导文章的整体模型。第四章,研究设计与研究流程。介绍从探测性调研到正式随机抽样方案的设计,主要变量的选取和测量方式、统计分析方法等。第五章,实证分析与结果。汇报具体数据收集过程及样本数据描述性统计分析、条目鉴别能力及同源方法偏差检验以及信度与因子分析的结果。在此基础上进行了回归分析和假设检验,得出研究结论及其相应的解释。第六章,结论与展望。提炼论文的主要发现和创新点,总结研究的理论贡献及实践启示。同时提出存在的不足和未来研究的展望。
As an important way for the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, technology entrepreneurship plays an increasingly important role in the new historical stage of China's reform and opening period. The core of technology entrepreneurship relies on the successful market entrance with new products and services, so as to realize value creation on economic and social dimensions. The market entry strategy is a key determinant of start-up success and value creation. Therefore, clarify the origin and decision-making mechanisms of new technology venture's founding strategy, not only helps to grasp the management focus of entrepreneurial activity, but also improve China's entrepreneuriship structure and upgrade the business skills of technology entrepreneurs.
Based on above background, the study takes the new technology venture in founding period as research target and combines the social cognition theory, strategic choice theory and the entrepreneurial process research results as the theoretical base. The study explores how entrepreneurial teams make decision based on their prior experiences and choose the entry strategy, while taking technology assets and environment conditions into consideration.150 copies of questionnaires based on layered random sampling method were used to do empirical examination, using factor analysis and multiple regression analysis etc.
With the theoretical development and quantitative analysis, the foundings are showed as follows:
First of all, the innovativeness of the market entry strategy improves the new technology ventures' performance as a whole, but it plays different effects on growth-oriented performance and scale-orientated performance. From new venture growth point of view, the innovation on either dimension of product and service or transaction structure, or both dimensions will endow much higher growth potential on new technology venture. With respect of the size of the new venture, innovation on product and service negatively impacts their initial scale. On the other hands, the innovation on transaction structure positively relates to the new venture performance, which will have larger scales on current assets, employee numbers and sales revenues.
Secondly, the founding strategy originates from collective cognitive based on entrepreneurial teams'prior experience. This study builds up a founding strategy choice model based on social cognition theory, which is, during the founding period, entrepreneurial teams make decision based on their prior experiences and choose the entry strategy. Specifically, the technology oriented teams tend to enter the market by innovative products or services, while the market oriented teams prefer transaction structure innovation. The heterogeneous team with both technology and market orientation failed to innovate on entry strategy in spite of the multiple cognitive mode.
Thirdly, technology appropriability enhanced the innovativess of market entry strategy, but could not change entrepreneurial teams' inherent cognitive model. Besides the main effect of the prior experience and market entry strategy choice, one goes further into the decision process. It finds that technology appropriability play a positive moderating effect.In details, technology orientated team inclines to development more innovative product and service due to higher intellectual property protection mechanism, while market orientated team will enhanced their innovation on transaction structure and the insignificant relationship between heterogeneous team with both technology and market orientation and market entry strategy innovation remains. It means the advantage of technology appropriability do not make entrepreneurial team try new innovation, but only deepen their original cognitive model.
Last but not the least, environment munificence change entrepreneurial teams' focus during market entry strategy choice.Due to the scarcity of their initial resource endowments, new venture depend on external resources and its receptivity to support their innovation activities. The study finds out that, under the munificent environment, both the technology and market oriented team fails to innovate on product or service, but commit themselves to the innovation on transaction structure and try to enter the market through new channels.
The contributions of the study are showed as follows. First of all, this study explores the genesis and decision mechanism of new ventures' founding strategy, but not only the common questions of which kinds of strategy are more helpful to new venture growth. Based on social cognition and strategy choice theory, one illustrates the critical role of prior experience in strategic decision-making and suggests that key theoretical and empirical evidence from cognitive and social psychology can be generalized to the context of new ventures' strategic decision-making. Secondly, in deal with the multiple dimension of founding strategy, the study focuses on the cause and effect of the market entry strategy. Based on random sample of Chinese new technology venture, the study defines its dimension and consolidates the measurement scale. One examine the applicability of western theory on the market entry perception in China, which will enlighten the comparative study between western and eastern institutional background.Thirdly, this study takes the technology asset and environment factors into market entry strategy choice model and examine their moderating effect, which capture both the internal and external influencing factors and revivifies the real decision process to the largest externt.
The structure of the study is showed as follows. Chapter one makes a review about this research's logic clues and key issues, and introduces the study context, contents and methods, and the systematic framework. Chapter two is the part of literature review and showed the theoretical context and theoretical base of the study. Chapter three is the part of theoretical development and model development. Chapter four is the part of research design and process, which reports the tentative research and the random sampling method, variable measurement and statistical analysis method. Chapter five is the part of empirical study, which explores the relationship between the innovativeness of market entry strategy and new venture performance, the entrepreneurial teams'prior experience and its founding strategy choice as well as the moderating effect.Chapter six summarizes conclusions and explains the study's contribution and innovation points in theory and practice aspects, and analyzes the deficiency and the future research around the dissertation issue.
引文
[1]Stinchcombe,1965专著中提出新进入缺陷的观点,即新企业的高死亡率,是因为其组织成员因不能快速地适应新的角色和工作关系,并且缺少与外部购买者和供应商的信用记录.Stinchcombe A L., Social structure and organizations. In.March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[1]湛军,金融危机背景下我国创业与科技创新发展对策建议—基于最新全球创业现状分析的结论.科技进步与对策,2010,1：27-31.
[2]中国社科院中小企业研究中心主任陈乃醒2009年6月13日,在((UPS亚洲商业监察》公布会上发表题为“中小企业在金融危机复苏中的作用”的主题报告上发表该组数据。
[3] Schumpeter,J.A.The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934
[4]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[1]Siggelkow, N. Evolution toward Fit.Administrative Science Quarterly,2002, Vol.47, Issue.1:125-159.
[2]Charlene.L.Nicholls-Nixon, Arnold C. Cooper.,Carolyn Y.Woo.Strategic experimentation:understanding change and performance in new ventures.Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15:493-521.
[3]Baron JN, Nannan MT, Burton MD. Building the iron cage:Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations. American Sociological Review,1999, Vol.64:527-547.
[4]Carrol GR. A sociological view on why firms differ. In RP Rumelt, D Schendel, DJ Teece (Eds.), Fundamental Issue in Strategy:A Research Agenda:271-290.Harvard Business School Press:Boston, MA,1994.
[1]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[2] Baum, A.C. and Haveman, H.A., Love The Neighbor? Differentiation and Agglomeration in the Manhattan Hotel Industry 1898-1990, Administrative Science Quarterly,1997.Vol.42:304-338.
[3] Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A.Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:29-54.
[4]Zott, C., Amit, R.,Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms.Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18:181-199.
[1] West, III G.P., Collective Cognition:When Entrepreneurial Teams, Not Individuals, Make Decisions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31:77-102.
[2] Fern, M. The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry,1995-2005, Doctoral Dissertation,2006, University of North Carolina.
[1] Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G. Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21, No.1, pp.135-172.
[1] Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A.,Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, No.1, pp.29-54.
[2]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96.
[1]Hambrick, D.C., Mason. P.A. Upper Echelons:The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top manager. Academy of Management Review,1984, Vol.9, Issue2:193-206.
[2]Cyert R M, March J G. A behavioral theory of the firm.Englewood Cliffs, N.J:Prentice-hall,1963. [3]March J G, Simon H A. Organizations.New York:Wiley,1958.
[4]孙德升.高管团队特征与企业慈善捐助关系—基于中国上市公司的实证研究.博士学位论文,南开大学,2009年.
[5]高静美,郭劲光.高层管理团队(TMT)的人口特征学方法与社会认知方法的比较研究.国外社会科学,2006,7：29-46.
[1]黄雪.机构投资者持股与高管团队人口特征关系的实证研究,硕士学位论文,湖南大学,2008.
[1]陈传明,孙俊华.企业家人口背景特征与多元化战略选择一基于中国上市公司面板数据的实证研究.管理世界,2008,5：124-133.
[2]张建君,李宏伟.私营企业的企业家背景、多元化战略与企业业绩.南开管理评论,2007,10：12-25.
[3]鲁倩,贾良定.高管团队人口统计学特征、权力与企业多元化战略.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：181-187.
[1]胡时珍.国外高管团队异质性的研究进展.科技信息,2008,29：646-647.
[2]王伟.高管团队特征与企业R&D投资.硕士学位论文,暨南大学,2008.
[3]李华晶,邢晓东.高管团队与公司创业战略：基于高阶理论和代理理论融合的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,9：139-14-4.
[1]伍莹.国企、民企与外企高管团队传记特征与行为整合的比较研究.硕士论文,中山大学,2008年.
[1]魏立群,王智慧.我国上市公司高管特征与企业绩效的实证研究.南开管理评论,2002,4：16-22.
[2]孙海法,伍晓奕.企业高层管理团队研究的进展.管理科学学报,2003,4：82-89.
[3] Kamm, J.B.,Shuman, J.C., Seeger, J.A., Nurick, A.J.Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation:a research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1990, Vol.14, Issue 4:7-17.
[4] Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., Gatewood, E., and Katz, J.A.,Finding the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1994, Vol.18, Issue 3:5-10.
[5]Chandler, G.N., and Hanks, S.H., An examination of the substitutability of founders' human and financial capital in emerging business ventures.Journal of Business Venturing,1998, Vol.13, Issue5:353-369.
[6] Vyakarnam, S., Jacobs, R., and Handelberg, J.Exploring the formation of entrepreneurial teams:The key to rapid growth business.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,1999,Vol.6, Issue 2:153-165.
[7]Ensley, M.D., Pearson, A.W., and Amason, A.C., Understanding the dynamics of new venture top management teams:Cohesion, conflict and new venture performance, Journal of Business Venturing,2006, Vol.17, Issue5: 365-386.
[1]王飞绒,陈劲,池仁勇.团队创业研究述评.外国经济与管理,2006,7：16-22.
[1]陈俊.社会认知理论的研究进展.社会心理科学,2007,1-2：59-62.
[2]李晓侠.关于社会认知理论的研究综述.阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,2：87-89.
[1] Gartner W.B. Who is the Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question.American Journal of Small Business,1988, Vol.12:11-32.
[2]丁明磊,王云峰,吴晓丹.创业自我效能与企业家认知及创业行为关系研究.商业研究,2008,11：139-142.
[3]Baum, J. R., Locke, E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill and motivation to subsequent venture growth.Journal of Applied Psychology,2004, Vol.89:587-598.
[1]苗青.基于认知的中小企业创业研究,人类功效学,2005,3：66-68.
[1] Shane, S.Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities.Organizational Science,2000, Vol. 11, Issue 4:448-469.
[2] Busenitz, L., and Barney,J.Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations:Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing,1997, Vol.12:9-30.
[3]刘忠明,魏立群,LowellBusenitz.企业家创业认知的理论模型及实证分析.经济界,2003,6：57-62.
[4]我国学者苗青(2006)在其博士论文中总结了创业者的认知偏差,包括反事实思维、情绪扰动、归因风格、规划谬误和自我文饰五类.
[1]Kirzner, I.Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process:An Austrian approach.The Journal of Economic Literature,1997, Vol.35:60-85.
[2]田莉,池军.基于过程视角下的技术创业研究：兴起、独特性及最新探索.技术经济与管理研究,2009,6.
[1]苗青.基于规则聚焦的公司创业机会识别与决策机制研究.博士论文,浙江大学,2006年.
[1]罗珉.战略选择论的起源、发展与复杂性范式.外国经济与管理,2006,1：9-16.
[2]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验,博士论文,吉林大学,2007.
[1] Child, John.Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance:the Role of Strategic Choice, Sociology, 1972,Vol.6:1-22.
[2]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验,博士论文,吉林大学,2007.
[3]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究—基于探索与开发理论视角,博士论文,南开大学,2008.
[4] Miles, R., Snow, C. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. New York:McGraw-Hill,1978.
[1] Anderson JR.The architecture of cognition,Havrvard University Press:Cambridge, MA.1983.
[2]Mintzberg H, Raisinghani D, Theoret A.The structure of "unstructured" decision processes. Administrative Science Quarterly,1976, Vol.21, Issue2:246-275.
[3]Nutt PC. Types of organizational decision processes.Administrative Science Quarterly,1984, Vol.29, Issue3: 414-450.
[4]L. J. Bourgeois, III and Kathleen M.Eisenhardt.Strategic Decision Processes in High Velocity Environments: Four Cases in the Microcomputer Industry.Management Science,1998, Vol.34, Issue.7:816-835.
[1]Greve HR. Patterns of competition:The diffusion of a market position in radio broadcasting.Administrative Science Quarterly,1996, Vol 41:29-60.
[2]Greve HR. Managerial cognition and mimetic adoption of market positions:What you see is what you do Strategic Management Journal, Vol.19, Issue.10:967-989.
[3] Smith M, White MC. Strategy, CEO specialization, and succession.Administrative Science Quarterly,1987, Vol. 32:263-280.
[4] Bantel, K.A., Jackson,S. E. Top Management and Innovations in Banking:Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference? Strategic Management Journal,1989, Vol.10:107-124.
[5]Sambharya RB. Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational corporations.Strategic Management Journal,1996, Vol.17, Issue9:739-746.
[1]Boeker W.P. Executive migration and strategic change:The effect of top manager movement on product-market entry.Administrative Science Quarterly,1997, Vol.42:213-236.
[2]Westphal JD, Fredrickson JW.Who directs strategic change? Director experience, the selection of new CEOs, and change in corporate strategy.Strategic Management Journal,2001, Vol.22:1113-1137.
[3]Porter M.E.Competitive Strategy:Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Free Press:New York, NY.1980.
[4]Kisfalvi V.The entrepreneur's character, life issues, and strategy making:A field study. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17:489-518.
[1]本节内容是作者已发表的文章。田莉,池军.基于过程视角下的技术创业研究:兴起、独特性及最新探索.技术经济与管理研究,2009,6.
[2]Phan, P.H., Foo, M.D. Technological entrepreneurship in emerging regions.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue1:1-5.
[1]Scott Shane, Venkataraman S, Guest Editors' Introduction to the Special Issue on Technology Entrepreneurship.Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:181-184.
[2]Phan, P.H., Foo, M.D. Technological entrepreneurship in emerging regions.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19,Issue1:1-5.
[3]2000年5月和2010年12月马里兰大学史密斯商学院举办了两场有关技术创业的专题研讨会,学者们就技术创业研究的理论与方法论层面展开了热烈讨论。
[1] Cooper A C, Gimeno-Gascon FJ, Woo C Y. Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9:371-395.
[2] Schumpeter, J.A. The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[3]Stinchcombe A L,Social structure and organizations.In.March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[1]Teece D J.Profiting from technological innovation:implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy.Research Policy,1986,Vol.15:285-305.
[2] Stinchcombe A L. Social structure and organizations.In March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations.Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[3]Singh, Jitendra V., and Charles J. Lumsden.Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,Vol.16:161-195.
[1] Cooper, A.C. and Gimeno-Gascon, F.J.1992.Entrepreneurs, process of founding, and new firm performance.In D. Sexton and J. Kasarda, eds.,The State of the Art in Entrepreneurship. Boston, MA:PWS Kent Publishing Company.
[2] Aldrich,H.E. Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1979.
[3]Dess, G. G., Beard, D. W.Dimensions of organizational task environments.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1984, Vol.29:52-73.
[1] Carroll, G.R. and Hannan, M.T.Density delay in the evolution of organizational populations:A model and five empirical tests. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989, Vol.34:411-430.
[2] Brittain,J. and J.Freeman. Organizational proliferation and density-dependent selection.In J. R. Kimberly and R. Miles (eds.), The Organizational Life Cycle. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA,1980,291-338.
[3] Anand Swaminatha. Environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality:a trial-by-fire model.Academy of Management Journal,1996, Vol.39. Issue,5:1350-1377.
[4] Carroll, G. and Delacroix,J.Organizational mortality in the newspaper industries of Argentina and Ireland:An ecological approach. Administrative Science Quarterly,1982, Vol.27:169-198.
[5] Eisenhardt K M, Schoonhoven C B. Organizational growth:Linking founding team, strategy, environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures,1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35: 504-529.
[6] Bamford, C.E., Dean, T.J., McDougall, P.P. An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups, Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.15:253-277.
[1] McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., Robinson, R.B., Jr., and Herron, L.The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content.Strategic Management Journal,1994,Vol.14:137-153.
[2] Romanelli, E.Environments and strategies of organization start-up effects on early survival. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989, Vol.34, Issue3:369-387.
[3] Charles E. Bamford, Thomas J. Dean and Thomas J. Douglas.The temporal nature of growth determinants in new bank foundings:implications for new venture research design. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19: 899-919
[4] Heirman A., Clarysse B.The imprinting effect of initial resources and market strategy on the early growth path of start-ups. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper,2005.
[5] Zott, C., Amit, R. Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms. Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199.
[1] Boeker, W. Strategic change:the effects of founding and history. The Academy of Management Journal,1989, Vol.32, Issue3:489-515.
[1]Henry R. Feeser; Gary E. Willard.Founding Strategy and Performance:A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms.Strategic Management Journal,1990, Vol.11:87-98.
[2] Eisenhardt K M, Schoonhoven C B. Organizational growth:Linking founding team, strategy, environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures,1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35: 504-529.
[3]Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A. Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:29-54.
[1] Zott, C., Amit, R.Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms, Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199
[2] Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G., Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21:135-172.
[1]Barney, J.B. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.Journal of Management,1991,Vol.17:99-120.
[2]Castrogiovanni G.Pre-startup planning and thesurvival of new small businesses:theoretical linkages.Joumal of Management,1996, Vol.22:801-822.
[1]CG Brush, PG Greene, MM Hart, HS Haller.From Initial Idea to Unique Advantage:The Entrepreneurial Challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of Management Executive,2001, Vol.15:64-78.
[2] Scott Shane and Toby Stuart.Organizational Endowments and the Performance of University Start-ups. Management Science,2002, Vol.48:154-170.
[1]Burton, M.D, Sorensen, J. B.,Beckman C. M.Coming from good stock:career histories and new venture F(?)nation.Social structure and organization revisited,2002, Vol,19:229-262.
[2]Arild Aspelunda, Terje Berg-Utbya, Rune Skjevdal.Initial resources' influence on new venture survival:a longitudinal study of new technology-based firms.Technovation,2005,Vol.25:1337-1347.
[3] Donna J.Kelley Mark P. Rice.Technology-based strategic actions in new firms:the influence of founding technology resources.Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2001.
[1] Ans Heirman and Bart Clarysse.How and Why do Research-Based Start-Ups Differ at Founding? A Resource-Based Configurational Perspective.The Journal of Technology Transfer,2004, Vol.29:247-268.
[1]Vyakarnam, S.,Handelberg, J.Four Themes of the Impact of Management Teams on Organizational Performance Implications for Future Research of Entrepreneurial Teams.International Small Business Journal, 2005, Vol.3:236-256.
[2]Delmar, F., Shane, S., Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and Sales of newly founded ventures.Strategic Organization,2006, Vol.4:215-247.
[1] Beckman, C., The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior, Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[2]Christine M. Beckman. Diane Burton, Charles O'Reilly. Early teams:The impact of team demography on VC financing and going Public.Journal of Business Venturing,2007, Vol.22:147-173.
[1] Christine M. Beckman M. Diane Burton. Founding the Future:Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.Organization Science,2008, Vol.19:3-24.
[2]Stinchcombe A L.Social structure and organizations.In.March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations.Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[3]Eisenhardt K M, Schoonhoven C B. Organizational growth:Linking founding team, strategy,environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures,1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35: 504-529.
[4] Bamford, C.E., Dean, T.J., McDougall, P.P.An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups.Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.15, pp.253-277.
[1]Bamford,C.E.,Dean,T.J.,Douglas, T.J.The temporal nature of growth determinants in new bank foundings:implications for new venture research design.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:899-919.
[2] Delmar, F., Shane, S. Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and sales of newly founded ventures.Strategic Organization,2006, Vol 4:215-247.
[3] Boeker, W. Strategic change:the effects of founding and history.The Academy of Management Journal,1989, Vol.32:489-515.
[1]林嵩,张帏,姜彦福.创业战略的选择：维度、影响因素和研究框架.科学学研究,2006,2：79-84.
[2]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[3]对新创企业战略研究轨迹的梳理最早见于：林嵩,新创企业的战略研究轨迹及其模式选择,改革,2007,6：118-122.此后该文章观点汇总为林嵩的博士论文及专著.
[1]McDougall P, Robinson R B. New venture strategies:An empirical identification of eight"arche types "of competitive strategies of entry.Strategic Management Journal 1990, Vol.11:447-467.
[2] Carter NM, Stearns TM, Reynolds P D. New venture strategies:Theory development with an empirical base.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.15:21-41.
[3] Park S, Bae Z. New venture strategies in a developing country:Identifying a typology and examining growth patterns through case studies.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:81-105.
[4] Haiyang Li. How does new venturing strategy matter in the environment-performance relationship.Journal of High Technology Management Research,2001, Vol.12:183-204.
[5]王一军,王筱萍,林嵩.创业战略的维度构建—概念内涵及发展模式.江西财经大学学报,2009,3：46-50.
[6]林嵩,张帏,姜彦福.创业机会的特征与新创企业的战略选择—基于中国创业企业案例的探索性研究.科学学研究,2006,4：268-272.
[1]田莉.机会导向型的新技术企业商业化战略选择-基于技术属性与产业环境匹配的视角.经济管理,2008,10,30：40-43.
[2] Romanelli, E.Environments and strategies of organization start-up effects on early survival.Administrative Science Quarterly,1989,Vol.34, Issue.3:369-387.
[3]McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., Robinson, R.B., Jr., and Herron, L.The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.14:137-153.
[1]陈浩义,葛宝山.基于创业者资源禀赋的新创企业战略选择研究.改革与战略.2008,3：27-30.
[2]龙勇,常青华.创新类型、风险资本对高技术企业联盟行为的影响.科技与对策,2009,7：76-79.
[1] Sandber, W. R., Hofer C.F.Improving new venture performance:The role of strategy, industry structure, and the entrepreneur, Journal of Business Venturing,1987,5-28.
[2] Feeser, H.R.Willard G.E.Founding Strategy and Performance:A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms.Strategic Management Journal,1990, Vol.11:87-98.
[1]Biggadike.R. Corporate Diversification:Entry Strategy and Perjbrmance. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1979.
[2] Buzzell RD, Gale BT.The PIMS principles:linking strategy to performance.New York:Free Press,1987.
[3] Duchesneau, D. A., Gartner, W.B.A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.5:297-312.
[1] Robert B.Reich.Entrepreneurship Reconsidered:The team as Hero.Harvard Business Review,1987, Vol. 65:77-83.
[2]Michael Schefcyzk, Torsten J. Gerpott.Qualifications and turnover of managers and venture capital-financed firm performance an empirical study of German venture capital investment. Journal of Business Venturing,2001, Vol.16:145-16.
[3] Harper, D.Towards a theory of entrepreneurial teams.Journal of Business Venturing,2008, Vol.23:613-626.
[1] Benson, H., Davidsson, P.The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing,2003, Vol.18:301-31.
[1]石磊.论创业团队构成多元化的选择模式与标准.外国经济与管理,2008,4：52-58.
[1]王飞绒,陈劲,池仁勇.团队创业研究述评.外国经济与管理,2006,7：16-22.
[2]Watson W E, Ponthieu L D, Critelli JW.Team Inter personal Process Effectiveness in Venture Partnerships and Its Connection to Perceived Success.Journal of BusinessVenturing,1995, Vol.10 Issue 3:393-411.
[3]周劲波.多层次创业团队决策模式及其决策绩效机制研究.浙江大学,博士论文,2005年.
[1] Vyakarnam, S., Handelberg.J.Four Themes of the impact of management teams on organizational performance implications for future research of entrepreneurial teams.International Small Business Journal,2005,3:236-256.
[2] Keck, S. L.Top Management Team Structure:Different Effects by Environmental Context,Organization Science,1997, Vol.8:143-156.
[1]Gulati, R., Higgins, M.C. Which Ties Matter When? The Contingent Effects of Interorganizational Partnerships on IPO Success. Strategic Management Journal,2003, Vol.24:127-144.
[2]田莉.新技术企业初始资源禀赋与初期绩效关系研究.中国科技论坛,2009,9：52-57.
[3]Chowdhury, S. Demographic diversity for building an effective entrepreneurial team:is it important? Journal of Business Venturing,2005, Vol.20:727-746.
[4]Roure, J. B., Maidique, M. A.Linking prefunding factors and high-technology venture success:An exploratory study, Journal of Business Venturing,1986, Vol.1, Issue.3:295-306.
[5] Beckman, C.M, Burton, M.D.Founding the Future:Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.Organization Science,2008, Vol.19:3-24.
[1] Beckman, C., Burton, D, D., O'Reilly, C.Early teams:The impact of team demography on VC financing and going Public. Journal of Business Venturing,2007, Vol.22:147-173.
[2]卢俊义,程刚.创业团队内认知冲突、合作行为与公司绩效关系的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：117-123.
[1]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色.管理世界,2010,3.
[2]刘燕,吴道友.创业团队研究的理论视角及其进展.人类工效学,2008,3：66-68.
[1]本章节有关先前经验的研究是作者已发表的成果,成果最早汇报于第四届(2009)中国管理学年会——创业与中小企业管理分会场。后发表于田莉,龙丹,“创业过程中先前经验的作用解析—最新研究成果综述”,《经济理论与经济管理》,2009年11月.
[1]Stinchcombe A L. Social structure and organizations. In.March J G, eds.,Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[1]张玉利,杨俊,任兵.社会资本、先前经验与创业机会—一个交互效应模型及其启示.管理世界,2008,Vol.7：91-102.
[2] Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene and Myra M. Hart.From initial idea to unique advantage:the entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base.Academy of management executive,2001, Vol.15:64-78
[3] Shane, S., Stuart, T. Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups.Management Science,2000, Vol.48, Issue.1:154-170.
[4] Penrose ET. The theory of the growth of the firm. Wiley:New York, NY.1959.
[1] Shane, S. Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.Organization Science,2000, Vol.11, Issue.4:448-469.
[1]高静美,郭劲光.高层管理团队(TMT)的人口特征学方法与社会认知方法的比较研究.国外社会科学,2006,6：3946.
[1] Goodwin VL, Zegler L.A test of relationships in a model of organizational cognitive complexity. Journal of organizational behavior,1998, Vol.19:371-386.
[1] Newbert, S.L, Kirchhoff, B.A, Walsh, S.T.Defining the Relationship among Founding Resources, Strategies, and Performance in Technology-Intensive New Ventures:Evidence from the Semiconductor Silicon Industry. Journal of Small Business Management,2007, Vol.45:438-466.
[1]高建设,王岩.企业进入战略分析.技术与市场,2005,1：57-59.
[2]吴三忙.西方市场进入理论研究评述及其政策启示.经济评论,2008,3：142-146.
[1] Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G., Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21:135-172.
[1] Levesque, M.,Shepherd,D.A.Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue:129-154.
[1] Beckman, C.The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior. Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[2] Dess, G.G., Beard, D.W.Dimensions of organizational task environments.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1984,29:52-73.
[1]田莉,薛红志.新技术企业创业机会来源：基于技术属性与产业技术环境匹配的视角.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,3：61-68.
[2] Shane.S.Technological opportunities and new firm creation.Management Science,2001, Vol.47, Issue.2: 205-220.
[1] Winter, S.G.,The logic of appropriability:From Schumpeter to Arrow to Teece.Research Policy,2006, Vol.35:1100-1106.
[2] Levin, R. C., Klevorick, A. K., Nelson, R. R and Winter, S. G. Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development.Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1987, Vol.3:783-820.
[1]Cohen WM, Nelson RR, Walsh JP.2000. Protecting their intellectual assets:appropriability conditions and why U.S. manufacturing firms patent or not.NBER Working Paper No.7552. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
[2] Cohen WM, Goto A, Nagata A, Nelson RR, Walsh JP.R&D spillovers, patents and the incentives to innovate in Japan and the United States.Research Policy,2002,Vol.31:1349-1367.
[3] David S. Bunch and Robert Smiley. Who Deters Entry? Evidence on the Use of Strategic Entry Deterrents.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1992, Vol.74:509-521.
[4] Cockburn I, MacGarvie M.Entry, exit and patenting in the software industry.NBER Working Paper No.12 563.National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA,2006.
[1]Ziedonis RH. Don't fence me in:fragmented markets for technology and the patent acquisition strategies of firms. Management Science,2004, Vol.50:804-820.
[2]Ceccagnoli, M.Appropiability, preemption, and frim performance. Strategic Management Journal,2009, Vol.30:81-98.
[1]该假设的推演过程部分参考了作者已发表的成果,杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96。该论文最早汇报于第四届(2009)中国管理学年会——技术与创新管理分会场论文集。
[2] Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A. Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:29-54.
[3] Amason, A.C., Shrader, R.C., Tompson, G.H.Newness and Novelty:Relating Top Management Team Composition to New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing,2006, Vol.21:125-148.
[1] West, III G.P., Collective Cognition:When Entrepreneurial Teams, Not Individuals, Make Decisisons. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31:77-102.
[2] Carrol GR.A sociological view on why firms differ. In RP Rumelt, D Schendel, DJ Teece (Eds.), Fundamentallssues in Strategy:A Research Agenda:271-290. Harvard Business School Press:Boston MA,1994.
[3] Kisfalvi V. The entrepreneur's character, life issues, and strategy making:A field study. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17:489-518.
[4] Fern, M.The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry,1995-2005. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina,2006.
[1] Beckman,C.The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior. Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[2] Fern, M. The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry,1995-2005, Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina,2006.
[3] Henneke, D., Luthje, C.Interdisciplinary Heterogeneity as a Catalyst for Product Innovativeness of Entrepreneurial Teams.Creativity and Innovation Management,2007, Vol.16,121-132.
[1] Abelson RP, Black JB. Introduction. In JA Galambos, RP Abelson, JB Black (Eds.), Knowledge Structures:1-18. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates:Hillsdale, NJ,1986.
[2]Nicholls-Nixon, C.L., Cooper, A.C., Woo, C.Y. Strategic experimentation:understanding change and performance in new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15:493-521.
[3]Gavetti G, Levinthal D.Looking forward and looking backward:Cognitive and experiential Search. Administrative Science Quarterly,2000, Vol.45:113-137.
[1]Hayes, R.H., Abernathy.J.Managing our way to economic decline.Harvard Business review,1980, Vol.58:193-204.
[2] Song, J.H.Diversification strategies and the experiences of top executives in large firms. Strategic Management Journal,1982, Vol.3, Issue.4:377-379.
[3] Michel, J.G., Hambrick, D.C.Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Academy of Management Journal,1992, Vol.35, Issue.1:9-34.
[4]鲁倩,贾良定.高管团队人口统计学特征、权力与企业多元化战略.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：181-187.
[1]Finkelstein, S. Power in Top Management Teams:Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation.The Academy of Management Journal,1992, Vol.35:505-538.
[2]李华晶,张玉利.高管团队特征与企业创新关系的实证研究—以科技型中小企业为例.商业经济与管理,2006,5：9-13.
[3]Goodwin, V.L, Ziegler, L.A test of relationships in a model of organizational cognitive complexity.Journal of Organizational Behavior,1998, Vo.19, Issue.4:371-386.
[1] Smith KG, Smith KA, Olian JD, Sims HPJ, O'Bannon DP.Top management team demography and process:The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly,1994, Vol.39:412-438.
[2] Mednick SA. The associative basis of the creative process.Psychological Review,1962, Vol.69:220-232.
[3]Simonton DK.Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior:The integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin,2003, Vol.129, Issue.4:475-494.
[1[Bieri J. Clinical and Social Judgment.The Discrimination of Behavioral Information. Wiley:New York, NY, 1996.
[2] Bartunek,J.M, Gordon, J.R, Weathersby, R.P.Developing "complicated" understanding in administrators. Academy of Management Review,1983, Vol.8, Issue.2:273-284.
[3] Gans,J.S.,Stem,S.The product market and the market for "ideas'":commercialization strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs.Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:333-350.
[4] Gans, J.S., Hsu, D.H, Stern, S.When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative destruction. The RAND Journal of Economics,2000, Vol.33:571-586.
[1] Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen,Kaisu Puumalainen.Nature and Dynamics of Appropriability:Strategies for Appropriating Returns on Innovation.R&D management,2007, Vol.37:95-112.
[2]CPSED全称为中国创业动态跟踪调查(China Panel Study of Entrepreneuriship Dynamic)为南开大学创业管理研究中心主持完成的旨在从微观层次跟踪创业过程,总结创业活动规律的国际调查项目。CPSED第一轮数据收集工作与2009年9月完成,根据初步的描述性统计分析,中国新生创业团队主要是由以家庭成员或亲朋好友为核心组成的。
[1]Anow K.Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention.In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Nelson RR (ed).Princeton University Press:Princeton NJ,1962:609-625.
[2] Anton, J.J., YAO, D.A. Expropriation and Inventions:Appropriable Rents in the Absence of Property Rights.American Economic Review,1994, Vol.84:190-209.
[3]Gans,J.S.Stern, S.The Product Market and the Market for "Ideas":Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs.Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:333-350.
[1] Stevenson, H.H and Gumpert, D.E.The heart of entrepreneurship, in Sahlman,W.A and Stevenson H.H.(Eds), The entrepreneurial venture, McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA,1991.
[1]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验.博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[1] Robson, C, Real world research:A resource for social scientist and practitioner-researchers. Oxford:Blackwell, 1993.
[1] Baum. A.C. and Haveman, H.A., Love The Neighbor? Differentiation and Agglomeration in the Manhattan Hotel Industry 1898-1990, Administrative Science Quarterly,1997, Vol.42:304-338.
[2] Zott, C., Amit, R. Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms.Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199.
[1] Churchill, G.A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,1979, Vol.16:64-73.
[2] Robson, C. Real world research:A resource for social scientist and practitioner-researchers. Oxford:Blackwell, 1993.
[3] Wall, T.D., Michie, J.,Patterson, M.On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology,2004, Vol.57, Issue 2:95-118.
[4] Bruton, G.D.,Rubanik. Resources of the firm, Russian high-technology startups, and firm growth. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17, Issue 6:553-576.
[1]Hoy, F., McDougall, P., Dsouza, D.Strategies and environments of high-growth firms. In:Sexton, D. and Kasarda, J., Editors, The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, the Coleman Foundation, PWS-Kent, Boston, MA. 1992.
[2] Murphy. B, Trailer, J.W.Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research.Journal of Business Research, 1996. Vol.36:15-23.
[3] Delmar, F. Measuring Growth:Methodological Considerations and Empirical Results, in R. Donckels and A. Miettinen (Eds) Entrepreneurship and SME research:On the Way to the Next Millennium,1997.
[4]王晓文.创业者人力资本与新企业绩效关系研究—基于创业学习视角.博士论文,南开大学,2009.
[1]Gans,J.S.Hsu,D.H,Stern,S.When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative destruction.The RAND Journal of Economics,2000,Vol.33:571-586.
[1]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究,博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[2] Tan, J. J.,Perceived environment, Strategy orientation, ownership effect and implication in a transition economy: an empirical study in the Peoples Republic of China. Doctoral dissertation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,1993.
[3]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究,博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[1]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究—基于探索与开发理论视角,博士论文,南开大学,2008年.
[1] Churchill, G.A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,1979, Vol.16, Issue 1:64-73.
[2]杨俊.社会资本、创业机会与新企业初期绩效—基于关键要素互动过程视角的实证研究.博士论文,南开大学,2007.
[1]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务-问卷分析与应用统计.北京：科学出版社,2003.
[1]此处需注明：本研究经过探测性调研及之后的进一步论证部分修改了研究模型,因此探测性调研阶段考量的技术独特性、可模仿性和不确定性没有进入最终的研究模型,而更换为技术独享性-即受知识产权保护情况,因此,此处不再汇报这三个变量的预调研结果。
[1]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务：问卷分析与应用统计.北京：科学出版社,2003.
[2]张瑾.民营企业家人力资本与企业成长绩效实证研究.山东大学,博士论文,2009.
[1] Samuelsson, M. Creating new ventures:A longitudinal investigation of the nascent venturing process.Doctoral dissertation. Jonkoping:Jonkoping International Business School, Sweden,2004.
[1]Hansen, E. Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1995, Vol.19, Issue 4:7-19.
[1]代表性(Representativeness):是指样本具有与其所从中挑选出来的总体相同的特征。通过对样本的分析所得出来的描述和解释也同样适用于总体。代表性给概化和推论统计提供了可能性。在概率抽样下,代表性会更好。
[1]艾尔.巴比著,邱泽奇译. 《社会研究方法》,华夏出版社,2007.
[1]龙立荣.层级回归方法及其在社会科学中的应用.教育研究与实验,2004,1：51-56.
[2]李乾文.公司创业导向与组织绩效间的转化路径研究.南开大学,博士论文,2006.
[3]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究—基于探索与开发理论视角.博士论文,南开大学,2008.
[4] Schoonhoven, C. Problems with contingency theory:testing assumptions hidden within the language of Contingency theory. Administrative Science Quarterly,1981,26:347-377.
[1] Aiken, L.S., West, S.G. Multiple regression:Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA:Sage, 1991.
[1]温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报,2005,37： 268-274.
[1]陈晓萍,徐淑英,樊景立.组织与管理研究的实证方法.北京：北京大学出版社,2008：320-321.
[1]韩小亮,陈晨.定序变量的回归分析模型及其在消费者信心指数编制中的应用.数理统计与管理,2007,2：194-199.
[1]王汉生.应用商务统计分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2008：127-129.
[1]本文受到国家自然科学基金重点项目“新企业创业机理与成长模式研究”(70732004)的资助,构建了技术创业企业成长数据库,其中整合了我研究中心年轻老师的部分研究问题,构成最终问卷。我中心胡望斌教授在第四届(2009)中国管理学年会——技术与创新管理分会场汇报了基于本数据库的实证文章：新企业创业导向转化为绩效的中介能力：理论模型与中国实证研究。因为是同一数据库,因此数据收集部分的描述与本文相同。
[2]天津森博市场信息咨询有限公司是一家从事市场研究和信息咨询的专业执行公司。公司自成立以来承接了大量定量和定性调查,具有丰富的专业数据收集的执行能力和资源优势。顾客涉及高校、工商企业等。
[1]“右手原则”是在专业市场调查公司进行入户访问的过程中经常采用的一种行走路线,操作原则即进入某一建筑物内,逢路口或有拦截的地方即向右方行走,以此类推。
[2]考虑到预先抽样方案设计中写明的,在9个创业中心内按照等额抽样的方式进行抽样,因此我们在复核了前150份有效问卷之后,没有将多余的10份备用问卷录入系统加以分析。
[1]杨俊.社会资本、创业机会与新企业初期绩效-基于关键要素互动过程视角的实证研究,博士论文,南开大学,2008.
[1] Podsakoff, P., Organ, D. Self reports in organizational leader reward and punishment behavior and research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management,1986, Vol.12, Issue 4:531-544.
[1]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务：问卷分析与应用统计,北京：科学出版社,2003.
[2]信度的判断标准包括该项目与构面的总相关与删除该项目后的Alpha值两大部分。若该项目与构面的总相关与其它项目的差距甚远(有研究是以该项目与构面的总相关小于0.4为标准),则考虑删除该项目,若删除该项目后,Alpha值明显提升(即能够提升量表的信度时),则应考虑删除该项目,当以上两个条件都成立时,该项目应予以删除(李乾文,2006).
[1] Nunnally, J.C.Psychometric theory.New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1978.
[1] Gans, J.S.Hsu, D.H, Stern, S.When Does Start-Up Innovation Spur the Gale of Creative Destruction.The RAND Journal of Economics,2002, Vol.33, Issue.4:571-586.
[1]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究.博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[2]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验.博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[3] Chandler, G.N., Hanks, S.H. Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance.Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9, Issue 4:331-349.
[1]李正卫.动态环境条件下的组织学习与企业绩效.博士论文,浙江大学,2003.
[1]McCullagh,P.,Nelder, A.N. Generalized Linear Models. London:Chapman & Hall,1989.
[1]Claudia Bird. Speeding Products to Market:Waiting Time to First Product Introduction in New Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35:177-207.
[2] Ans Heirman and Bart Clarysse. Which Tangible and Intangible Assets Matter for Innovation Speed in Start-Ups.Journal of Product Innovation Management,2007, Vol.24:303-315.
[1] Amason,A.C.,Shrader,R.C.,Thompson,G.H.,Newness and novelty:Relating top management team composition to new venture performance.Journal of Business Venturing,2006,21:125-148.
[2]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96.该文章最早汇报于第四届(2009)中国管理学年会———技术与创新管理分会场论文集.
[1] Goodman L E, Dion P A.The determinants of commitment in the distributor-manufacturer relationship. Industrial Marketing Management,2001, Vol.30:287-300.
[2] Kwon I WG, Suh T.Factors affecting the level of trust and commitment in supply chain relationships.Journal of Supply Chain Management,2004, Vol.40:4-14.
[1]张玉利,杨俊,任兵.社会资本、先前经验与创业机会—一个交互效应模型及其启示.管理世界,2008,7： 91-102.
[1]石磊.论创业团队构成多元化的选择模式与标准.外国经济与管理,2008,4：52-58.
[1] Vyakarnam, S. Handelberg, J.Four themes of the impact of management teams on organizational perrformance implications for future research of entrepreneurial Teams.International Small Business Journal,2005, Vol.3, Issue.3:236-256.
[1]阿玛尔.毕哈德,新企业的起源与演进.魏如山,马志英译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[2]艾尔·巴比,社会研究方法.邱泽奇译.北京：华夏出版社,2006.
[3]陈浩义,葛宝山.基于创业者资源禀赋的新创企业战略选择研究.改革与战略.2008,3,27-30.
[4]陈俊,社会认知理论的研究进展.社会心理科学,2007,1-2：59-62.
[5]陈晓萍,徐淑英,樊景立.组织与管理研究的实证方法.北京：北京大学出版,2008：320-321.
[6]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究,吉林大学博士论文,2007年.
[7]陈传明,孙俊华.企业家人口背景特征与多元化战略选择—基于中国上市公司面板数据的实证研究.管理世界,2008,5：124-133.
[8]丁明磊,王云峰,吴晓丹.创业自我效能与企业家认知及创业行为关系研究.商业研究,2008,11：139-142.
[9]高静美,郭劲光.高层管理团队(TMT)的人口特征学方法与社会认知方法的比较研究.国外社会科学,2006,7：29-46.
[10]高建设,王岩.企业进入战略分析.技术与市场,2005,1：57-59.
[11]胡时珍.国外高管团队异质性的研究进展科技信息,2008,29：646-647.
[12]韩小亮,陈晨.定序变量的回归分析模型及其在消费者信心指数编制中的应用.数理统计与管理,2007,2：194-199.
[13][美]杰弗里·蒂蒙斯,小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利.创业学.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.
[14]柯惠新,沈浩.调查研究中的统计分析法(第2版).北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2005：204.
[15]林强,姜彦福,张健.创业理论及其架构分析.经济研究,2001,9：85-96.
[]6]林嵩,张帏,林强.高科技创业企业资源整合模式研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2005,3：143-147.
[17]刘常勇.创业管理的12堂课.北京：中信出版社,2002.
[18]龙立荣.层级回归方法及其在社会科学中的应用.教育研究与实验,2004,1：51-56.
[19]李乾文.公司创业导向与组织绩效间的转化路径研究.南开大学博士论文,2006.
[20]罗珉.战略选择论的起源、发展与复杂性范式.外国经济与管理,2006,1：9-16.
[21]罗伯特·A·巴隆、斯科特·A·谢恩著,张玉利、谭新生、陈立新译《创业管理：基于过程的观点》,北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[22]李华晶,张玉利.高管团队特征与企业创新关系的实证研究—以科技型中小企业为例.商业经济与管理,2006,5：9-13.
[23]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究-基于探索与开发的理论视角.南开大学博士论文,2008.
[24]李正卫.动态环境条件下的组织学习与企业绩效,浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[25]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[26]李华晶,邢晓东.高管团队与公司创业战略：基于高阶理论和代理理论融合的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,9：139-144.
[27]鲁倩,贾良定.高管团队人口统计学特征、权力与企业多元化战略.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：181-187.
[28]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验,吉林大学博士论文,2007年.
[29]林嵩,张帏,姜彦福.创业战略的选择：维度、影响因素和研究框架.科学学研究,2006,2：79-84.
[30]李晓侠,关于社会认知理论的研究综述.阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,2：87-89.
[31]龙勇,常青华.创新类型、风险资本对高技术企业联盟行为的影响.科技与对策,2009,7： 76-79.
[32]刘燕,吴道友.创业团队研究的理论视角及其进展.人类工效学,2008,3：66-68.
[33]李正卫.动态环境条件下的组织学习与企业绩效.浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[34]刘忠明,魏立群,LowellBusenitz.企业家创业认知的理论模型及实证分析.经济界,2003,6：57-62.
[35]卢俊义,程刚.创业团队内认知冲突、合作行为与公司绩效关系的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：117-123.
[36]苗青.基于认知观的创业过程研究.心理科学,2005,28,5：1274-1276.
[37]苗青.基于认知的中小企业创业研究.人类功效学,2005,3：66-68.
[38]苗青.基于规则聚焦的公司创业机会识别与决策机制研究.浙江大学博士论文,2006年.
[39]彭罗斯著,赵晓译.企业成长理论.上海：上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2004.
[40][美]切斯特·巴纳德著.经理人员的职能.北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997.
[41]孙海法,伍晓奕.企业高层管理团队研究的进展.管理科学学报,2003,4：82-89.
[42]石磊.论创业团队构成多元化的选择模式与标准.外国经济与管理,2008,4：52-58.
[43]田莉.新技术企业初始资源禀赋与初期绩效关系研究.中国科技论坛,2009,9：52-57.
[44]田莉,薛红志.新技术企业创业机会来源：基于技术属性与产业技术环境匹配的视角.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,3：61-68.
[45]田莉,薛红志.创业团队先前经验、承诺与新技术企业初期绩效---一个交互效应模型及其启示.研究与发展管理,2009,9.
[46]王飞绒,陈劲,池仁勇.团队创业研究述评.外国经济与管理,2006,7：16-22.
[47]王汉生.应用商务统计分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2008年.
[48]王晓文.创业者人力资本与新企业绩效关系研究—基于创业学习视角.南开大学博士论文,2009.
[49]王一军,王筱萍,林嵩.创业战略的维度构建—概念内涵及发展模式.江西财经大学学报,2009,3：46-50.
[50]魏立群,王智慧.我国上市公司高管特征与企业绩效的实证研究.南开管理评论,2002,4：16-22.
[51]魏立群,王智慧.我国上市公司高管特征与企业绩效的实证研究.南开管理评论,2002,4：16-22.
[52]温忠麟,候杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报.2005,2：268-274.
[53]伍莹.国企、民企与外企高管团队传记特征与行为整合的比较研究.中山大学硕士论文,2008.
[54]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务.北京：中国铁道出版社.2001.
[55]吴三忙.西方市场进入理论研究评述及其政策启示.经济评论,2008,3：142-146.
[56]杨俊,张玉利.国外PSED项目研究评述及其对我国创业研究的启示.外国经济与管理,2007,7：1-9.
[57]杨俊,张玉利.基于企业家资源禀赋的创业行为过程分析.外国经济与管理,2004,2：2-6.
[58]杨俊.创业过程的研究评述与发展动态.外国经济与管理,2004,9：8-12.
[59]杨俊.社会资本、创业机会与新企业初期绩效—基于关键要素互动过程视角的实证研究.南开大学博士论文,2007.
[60]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96.
[61][美]约瑟夫·熊彼特著.何畏等译.经济发展理论.北京：商务印书馆,1990.
[62][美]伊查克·爱迪思著.赵睿等译.企业生命周期.北京：中国社会科学出版,1997.
[63]张建君,李宏伟.私营企业的企业家背景、多元化战略与企业业绩.南开管理评论,2007,10：12-25.
[64]张平.高管团队的异质性与企业绩效的实证研究.管理学报,2007,4：501-508.
[65]张平.我国上市公司高管团队异质性与企业绩效的关系研究.华南理工大学博士论文,2005.
[66]张文彤,董伟.SPSS统计分析高级教程.北京：高等教育出版社,2004：278.
[67]张文彤.SPSS11统计分析教程(高级篇).北京：北京希望电子出版社.2002.
[68]张玉利,任学锋著.小企业成长的管理障碍.天津大学出版社,2001.
[69]张玉利.管理学(第二版).天津：南开大学出版社,2004：54-55.
[70]张玉利,杨俊,任兵.社会资本、先前经验与创业机会—一个交互效应模型及其启示.管理世界,2008,7：91-102.
[71]赵都敏.基于因果倒置理论的创业行为与新企业绩效关系研究.南开大学博士学位论文,2008：72.
[72]周劲波.多层次创业团队决策模式及其决策绩效机制研究.浙江大学博士论文,2005.
[1]Acs, Z.J., and Audretsch, D.B. Innovation and technological change, in:Z.J. Acs and D.B. Audretsch (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003,55-79.
[2]Aldrich, H.E.Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1979.
[3]Aldrich, H.E., Wiedenmayer, G. From traits to rates:An Ecological Perspective on Organizational Founding, in, J.A. Katz and R.H. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, Greenwich, CT:JAI Press,1993,145-195.
[4]Allison, P. D. Measures of inequality, American Sociological Review,1978, Vol.43:865-880.
[5]Alvarez, S.A., Busenitz, L.W.The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management,2001, Vol.27, Issue 6:755-775.
[6]Amason, A.C., Shrader, R.C., Tompson, G.H. Newness and Novelty:Relating Top Management Team Composition to New Venture Performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 2006, Vol.21, Issue 1:125-148.
[7]Andries. P., Debackere, K. Adaptation in new technology-based ventures:Insights at the company level. International Journal of Management Reviews,2006, Vol.8, Issue.2:91-112.
[8]Arrow K. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Nelson RR (ed).Princeton University Press:Princeton NJ, 1962:609-625.
[9]Aspelunda, A., Berg-Utbya, T., Skjevdal, R.Initial resources'influence on new venture survival:a longitudinal study of new technology-based firms. Technovation,2005, Vol.25:1337-1347.
[10]Bamford, C.E., Dean, T.J., McDougall, P.P. An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups, Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.15:253-277.
[11]Bantel, K.A., Jackson, S.E. Top Management and Innovations in Banking:Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference? Strategic Management Journal,1989, Vol.10:107-124.
[12]Barney, J.Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 1991,Vol.17, Issue 1:99-120.
[13]Baron, R., Kenny, D. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986, Vol.51, Issue 6:1173-1182.
[14]Barringer, B.R., Jones, F.F., Neubaum, D.A, Quantitative Content Analysis of the Characteristics of Rapid Growth Firms and Their Founders. Journal of Business Venturing,2005, Vol.20:663-687.
[15]Baron, R.A. Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship:Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing,1998, Vol.13, Issue 4: 275-294.
[16]Baron, R.A.The cognitive perspective:a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic"why"questions. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:221-239.
[17]Baron, R.A. Potential benefits of the cognitive perspective:expanding Entrepreneurship's array of conceptual tools. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue.2:169-172.
[18]Baron, R.A., Ward, T.B. Expanding Entrepreneurial Cognition's Toolbox:Potential Contributions from the Field of Cognitive Science. Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2004, Vol.28:553-573.
[19]Baum, A.C. and Haveman, H.A. Love The Neighbor? Differentiation and Agglomeration in the Manhattan Hotel Industry 1898-1990.Administrative Science Quarterly,1997, Vol.42, No.2: 304-338.
[20]Baumol, W.J.Education for Innovation:Entrepreneurial Breakthroughs versus Corporate Incremental Improvements.NBER Innovation Policy and Economy,2006, Vol.5, Issue 1:33-56.
[21]Beckman, C. The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior, Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[22]Beckman, C., Burton, D, D., O'Reilly, C., Early teams:The impact of team demography on VC financing and going Public. Journal of Business Venturing,2007, Vol.22:147-173.
[23]Beckman, C., Burton, D, D. Founding the Future:Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.Organization Science,2008, Vol.19, Issue.1:3-24.
[24]Bergmann Lichtenstein, B.M., Brush, C.G. How Do "Resource Bundles" Develop and Change in New Ventures? A Dynamic Model and Longitudinal Exploration.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol.25,2001.
[25]Bhave, R.A. A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9, Issue 3:223-242.
[26]Bhide, A.V.The origin and evolution of new business. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2000.
[27]Bird, C. Speeding Products to Market:Waiting Time to First Product Introduction in New Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35:177-207.
[28]Boeker, W. Organizational origins:Entrepreneurial and Environmental Imprinting at the Time of Founding. In G. Carroll (Ed.), Ecological models of organizations, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing,1998.
[29]Boeker, W. Strategic change:the effects of founding and history. The Academy of Management Journal,1989, Vol.32, Issue3:489-515.
[30]Boeker, W., Wiltbank, R.New Venture Evolution and Managerial Capabilities.Organization Science,2005, Vol.16, Issue.2:123-133.
[31]Bruce A. B., Taylor, C.T. R&D Intensity and Acquisitions in High-Technology Industries: Evidence from the US Electronic and Electrical Equipment Industries. The Journal of Industrial Economics,2000, Vol.48:47-70.
[32]Bruderl, J., Schussler, R. Organization Mortality:The liabilities of newness and adolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35, Issue.3:530-547.
[33]Burton, M.D., Sorensen, J.B., Beckman, C.M. Coming from good stock:career histories and new venture formation. Social structure and organization revisited,2002, Vol.19:229-262.
[34]Breschi, S. Malerba, S. Orsenigo,L. Technological Regimes and Schumpeterian Patterns of Innovation. The Economic Journal,2000, Vol.110, Issue.463:388-410.
[35]Brush, C.G., Greene, P.G., Hart, M.M. From initial idea to unique advantage:The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of Management Executive, 2001, Vol.15, Issue 1:64-80.
[36]Busenitz, L. W., West, G. P., Shepherd, D., Entrepreneurship research in emergence:Past trends and future directions. Journal of Management,2003, Vol.29, Issue3:295-305.
[37]Busenitz, L.W., Barney, J.B. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations:Bias and heuristics in strategic decision-making.Journal of Business Venturing, 1997, Vol.12, Issue 1:9-30.
[38]Bygrave, W.D., Hofer, C.W. Theorizing about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1991, Vol.16, Issue 2:13-22.
[39]Chandler, G.N., Hanks, S.H. Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9, Issue4:331-349.
[40]Chandler, G.N., Honig, B., and Wiklund, J.Antecedents, Moderators, and Performance Consequences of Membership Change in New Venture Teams. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, Vol.20, Issue.5:705-725.
[41]Clarysse, B.,Moray, N., A Process Study of Entrepreneurial Team Formation:The Case of a Research-based Spin-off.Journal of Business Venturing,2004,Vol.19, Issue 1:55-79.
[42]Carroll, G.R. and Delacroix J. Organizational Mortality in the Newspaper Industries of Argentina and Ireland:An Ecological Approach. Administrative Science Quarterly,1982, Vol.27, No.2:169-198.
[43]Carroll, G.R., Hannan, M.T.Density delay in the evolution of organizational populations:A model and five empirical tests. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989, Vol.34:411-430.
[44]Carter, N.M., Stearns, T.M., Reynolds, P.D., Miller, B.A.New venture strategies:theory development with an empirical base.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.15:21-41.
[45]Certo, S.T. Influencing initial public offering vestors with prestige:signaling with board structures. Academy of Management Review,2003, Vol.28, Issue.3:432-446.
[46]Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., et al. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavior sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Association,2003
[47]Cooper,A.C., Gimeno-Gascon, F.J. Entrepreneurs, process of founding, and new firm performance". In D. Sexton and J. Kasarda, eds.,The State of the Art in Entrepreneurship. Boston, MA:PWS Kent Publishing Company,1992.
[48]Cooper A C, Gimeno-Gascon FJ, Woo C Y. Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9:371-395
[49]Cooper, A.C., Dunkelberg, W.C., Woo, C.Y.Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success. Journal of Business Venturing,1988, Vol.3:97-108.
[50]Child, J. Organization structure, environment and performance:the role of strategic choice. Sociology,1972, Vol.6, Issue.1:1-22.
[51]Chandler, A.D. Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.1962.
[52]Chandler, A.D. Strategy and structure:chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press,1962.
[53]Covin, J.G., Slevin, D.P., Heeley, M.B. Pioneers and followers:Competitive tactics, environment, and firm growth.Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15, Issue 2:175-210.
[54]Dahlqvist, J., Davidsson, P., Wiklund, J. Initial Conditions as Predictors of New Venture Performance:A Replication and Extension of the Cooper et al. study. Enterprise and innovation Management Studies,2000, Vol.1, Issue.1:1-17.
[55]De Castro, J.O., Chrisman, J.J. Order of Market Entry, Competitive Strategy, and Financial Performance. Journal of Business Research,1995, Vol.33, Issue.2:165-177.
[56]Deeds, D.L., Decrolis, D.,Coombs, J.E. The impact of firm specific capabilities on the amount of capital raised in an initial public offering:evidence from the biotechnology industry. Journal of Business Venturing,1997, Vol.12:31-46.
[57]Delmar, F., Shane, S. Does Experience Matter? The Effect of Founding Team Experience on the Survival and Sales of Newly Founded Ventures. Strategic Organization,2006, Vol.4, Issue.3: 215-243.
[58]Dess, Gregory G., Beard, Donald W.Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly,1984, Vol.29:52-73.
[59]Dess, G.G., Robinson, R.B. Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures:the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal,1984, Vol.5:265-273.
[60]Dollinger,M. Entrepreneurship Strategies and Resources. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall, Indiana University.Ganser, T.1999.
[61]Duchesneau, D.A., Gartner, W.B.A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.5, Issue 5:297-312.
[62]Eisenhardt, K.M., Schoonhoven, C.The Organizational Growth:Linking Founding Team, Strategy, Environment and Growth among U.S. Semiconductor Ventures.1978-1988".1990, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.35:504-529.
[63]Ensley, M.D., Pearson, A.W., Amason, A.C.Understanding the Dynamics of New Venture Top Management Teams:Cohesion, Conflict, and New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17, Issue 4, pp.365-386.
[64]Feeser, H.R., Willard, G.E. Founding Strategy and Performance:A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms. Strategic Management Journal,1990, Vol.11, Issue.2:87-98.
[65]Fern, M.The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry, 1995-2005.Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina,2006.
[66]Fichman, M., Levinthal, D.A. Honeymoons and the liability of adolescence:a new perspective on duration dependence in social and organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review,1991, Vol.16, Issue.2:442-468.
[67]Fowler, F.J.Survey research methods. Newbury Park:Sage,1988.
[68]Friedrich, R.J. In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations. American Journal of Political Science,1982, Vol.26, Issue.4:797-833.
[69]Gartner, W.B. Who is an entrepreneur is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business,1988, Vol.12, Issue 4:11-31.
[70]Gans, J.S., Stern, S. The Product Market and the Market for "Ideas":Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs. Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:333-350.
[71]Gans, J.S., Hsu, D.H., Stern, S. When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative Destruction.The RAND Journal of Economics,2000, Vol.33:571-586.
[72]Gimeno, J., Folta, T.B., Cooper, A.C., Woo, C.Y. Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1997, Vol.42:750-783.
[73]Gregorio, D. D., Shane, S. Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy,2003, Vol.32, Issue 2:209-227.
[74]Haiyang Li, Jun Li. Top management team conflict and entrepreneurial strategy making in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,2009,Vol.26,Issue.2:263-283.
[75]Haiyang Li.How does new venture strategy matter in the environment-performance relationship.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,2001, Vol.12,lssue.2:183-204.
[76]Hambrick, D.C., Mason, P.A.Upper Echelons:The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers.Academy of Management Review,1984, Vol.9, No.2:193-206.
[77]Hambrick, Donald C, Ian MacMillan, and Diana Day.Strategic attributes and performance in the BCG matrix-A PIMS-based analysis of industrial product businesses. Academy of Management Journal,1982,25:510-531.
[78]Hannan, M.T., Freeman, J.H. Structural inertia and organizational change.American Journal of Sociology,1984,89:149-164.
[79]Harper, D.A.Towards a Theory of Entrepreneurial Teams.Journal of business venturing,2008, Vol.23, Issue.6:613-626.
[80]Helfat, C.E., Lieberman, M.B.The birth of capabilities:market entry and the importance of pre-history Industrial and Corporate Change,2002, Vol.11, Issue.4:725-760.
[81]Henneke, D., Luthje, C.Interdisciplinary Heterogeneity as a Catalyst for Product Innovativeness of Entrepreneurial Teams. Creativity and Innovation Management,2007, Vol.16, Issue.2:121-132.
[82]Heirman, A., Clarysse.B, How and why do Research-Based Start-Ups Differ at Founding? A Resource-Based Configurational Perspective.Journal of Technology Transfer,2004, Vol.29: 247-268.
[83]Heirman, A., Clarysse B.Which Tangible and Intangible Assets Matter for Innovation Speed in Start-Ups. Journal of product innovation management,2007, Vol.24:303-315.
[84]Hemphill, T.A. National technology entrepreneurship policy:foundation of a network economy. Science and Public Policy,2005, Vol.32, Issue.6:469-478.
[85]Higgins, M.C., Gulati, R. Getting off to a good start:The effects of upper echelon affiliations on underwriter prestige. Organization Science,2003, Vol.14, Issue 3:244-263.
[86]Hindle, K., Yencken, J. Public research commercialization, entrepreneurship and new technology based firms:an integrated model. Technovation,2004, Vol.24:793-803.
[87]Hsu, D.H.Experienced entrepreneurial founders, organizational capital, and venture capital funding.Research Policy,2007, Vol.36:722-741.
[88]Johnson,V. What is organizational imprinting?Cultural entrepreneurship in the founding of the Paris opera. American Journal of Sociology,2007, Vol.113, Issue1:97-127.
[89]Kamm, J., Shuman, J., Seeger, J. A., and Nurick, A. Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation:a research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1990, Vol.15:7-17.
[90]Katila, R., Shane, S. When does lack of resources make new firms innovative.Academy of Management Journal,2005, Vol.48, lssue.5:814-829.
[91]Keh, H.T., Foo, M.D., Lim, B.C. Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions:The cognitive process of entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2002, Vol.27,Issue 2: 125-148.
[92]Kelley, D.J., Rice, M.P. Technology-based strategic actions in new firms:the influence of founding technology resources. Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2001.
[93]Kelley, D.J., Rice, M.P. Advantage beyond founding:The strategic use of technologies. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17:41-57.
[94]Levesque, M., Shepherd, D. A.Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue.1:29-54.
[95]Lichtenstein, B.B., Brush, C.G. How do "resource bundles" develop and change in new venture? A dynamic model and longitudinal exploration.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001, Vol.25, Issue 2:37-58.
[96]Low, M., MacMillan, I. Entrepreneurship:Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management,1988, Vol.14, Issue 2:139-161.
[97]Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G. Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21, Issue.1:135-172.
[98]March, J.G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 1991, Vol.2, Issue 1:71-87.
[99]Marvel, M.R. and Lumpkin, G.T.Technology Entrepreneurs' Human Capital and its Effects on Innovation Radicalness.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31, Issue.6:807-828.
[100]Miles, R.,Snow,C. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1978.
[101]Miller, D. Strategy making and structure:Analysis and implications for performance. Academy of Management Journal,1987,30(1):7-32.
[102]Miller,T. The structural and environmental correlates of business strategy.Strategic Management Journal,1987, Vol.8:55-76.
[103]Mitchell, R.K., Busenitz, L.,Lant, T., et al. Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research. Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, Vol.27,2002.
[104]Murphy, G., Trailer, J., Hill, R.Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research,1996, Vol.36, Issue 1:15-23.
[105]Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, Kaisu Puumalainen.Nature and Dynamics of Appropriability: Strategies for Appropriating Returns on Innovation. R&D management,2007, Vol.37:95-112.
[106]Penrose, E. T.The theory of the growth of the firm. White Plains, N. Y.:M. E. Sharpe. 1959.
[107]Quinn, R. and Cameron, C. Organizational life cycles and shifts criteria of effectiveness: Some preliminary evidence.Management Science,1983, Vol.29, Issue 1:33-51.
[108]Roberts, E.B., Berry, C.A. Entering new business:selecting the strategies for success. Slong Management Journal,1984.
[109]Rosenkopf. L., Nerkar, A.Beyond Local Search:Boundary-Spanning, Exploration, and Impact in the Optical Disk Industry. Strategic Management Journal,2001, Vol.22, Issue.4: 287-306.
[110]Rotefoss, B.A resource-based approach to the business start-up process.Doctoral Dissertation Brunell University/Henley Management College,2001.
[111]Rumelt, R. P. Theory, Strategy and Entrepreneurship, in Teece D. (Eds.), The Competitive Challenge:Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA,1987, 137-158.
[112]Marvel, M.R., Lumpkin, G. T. Technology Entrepreneurs'Human Capital and Its Effects on Innovation Radicalness.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31,Issue.6:807-828.
[113]McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., Robinson, R.B., Jr., and Herron, L.The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.14:137-153.
[114]Michael J. Dowling, McGee, J.E. Business and Technology Strategies and New Venture Performance:A Study of the Telecommunications Equipment Industry.Management Science, 1994, Vol.40, Issue.12:1663-1677.
[115]Nerkar, A., Shane, S. When do start-ups that exploit patented academic knowledge survive? International Journal of Industrial Organization,2003, Vol.21.Issue.9:1391-1410.
[116]Nicholls-Nixon,C.L.M., Cooper, A.D., Woo, C.Y. Strategic experimentation:understanding change and performance in new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15,493-521.
[117]Samuelsson, M. Creating New Ventures:A Longitudinal Investigation of the Nascent Venturing Process, Doctoral dissertation, Jonkoping:Jonkoping International Business School, Sweden,2004.
[118]Schumpeter, J.A.The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[119]Schumpeter, J.A.Entrepreneurship as innovation.In:Swedberg, R., eds. Press,2000. Entrepreneurship:The Social Science View (pp.51-88). New York:Oxford University.
[120]Shan, S. Selling University Technology:Patterns from MIT. Management Science,2002, Vol.48, Issue.1:122-137.
[121]Shane,S.Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Organization Science,2000, Vol.11, Issue 4:448-469.
[122]Shane, S., Stuart, T. Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management Science,2002, Vol.48, Issue 1:154-170.
[123]Shane,S.,Venkataraman,S.The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review,2000, Vol.25, Issue 1:217-226.
[124]Shane,S., Khurana, R. Bringing individuals back in:the effects of career experience on new firm founding. Industrial and Corporate Change,2003, Vol.12, Issue.3:519-543.
[125]Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E.J., Shanley, M. New venture survival:ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15:393-410.
[126]Shrader, R., Siegel, D.S. Assessing the Relationship between Human Capital and Firm Performance:Evidence from Technology-Based New Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31, Issue 6:893-907.
[127]Singh, J.V., Lumsden, C.J. Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,16:161-195.
[128]Srinivasan, R., Lilien, G.L., Rangaswamy,A.Technology Opportunism and Radical Technology Adoption:An Application to E-Business. Journal of Marketing,2002, Vol.66, Issue.3: 47-60.
[129]Steensma, H.K., Corley, K. G.On the Performance of Technology-Sourcing Partnerships: The Interaction between Partner Interdependence and Technology Attributes. The Academy of Management Journal,2000, Vol.43, Issue.6:1045-1067.
[130]Stinchcombe A L.Social structure and organizations.In March J G, eds.,Handbook of Organizations. Chicago:Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[131]Stuart, R.W., Abetti, P.A. Start-up ventures:Towards the prediction of early success. Journal of Business Venturing,1987, Vol.2, Issue 3:215-230.
[132]Stuart, T.E., Hoang, H., Hybels, R.C. Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999, Vol.44, Issue 2,315-349.
[133]Swaminatha.A. Environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality:a trial-by-fire model.Academy of Management Journal,1996, Vol.39.Issue.5:1350-1377.
[134]Timmons, J.A. New venture creation-Entrepreneurship for the 21st century.5th edition.Irwin Mcgram Hill,1999.
[135]Tomes, A., Erol, R. Armstrong, P. Technological entrepreneurship Integrating technological and product innovation.Technovation,2000, Vol.20, Issue.3:115-127.
[136]Utterback, J., Meyer, M., Tuff, T., Richardson.When Speeding Concepts to Market Can Be a Mistake. Interfaces,1992, Vol.22, Issue.4:24-37.
[137]Venkatraman, N., Ramanujam, V. Measuring of business performance in strategy research: a comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review,1986, Vol.11:801-814.
[138]Vohora, A., Wright, M., Locket, A. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy,2004, Vol.33:147-175.
[139]Vyakarnam, S., Handelberg, J. Four Themes of the impact of management teams on organizational performance implications for future research of entrepreneurial teams.International Small Business Journal,2005, Vol.3, Issue3:236-256.
[140]Ward, T.B.Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:173-188.
[141]Wall, T.D., Michie, J., Patterson, M. On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology,2004, Vol.57, Issue2:95-118.
[142]Wernerfelt, B.A resource-based view of the firm.Strategic Management Journal,1984, Vol.5, Issuel:171-180.
[143]West, P., Noel T.The Impact of Knowledge Resources on New Venture Performance. Journal of Small Business Management,2009, Vol.47, Issue.1:1-22.
[144]West, III G.P. Collective Cognition:When Entrepreneurial Teams, Not Individuals, Make Decisions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31, Issue 1:77-102.
[145]Wolfe, R.A. Organizational innovation:review, critique and suggested research directions. Journal of Management Studies,1994, Vol.31, Issue.3:405-431.
[146]Zahra, S.A., Covin, J.G.Business strategy, technology policy and firm performance.Strategic Management Journal,1993,14:451-478.
[147]Zaltman, C., Duncan, R., Holbek,J.Innovations and Organizations. New York:Wiley,1973.
[148]Zimmerman, M.A.The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on the Capital Raised Through an Initial Public Offering. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2008, Vol.32, Issue 3:391-414.
[149]Zott, C., Amit, R. Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms. Organization Science,2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199.
[1]湛军,金融危机背景下我国创业与科技创新发展对策建议—基于最新全球创业现状分析的结论.科技进步与对策,2010,1：27-31.
[2]中国社科院中小企业研究中心主任陈乃醒2009年6月13日,在((UPS亚洲商业监察》公布会上发表题为“中小企业在金融危机复苏中的作用”的主题报告上发表该组数据。
[3] Schumpeter,J.A.The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934
[4]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[1]Siggelkow, N. Evolution toward Fit.Administrative Science Quarterly,2002, Vol.47, Issue.1:125-159.
[2]Charlene.L.Nicholls-Nixon, Arnold C. Cooper.,Carolyn Y.Woo.Strategic experimentation:understanding change and performance in new ventures.Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15:493-521.
[3]Baron JN, Nannan MT, Burton MD. Building the iron cage:Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations. American Sociological Review,1999, Vol.64:527-547.
[4]Carrol GR. A sociological view on why firms differ. In RP Rumelt, D Schendel, DJ Teece (Eds.), Fundamental Issue in Strategy:A Research Agenda:271-290.Harvard Business School Press:Boston, MA,1994.
[1]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[2] Baum, A.C. and Haveman, H.A., Love The Neighbor? Differentiation and Agglomeration in the Manhattan Hotel Industry 1898-1990, Administrative Science Quarterly,1997.Vol.42:304-338.
[3] Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A.Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:29-54.
[4]Zott, C., Amit, R.,Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms.Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18:181-199.
[1] West, III G.P., Collective Cognition:When Entrepreneurial Teams, Not Individuals, Make Decisions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31:77-102.
[2] Fern, M. The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry,1995-2005, Doctoral Dissertation,2006, University of North Carolina.
[1] Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G. Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21, No.1, pp.135-172.
[1] Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A.,Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, No.1, pp.29-54.
[2]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96.
[1]Hambrick, D.C., Mason. P.A. Upper Echelons:The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top manager. Academy of Management Review,1984, Vol.9, Issue2:193-206.
[2]Cyert R M, March J G. A behavioral theory of the firm.Englewood Cliffs, N.J:Prentice-hall,1963. [3]March J G, Simon H A. Organizations.New York:Wiley,1958.
[4]孙德升.高管团队特征与企业慈善捐助关系—基于中国上市公司的实证研究.博士学位论文,南开大学,2009年.
[5]高静美,郭劲光.高层管理团队(TMT)的人口特征学方法与社会认知方法的比较研究.国外社会科学,2006,7：29-46.
[1]黄雪.机构投资者持股与高管团队人口特征关系的实证研究,硕士学位论文,湖南大学,2008.
[1]陈传明,孙俊华.企业家人口背景特征与多元化战略选择一基于中国上市公司面板数据的实证研究.管理世界,2008,5：124-133.
[2]张建君,李宏伟.私营企业的企业家背景、多元化战略与企业业绩.南开管理评论,2007,10：12-25.
[3]鲁倩,贾良定.高管团队人口统计学特征、权力与企业多元化战略.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：181-187.
[1]胡时珍.国外高管团队异质性的研究进展.科技信息,2008,29：646-647.
[2]王伟.高管团队特征与企业R&D投资.硕士学位论文,暨南大学,2008.
[3]李华晶,邢晓东.高管团队与公司创业战略：基于高阶理论和代理理论融合的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,9：139-14-4.
[1]伍莹.国企、民企与外企高管团队传记特征与行为整合的比较研究.硕士论文,中山大学,2008年.
[1]魏立群,王智慧.我国上市公司高管特征与企业绩效的实证研究.南开管理评论,2002,4：16-22.
[2]孙海法,伍晓奕.企业高层管理团队研究的进展.管理科学学报,2003,4：82-89.
[3] Kamm, J.B.,Shuman, J.C., Seeger, J.A., Nurick, A.J.Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation:a research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1990, Vol.14, Issue 4:7-17.
[4] Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., Gatewood, E., and Katz, J.A.,Finding the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1994, Vol.18, Issue 3:5-10.
[5]Chandler, G.N., and Hanks, S.H., An examination of the substitutability of founders' human and financial capital in emerging business ventures.Journal of Business Venturing,1998, Vol.13, Issue5:353-369.
[6] Vyakarnam, S., Jacobs, R., and Handelberg, J.Exploring the formation of entrepreneurial teams:The key to rapid growth business.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,1999,Vol.6, Issue 2:153-165.
[7]Ensley, M.D., Pearson, A.W., and Amason, A.C., Understanding the dynamics of new venture top management teams:Cohesion, conflict and new venture performance, Journal of Business Venturing,2006, Vol.17, Issue5: 365-386.
[1]王飞绒,陈劲,池仁勇.团队创业研究述评.外国经济与管理,2006,7：16-22.
[1]陈俊.社会认知理论的研究进展.社会心理科学,2007,1-2：59-62.
[2]李晓侠.关于社会认知理论的研究综述.阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,2：87-89.
[1] Gartner W.B. Who is the Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question.American Journal of Small Business,1988, Vol.12:11-32.
[2]丁明磊,王云峰,吴晓丹.创业自我效能与企业家认知及创业行为关系研究.商业研究,2008,11：139-142.
[3]Baum, J. R., Locke, E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill and motivation to subsequent venture growth.Journal of Applied Psychology,2004, Vol.89:587-598.
[1]苗青.基于认知的中小企业创业研究,人类功效学,2005,3：66-68.
[1] Shane, S.Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities.Organizational Science,2000, Vol. 11, Issue 4:448-469.
[2] Busenitz, L., and Barney,J.Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations:Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing,1997, Vol.12:9-30.
[3]刘忠明,魏立群,LowellBusenitz.企业家创业认知的理论模型及实证分析.经济界,2003,6：57-62.
[4]我国学者苗青(2006)在其博士论文中总结了创业者的认知偏差,包括反事实思维、情绪扰动、归因风格、规划谬误和自我文饰五类.
[1]Kirzner, I.Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process:An Austrian approach.The Journal of Economic Literature,1997, Vol.35:60-85.
[2]田莉,池军.基于过程视角下的技术创业研究：兴起、独特性及最新探索.技术经济与管理研究,2009,6.
[1]苗青.基于规则聚焦的公司创业机会识别与决策机制研究.博士论文,浙江大学,2006年.
[1]罗珉.战略选择论的起源、发展与复杂性范式.外国经济与管理,2006,1：9-16.
[2]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验,博士论文,吉林大学,2007.
[1] Child, John.Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance:the Role of Strategic Choice, Sociology, 1972,Vol.6:1-22.
[2]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验,博士论文,吉林大学,2007.
[3]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究—基于探索与开发理论视角,博士论文,南开大学,2008.
[4] Miles, R., Snow, C. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. New York:McGraw-Hill,1978.
[1] Anderson JR.The architecture of cognition,Havrvard University Press:Cambridge, MA.1983.
[2]Mintzberg H, Raisinghani D, Theoret A.The structure of "unstructured" decision processes. Administrative Science Quarterly,1976, Vol.21, Issue2:246-275.
[3]Nutt PC. Types of organizational decision processes.Administrative Science Quarterly,1984, Vol.29, Issue3: 414-450.
[4]L. J. Bourgeois, III and Kathleen M.Eisenhardt.Strategic Decision Processes in High Velocity Environments: Four Cases in the Microcomputer Industry.Management Science,1998, Vol.34, Issue.7:816-835.
[1]Greve HR. Patterns of competition:The diffusion of a market position in radio broadcasting.Administrative Science Quarterly,1996, Vol 41:29-60.
[2]Greve HR. Managerial cognition and mimetic adoption of market positions:What you see is what you do Strategic Management Journal, Vol.19, Issue.10:967-989.
[3] Smith M, White MC. Strategy, CEO specialization, and succession.Administrative Science Quarterly,1987, Vol. 32:263-280.
[4] Bantel, K.A., Jackson,S. E. Top Management and Innovations in Banking:Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference? Strategic Management Journal,1989, Vol.10:107-124.
[5]Sambharya RB. Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational corporations.Strategic Management Journal,1996, Vol.17, Issue9:739-746.
[1]Boeker W.P. Executive migration and strategic change:The effect of top manager movement on product-market entry.Administrative Science Quarterly,1997, Vol.42:213-236.
[2]Westphal JD, Fredrickson JW.Who directs strategic change? Director experience, the selection of new CEOs, and change in corporate strategy.Strategic Management Journal,2001, Vol.22:1113-1137.
[3]Porter M.E.Competitive Strategy:Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Free Press:New York, NY.1980.
[4]Kisfalvi V.The entrepreneur's character, life issues, and strategy making:A field study. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17:489-518.
[1]本节内容是作者已发表的文章。田莉,池军.基于过程视角下的技术创业研究:兴起、独特性及最新探索.技术经济与管理研究,2009,6.
[2]Phan, P.H., Foo, M.D. Technological entrepreneurship in emerging regions.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue1:1-5.
[1]Scott Shane, Venkataraman S, Guest Editors' Introduction to the Special Issue on Technology Entrepreneurship.Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:181-184.
[2]Phan, P.H., Foo, M.D. Technological entrepreneurship in emerging regions.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19,Issue1:1-5.
[3]2000年5月和2010年12月马里兰大学史密斯商学院举办了两场有关技术创业的专题研讨会,学者们就技术创业研究的理论与方法论层面展开了热烈讨论。
[1] Cooper A C, Gimeno-Gascon FJ, Woo C Y. Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9:371-395.
[2] Schumpeter, J.A. The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[3]Stinchcombe A L,Social structure and organizations.In.March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[1]Teece D J.Profiting from technological innovation:implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy.Research Policy,1986,Vol.15:285-305.
[2] Stinchcombe A L. Social structure and organizations.In March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations.Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[3]Singh, Jitendra V., and Charles J. Lumsden.Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,Vol.16:161-195.
[1] Cooper, A.C. and Gimeno-Gascon, F.J.1992.Entrepreneurs, process of founding, and new firm performance.In D. Sexton and J. Kasarda, eds.,The State of the Art in Entrepreneurship. Boston, MA:PWS Kent Publishing Company.
[2] Aldrich,H.E. Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1979.
[3]Dess, G. G., Beard, D. W.Dimensions of organizational task environments.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1984, Vol.29:52-73.
[1] Carroll, G.R. and Hannan, M.T.Density delay in the evolution of organizational populations:A model and five empirical tests. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989, Vol.34:411-430.
[2] Brittain,J. and J.Freeman. Organizational proliferation and density-dependent selection.In J. R. Kimberly and R. Miles (eds.), The Organizational Life Cycle. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA,1980,291-338.
[3] Anand Swaminatha. Environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality:a trial-by-fire model.Academy of Management Journal,1996, Vol.39. Issue,5:1350-1377.
[4] Carroll, G. and Delacroix,J.Organizational mortality in the newspaper industries of Argentina and Ireland:An ecological approach. Administrative Science Quarterly,1982, Vol.27:169-198.
[5] Eisenhardt K M, Schoonhoven C B. Organizational growth:Linking founding team, strategy, environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures,1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35: 504-529.
[6] Bamford, C.E., Dean, T.J., McDougall, P.P. An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups, Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.15:253-277.
[1] McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., Robinson, R.B., Jr., and Herron, L.The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content.Strategic Management Journal,1994,Vol.14:137-153.
[2] Romanelli, E.Environments and strategies of organization start-up effects on early survival. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989, Vol.34, Issue3:369-387.
[3] Charles E. Bamford, Thomas J. Dean and Thomas J. Douglas.The temporal nature of growth determinants in new bank foundings:implications for new venture research design. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19: 899-919
[4] Heirman A., Clarysse B.The imprinting effect of initial resources and market strategy on the early growth path of start-ups. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper,2005.
[5] Zott, C., Amit, R. Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms. Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199.
[1] Boeker, W. Strategic change:the effects of founding and history. The Academy of Management Journal,1989, Vol.32, Issue3:489-515.
[1]Henry R. Feeser; Gary E. Willard.Founding Strategy and Performance:A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms.Strategic Management Journal,1990, Vol.11:87-98.
[2] Eisenhardt K M, Schoonhoven C B. Organizational growth:Linking founding team, strategy, environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures,1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35: 504-529.
[3]Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A. Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:29-54.
[1] Zott, C., Amit, R.Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms, Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199
[2] Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G., Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21:135-172.
[1]Barney, J.B. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.Journal of Management,1991,Vol.17:99-120.
[2]Castrogiovanni G.Pre-startup planning and thesurvival of new small businesses:theoretical linkages.Joumal of Management,1996, Vol.22:801-822.
[1]CG Brush, PG Greene, MM Hart, HS Haller.From Initial Idea to Unique Advantage:The Entrepreneurial Challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of Management Executive,2001, Vol.15:64-78.
[2] Scott Shane and Toby Stuart.Organizational Endowments and the Performance of University Start-ups. Management Science,2002, Vol.48:154-170.
[1]Burton, M.D, Sorensen, J. B.,Beckman C. M.Coming from good stock:career histories and new venture F(?)nation.Social structure and organization revisited,2002, Vol,19:229-262.
[2]Arild Aspelunda, Terje Berg-Utbya, Rune Skjevdal.Initial resources' influence on new venture survival:a longitudinal study of new technology-based firms.Technovation,2005,Vol.25:1337-1347.
[3] Donna J.Kelley Mark P. Rice.Technology-based strategic actions in new firms:the influence of founding technology resources.Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2001.
[1] Ans Heirman and Bart Clarysse.How and Why do Research-Based Start-Ups Differ at Founding? A Resource-Based Configurational Perspective.The Journal of Technology Transfer,2004, Vol.29:247-268.
[1]Vyakarnam, S.,Handelberg, J.Four Themes of the Impact of Management Teams on Organizational Performance Implications for Future Research of Entrepreneurial Teams.International Small Business Journal, 2005, Vol.3:236-256.
[2]Delmar, F., Shane, S., Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and Sales of newly founded ventures.Strategic Organization,2006, Vol.4:215-247.
[1] Beckman, C., The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior, Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[2]Christine M. Beckman. Diane Burton, Charles O'Reilly. Early teams:The impact of team demography on VC financing and going Public.Journal of Business Venturing,2007, Vol.22:147-173.
[1] Christine M. Beckman M. Diane Burton. Founding the Future:Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.Organization Science,2008, Vol.19:3-24.
[2]Stinchcombe A L.Social structure and organizations.In.March J G, eds., Handbook of Organizations.Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[3]Eisenhardt K M, Schoonhoven C B. Organizational growth:Linking founding team, strategy,environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures,1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35: 504-529.
[4] Bamford, C.E., Dean, T.J., McDougall, P.P.An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups.Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.15, pp.253-277.
[1]Bamford,C.E.,Dean,T.J.,Douglas, T.J.The temporal nature of growth determinants in new bank foundings:implications for new venture research design.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:899-919.
[2] Delmar, F., Shane, S. Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and sales of newly founded ventures.Strategic Organization,2006, Vol 4:215-247.
[3] Boeker, W. Strategic change:the effects of founding and history.The Academy of Management Journal,1989, Vol.32:489-515.
[1]林嵩,张帏,姜彦福.创业战略的选择：维度、影响因素和研究框架.科学学研究,2006,2：79-84.
[2]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[3]对新创企业战略研究轨迹的梳理最早见于：林嵩,新创企业的战略研究轨迹及其模式选择,改革,2007,6：118-122.此后该文章观点汇总为林嵩的博士论文及专著.
[1]McDougall P, Robinson R B. New venture strategies:An empirical identification of eight"arche types "of competitive strategies of entry.Strategic Management Journal 1990, Vol.11:447-467.
[2] Carter NM, Stearns TM, Reynolds P D. New venture strategies:Theory development with an empirical base.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.15:21-41.
[3] Park S, Bae Z. New venture strategies in a developing country:Identifying a typology and examining growth patterns through case studies.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:81-105.
[4] Haiyang Li. How does new venturing strategy matter in the environment-performance relationship.Journal of High Technology Management Research,2001, Vol.12:183-204.
[5]王一军,王筱萍,林嵩.创业战略的维度构建—概念内涵及发展模式.江西财经大学学报,2009,3：46-50.
[6]林嵩,张帏,姜彦福.创业机会的特征与新创企业的战略选择—基于中国创业企业案例的探索性研究.科学学研究,2006,4：268-272.
[1]田莉.机会导向型的新技术企业商业化战略选择-基于技术属性与产业环境匹配的视角.经济管理,2008,10,30：40-43.
[2] Romanelli, E.Environments and strategies of organization start-up effects on early survival.Administrative Science Quarterly,1989,Vol.34, Issue.3:369-387.
[3]McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., Robinson, R.B., Jr., and Herron, L.The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.14:137-153.
[1]陈浩义,葛宝山.基于创业者资源禀赋的新创企业战略选择研究.改革与战略.2008,3：27-30.
[2]龙勇,常青华.创新类型、风险资本对高技术企业联盟行为的影响.科技与对策,2009,7：76-79.
[1] Sandber, W. R., Hofer C.F.Improving new venture performance:The role of strategy, industry structure, and the entrepreneur, Journal of Business Venturing,1987,5-28.
[2] Feeser, H.R.Willard G.E.Founding Strategy and Performance:A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms.Strategic Management Journal,1990, Vol.11:87-98.
[1]Biggadike.R. Corporate Diversification:Entry Strategy and Perjbrmance. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1979.
[2] Buzzell RD, Gale BT.The PIMS principles:linking strategy to performance.New York:Free Press,1987.
[3] Duchesneau, D. A., Gartner, W.B.A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.5:297-312.
[1] Robert B.Reich.Entrepreneurship Reconsidered:The team as Hero.Harvard Business Review,1987, Vol. 65:77-83.
[2]Michael Schefcyzk, Torsten J. Gerpott.Qualifications and turnover of managers and venture capital-financed firm performance an empirical study of German venture capital investment. Journal of Business Venturing,2001, Vol.16:145-16.
[3] Harper, D.Towards a theory of entrepreneurial teams.Journal of Business Venturing,2008, Vol.23:613-626.
[1] Benson, H., Davidsson, P.The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing,2003, Vol.18:301-31.
[1]石磊.论创业团队构成多元化的选择模式与标准.外国经济与管理,2008,4：52-58.
[1]王飞绒,陈劲,池仁勇.团队创业研究述评.外国经济与管理,2006,7：16-22.
[2]Watson W E, Ponthieu L D, Critelli JW.Team Inter personal Process Effectiveness in Venture Partnerships and Its Connection to Perceived Success.Journal of BusinessVenturing,1995, Vol.10 Issue 3:393-411.
[3]周劲波.多层次创业团队决策模式及其决策绩效机制研究.浙江大学,博士论文,2005年.
[1] Vyakarnam, S., Handelberg.J.Four Themes of the impact of management teams on organizational performance implications for future research of entrepreneurial teams.International Small Business Journal,2005,3:236-256.
[2] Keck, S. L.Top Management Team Structure:Different Effects by Environmental Context,Organization Science,1997, Vol.8:143-156.
[1]Gulati, R., Higgins, M.C. Which Ties Matter When? The Contingent Effects of Interorganizational Partnerships on IPO Success. Strategic Management Journal,2003, Vol.24:127-144.
[2]田莉.新技术企业初始资源禀赋与初期绩效关系研究.中国科技论坛,2009,9：52-57.
[3]Chowdhury, S. Demographic diversity for building an effective entrepreneurial team:is it important? Journal of Business Venturing,2005, Vol.20:727-746.
[4]Roure, J. B., Maidique, M. A.Linking prefunding factors and high-technology venture success:An exploratory study, Journal of Business Venturing,1986, Vol.1, Issue.3:295-306.
[5] Beckman, C.M, Burton, M.D.Founding the Future:Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.Organization Science,2008, Vol.19:3-24.
[1] Beckman, C., Burton, D, D., O'Reilly, C.Early teams:The impact of team demography on VC financing and going Public. Journal of Business Venturing,2007, Vol.22:147-173.
[2]卢俊义,程刚.创业团队内认知冲突、合作行为与公司绩效关系的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：117-123.
[1]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色.管理世界,2010,3.
[2]刘燕,吴道友.创业团队研究的理论视角及其进展.人类工效学,2008,3：66-68.
[1]本章节有关先前经验的研究是作者已发表的成果,成果最早汇报于第四届(2009)中国管理学年会——创业与中小企业管理分会场。后发表于田莉,龙丹,“创业过程中先前经验的作用解析—最新研究成果综述”,《经济理论与经济管理》,2009年11月.
[1]Stinchcombe A L. Social structure and organizations. In.March J G, eds.,Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[1]张玉利,杨俊,任兵.社会资本、先前经验与创业机会—一个交互效应模型及其启示.管理世界,2008,Vol.7：91-102.
[2] Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene and Myra M. Hart.From initial idea to unique advantage:the entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base.Academy of management executive,2001, Vol.15:64-78
[3] Shane, S., Stuart, T. Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups.Management Science,2000, Vol.48, Issue.1:154-170.
[4] Penrose ET. The theory of the growth of the firm. Wiley:New York, NY.1959.
[1] Shane, S. Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.Organization Science,2000, Vol.11, Issue.4:448-469.
[1]高静美,郭劲光.高层管理团队(TMT)的人口特征学方法与社会认知方法的比较研究.国外社会科学,2006,6：3946.
[1] Goodwin VL, Zegler L.A test of relationships in a model of organizational cognitive complexity. Journal of organizational behavior,1998, Vol.19:371-386.
[1] Newbert, S.L, Kirchhoff, B.A, Walsh, S.T.Defining the Relationship among Founding Resources, Strategies, and Performance in Technology-Intensive New Ventures:Evidence from the Semiconductor Silicon Industry. Journal of Small Business Management,2007, Vol.45:438-466.
[1]高建设,王岩.企业进入战略分析.技术与市场,2005,1：57-59.
[2]吴三忙.西方市场进入理论研究评述及其政策启示.经济评论,2008,3：142-146.
[1] Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G., Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21:135-172.
[1] Levesque, M.,Shepherd,D.A.Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue:129-154.
[1] Beckman, C.The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior. Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[2] Dess, G.G., Beard, D.W.Dimensions of organizational task environments.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1984,29:52-73.
[1]田莉,薛红志.新技术企业创业机会来源：基于技术属性与产业技术环境匹配的视角.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,3：61-68.
[2] Shane.S.Technological opportunities and new firm creation.Management Science,2001, Vol.47, Issue.2: 205-220.
[1] Winter, S.G.,The logic of appropriability:From Schumpeter to Arrow to Teece.Research Policy,2006, Vol.35:1100-1106.
[2] Levin, R. C., Klevorick, A. K., Nelson, R. R and Winter, S. G. Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development.Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1987, Vol.3:783-820.
[1]Cohen WM, Nelson RR, Walsh JP.2000. Protecting their intellectual assets:appropriability conditions and why U.S. manufacturing firms patent or not.NBER Working Paper No.7552. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
[2] Cohen WM, Goto A, Nagata A, Nelson RR, Walsh JP.R&D spillovers, patents and the incentives to innovate in Japan and the United States.Research Policy,2002,Vol.31:1349-1367.
[3] David S. Bunch and Robert Smiley. Who Deters Entry? Evidence on the Use of Strategic Entry Deterrents.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1992, Vol.74:509-521.
[4] Cockburn I, MacGarvie M.Entry, exit and patenting in the software industry.NBER Working Paper No.12 563.National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA,2006.
[1]Ziedonis RH. Don't fence me in:fragmented markets for technology and the patent acquisition strategies of firms. Management Science,2004, Vol.50:804-820.
[2]Ceccagnoli, M.Appropiability, preemption, and frim performance. Strategic Management Journal,2009, Vol.30:81-98.
[1]该假设的推演过程部分参考了作者已发表的成果,杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96。该论文最早汇报于第四届(2009)中国管理学年会——技术与创新管理分会场论文集。
[2] Levesque, M., Shepherd, D.A. Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:29-54.
[3] Amason, A.C., Shrader, R.C., Tompson, G.H.Newness and Novelty:Relating Top Management Team Composition to New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing,2006, Vol.21:125-148.
[1] West, III G.P., Collective Cognition:When Entrepreneurial Teams, Not Individuals, Make Decisisons. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31:77-102.
[2] Carrol GR.A sociological view on why firms differ. In RP Rumelt, D Schendel, DJ Teece (Eds.), Fundamentallssues in Strategy:A Research Agenda:271-290. Harvard Business School Press:Boston MA,1994.
[3] Kisfalvi V. The entrepreneur's character, life issues, and strategy making:A field study. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17:489-518.
[4] Fern, M.The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry,1995-2005. Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina,2006.
[1] Beckman,C.The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior. Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[2] Fern, M. The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry,1995-2005, Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina,2006.
[3] Henneke, D., Luthje, C.Interdisciplinary Heterogeneity as a Catalyst for Product Innovativeness of Entrepreneurial Teams.Creativity and Innovation Management,2007, Vol.16,121-132.
[1] Abelson RP, Black JB. Introduction. In JA Galambos, RP Abelson, JB Black (Eds.), Knowledge Structures:1-18. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates:Hillsdale, NJ,1986.
[2]Nicholls-Nixon, C.L., Cooper, A.C., Woo, C.Y. Strategic experimentation:understanding change and performance in new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15:493-521.
[3]Gavetti G, Levinthal D.Looking forward and looking backward:Cognitive and experiential Search. Administrative Science Quarterly,2000, Vol.45:113-137.
[1]Hayes, R.H., Abernathy.J.Managing our way to economic decline.Harvard Business review,1980, Vol.58:193-204.
[2] Song, J.H.Diversification strategies and the experiences of top executives in large firms. Strategic Management Journal,1982, Vol.3, Issue.4:377-379.
[3] Michel, J.G., Hambrick, D.C.Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Academy of Management Journal,1992, Vol.35, Issue.1:9-34.
[4]鲁倩,贾良定.高管团队人口统计学特征、权力与企业多元化战略.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：181-187.
[1]Finkelstein, S. Power in Top Management Teams:Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation.The Academy of Management Journal,1992, Vol.35:505-538.
[2]李华晶,张玉利.高管团队特征与企业创新关系的实证研究—以科技型中小企业为例.商业经济与管理,2006,5：9-13.
[3]Goodwin, V.L, Ziegler, L.A test of relationships in a model of organizational cognitive complexity.Journal of Organizational Behavior,1998, Vo.19, Issue.4:371-386.
[1] Smith KG, Smith KA, Olian JD, Sims HPJ, O'Bannon DP.Top management team demography and process:The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly,1994, Vol.39:412-438.
[2] Mednick SA. The associative basis of the creative process.Psychological Review,1962, Vol.69:220-232.
[3]Simonton DK.Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior:The integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin,2003, Vol.129, Issue.4:475-494.
[1[Bieri J. Clinical and Social Judgment.The Discrimination of Behavioral Information. Wiley:New York, NY, 1996.
[2] Bartunek,J.M, Gordon, J.R, Weathersby, R.P.Developing "complicated" understanding in administrators. Academy of Management Review,1983, Vol.8, Issue.2:273-284.
[3] Gans,J.S.,Stem,S.The product market and the market for "ideas'":commercialization strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs.Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:333-350.
[4] Gans, J.S., Hsu, D.H, Stern, S.When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative destruction. The RAND Journal of Economics,2000, Vol.33:571-586.
[1] Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen,Kaisu Puumalainen.Nature and Dynamics of Appropriability:Strategies for Appropriating Returns on Innovation.R&D management,2007, Vol.37:95-112.
[2]CPSED全称为中国创业动态跟踪调查(China Panel Study of Entrepreneuriship Dynamic)为南开大学创业管理研究中心主持完成的旨在从微观层次跟踪创业过程,总结创业活动规律的国际调查项目。CPSED第一轮数据收集工作与2009年9月完成,根据初步的描述性统计分析,中国新生创业团队主要是由以家庭成员或亲朋好友为核心组成的。
[1]Anow K.Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention.In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Nelson RR (ed).Princeton University Press:Princeton NJ,1962:609-625.
[2] Anton, J.J., YAO, D.A. Expropriation and Inventions:Appropriable Rents in the Absence of Property Rights.American Economic Review,1994, Vol.84:190-209.
[3]Gans,J.S.Stern, S.The Product Market and the Market for "Ideas":Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs.Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:333-350.
[1] Stevenson, H.H and Gumpert, D.E.The heart of entrepreneurship, in Sahlman,W.A and Stevenson H.H.(Eds), The entrepreneurial venture, McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA,1991.
[1]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验.博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[1] Robson, C, Real world research:A resource for social scientist and practitioner-researchers. Oxford:Blackwell, 1993.
[1] Baum. A.C. and Haveman, H.A., Love The Neighbor? Differentiation and Agglomeration in the Manhattan Hotel Industry 1898-1990, Administrative Science Quarterly,1997, Vol.42:304-338.
[2] Zott, C., Amit, R. Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms.Organization Science, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199.
[1] Churchill, G.A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,1979, Vol.16:64-73.
[2] Robson, C. Real world research:A resource for social scientist and practitioner-researchers. Oxford:Blackwell, 1993.
[3] Wall, T.D., Michie, J.,Patterson, M.On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology,2004, Vol.57, Issue 2:95-118.
[4] Bruton, G.D.,Rubanik. Resources of the firm, Russian high-technology startups, and firm growth. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17, Issue 6:553-576.
[1]Hoy, F., McDougall, P., Dsouza, D.Strategies and environments of high-growth firms. In:Sexton, D. and Kasarda, J., Editors, The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, the Coleman Foundation, PWS-Kent, Boston, MA. 1992.
[2] Murphy. B, Trailer, J.W.Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research.Journal of Business Research, 1996. Vol.36:15-23.
[3] Delmar, F. Measuring Growth:Methodological Considerations and Empirical Results, in R. Donckels and A. Miettinen (Eds) Entrepreneurship and SME research:On the Way to the Next Millennium,1997.
[4]王晓文.创业者人力资本与新企业绩效关系研究—基于创业学习视角.博士论文,南开大学,2009.
[1]Gans,J.S.Hsu,D.H,Stern,S.When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative destruction.The RAND Journal of Economics,2000,Vol.33:571-586.
[1]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究,博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[2] Tan, J. J.,Perceived environment, Strategy orientation, ownership effect and implication in a transition economy: an empirical study in the Peoples Republic of China. Doctoral dissertation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,1993.
[3]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究,博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[1]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究—基于探索与开发理论视角,博士论文,南开大学,2008年.
[1] Churchill, G.A. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,1979, Vol.16, Issue 1:64-73.
[2]杨俊.社会资本、创业机会与新企业初期绩效—基于关键要素互动过程视角的实证研究.博士论文,南开大学,2007.
[1]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务-问卷分析与应用统计.北京：科学出版社,2003.
[1]此处需注明：本研究经过探测性调研及之后的进一步论证部分修改了研究模型,因此探测性调研阶段考量的技术独特性、可模仿性和不确定性没有进入最终的研究模型,而更换为技术独享性-即受知识产权保护情况,因此,此处不再汇报这三个变量的预调研结果。
[1]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务：问卷分析与应用统计.北京：科学出版社,2003.
[2]张瑾.民营企业家人力资本与企业成长绩效实证研究.山东大学,博士论文,2009.
[1] Samuelsson, M. Creating new ventures:A longitudinal investigation of the nascent venturing process.Doctoral dissertation. Jonkoping:Jonkoping International Business School, Sweden,2004.
[1]Hansen, E. Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1995, Vol.19, Issue 4:7-19.
[1]代表性(Representativeness):是指样本具有与其所从中挑选出来的总体相同的特征。通过对样本的分析所得出来的描述和解释也同样适用于总体。代表性给概化和推论统计提供了可能性。在概率抽样下,代表性会更好。
[1]艾尔.巴比著,邱泽奇译. 《社会研究方法》,华夏出版社,2007.
[1]龙立荣.层级回归方法及其在社会科学中的应用.教育研究与实验,2004,1：51-56.
[2]李乾文.公司创业导向与组织绩效间的转化路径研究.南开大学,博士论文,2006.
[3]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究—基于探索与开发理论视角.博士论文,南开大学,2008.
[4] Schoonhoven, C. Problems with contingency theory:testing assumptions hidden within the language of Contingency theory. Administrative Science Quarterly,1981,26:347-377.
[1] Aiken, L.S., West, S.G. Multiple regression:Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA:Sage, 1991.
[1]温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报,2005,37： 268-274.
[1]陈晓萍,徐淑英,樊景立.组织与管理研究的实证方法.北京：北京大学出版社,2008：320-321.
[1]韩小亮,陈晨.定序变量的回归分析模型及其在消费者信心指数编制中的应用.数理统计与管理,2007,2：194-199.
[1]王汉生.应用商务统计分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2008：127-129.
[1]本文受到国家自然科学基金重点项目“新企业创业机理与成长模式研究”(70732004)的资助,构建了技术创业企业成长数据库,其中整合了我研究中心年轻老师的部分研究问题,构成最终问卷。我中心胡望斌教授在第四届(2009)中国管理学年会——技术与创新管理分会场汇报了基于本数据库的实证文章：新企业创业导向转化为绩效的中介能力：理论模型与中国实证研究。因为是同一数据库,因此数据收集部分的描述与本文相同。
[2]天津森博市场信息咨询有限公司是一家从事市场研究和信息咨询的专业执行公司。公司自成立以来承接了大量定量和定性调查,具有丰富的专业数据收集的执行能力和资源优势。顾客涉及高校、工商企业等。
[1]“右手原则”是在专业市场调查公司进行入户访问的过程中经常采用的一种行走路线,操作原则即进入某一建筑物内,逢路口或有拦截的地方即向右方行走,以此类推。
[2]考虑到预先抽样方案设计中写明的,在9个创业中心内按照等额抽样的方式进行抽样,因此我们在复核了前150份有效问卷之后,没有将多余的10份备用问卷录入系统加以分析。
[1]杨俊.社会资本、创业机会与新企业初期绩效-基于关键要素互动过程视角的实证研究,博士论文,南开大学,2008.
[1] Podsakoff, P., Organ, D. Self reports in organizational leader reward and punishment behavior and research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management,1986, Vol.12, Issue 4:531-544.
[1]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务：问卷分析与应用统计,北京：科学出版社,2003.
[2]信度的判断标准包括该项目与构面的总相关与删除该项目后的Alpha值两大部分。若该项目与构面的总相关与其它项目的差距甚远(有研究是以该项目与构面的总相关小于0.4为标准),则考虑删除该项目,若删除该项目后,Alpha值明显提升(即能够提升量表的信度时),则应考虑删除该项目,当以上两个条件都成立时,该项目应予以删除(李乾文,2006).
[1] Nunnally, J.C.Psychometric theory.New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1978.
[1] Gans, J.S.Hsu, D.H, Stern, S.When Does Start-Up Innovation Spur the Gale of Creative Destruction.The RAND Journal of Economics,2002, Vol.33, Issue.4:571-586.
[1]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究.博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[2]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验.博士论文,吉林大学,2007年.
[3] Chandler, G.N., Hanks, S.H. Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance.Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9, Issue 4:331-349.
[1]李正卫.动态环境条件下的组织学习与企业绩效.博士论文,浙江大学,2003.
[1]McCullagh,P.,Nelder, A.N. Generalized Linear Models. London:Chapman & Hall,1989.
[1]Claudia Bird. Speeding Products to Market:Waiting Time to First Product Introduction in New Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35:177-207.
[2] Ans Heirman and Bart Clarysse. Which Tangible and Intangible Assets Matter for Innovation Speed in Start-Ups.Journal of Product Innovation Management,2007, Vol.24:303-315.
[1] Amason,A.C.,Shrader,R.C.,Thompson,G.H.,Newness and novelty:Relating top management team composition to new venture performance.Journal of Business Venturing,2006,21:125-148.
[2]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96.该文章最早汇报于第四届(2009)中国管理学年会———技术与创新管理分会场论文集.
[1] Goodman L E, Dion P A.The determinants of commitment in the distributor-manufacturer relationship. Industrial Marketing Management,2001, Vol.30:287-300.
[2] Kwon I WG, Suh T.Factors affecting the level of trust and commitment in supply chain relationships.Journal of Supply Chain Management,2004, Vol.40:4-14.
[1]张玉利,杨俊,任兵.社会资本、先前经验与创业机会—一个交互效应模型及其启示.管理世界,2008,7： 91-102.
[1]石磊.论创业团队构成多元化的选择模式与标准.外国经济与管理,2008,4：52-58.
[1] Vyakarnam, S. Handelberg, J.Four themes of the impact of management teams on organizational perrformance implications for future research of entrepreneurial Teams.International Small Business Journal,2005, Vol.3, Issue.3:236-256.
[1]阿玛尔.毕哈德,新企业的起源与演进.魏如山,马志英译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[2]艾尔·巴比,社会研究方法.邱泽奇译.北京：华夏出版社,2006.
[3]陈浩义,葛宝山.基于创业者资源禀赋的新创企业战略选择研究.改革与战略.2008,3,27-30.
[4]陈俊,社会认知理论的研究进展.社会心理科学,2007,1-2：59-62.
[5]陈晓萍,徐淑英,樊景立.组织与管理研究的实证方法.北京：北京大学出版,2008：320-321.
[6]崔启国.基于网络视角的创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响研究,吉林大学博士论文,2007年.
[7]陈传明,孙俊华.企业家人口背景特征与多元化战略选择—基于中国上市公司面板数据的实证研究.管理世界,2008,5：124-133.
[8]丁明磊,王云峰,吴晓丹.创业自我效能与企业家认知及创业行为关系研究.商业研究,2008,11：139-142.
[9]高静美,郭劲光.高层管理团队(TMT)的人口特征学方法与社会认知方法的比较研究.国外社会科学,2006,7：29-46.
[10]高建设,王岩.企业进入战略分析.技术与市场,2005,1：57-59.
[11]胡时珍.国外高管团队异质性的研究进展科技信息,2008,29：646-647.
[12]韩小亮,陈晨.定序变量的回归分析模型及其在消费者信心指数编制中的应用.数理统计与管理,2007,2：194-199.
[13][美]杰弗里·蒂蒙斯,小斯蒂芬·斯皮内利.创业学.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.
[14]柯惠新,沈浩.调查研究中的统计分析法(第2版).北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2005：204.
[15]林强,姜彦福,张健.创业理论及其架构分析.经济研究,2001,9：85-96.
[]6]林嵩,张帏,林强.高科技创业企业资源整合模式研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2005,3：143-147.
[17]刘常勇.创业管理的12堂课.北京：中信出版社,2002.
[18]龙立荣.层级回归方法及其在社会科学中的应用.教育研究与实验,2004,1：51-56.
[19]李乾文.公司创业导向与组织绩效间的转化路径研究.南开大学博士论文,2006.
[20]罗珉.战略选择论的起源、发展与复杂性范式.外国经济与管理,2006,1：9-16.
[21]罗伯特·A·巴隆、斯科特·A·谢恩著,张玉利、谭新生、陈立新译《创业管理：基于过程的观点》,北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[22]李华晶,张玉利.高管团队特征与企业创新关系的实证研究—以科技型中小企业为例.商业经济与管理,2006,5：9-13.
[23]李剑力.创新方式选择与企业绩效关系实证研究-基于探索与开发的理论视角.南开大学博士论文,2008.
[24]李正卫.动态环境条件下的组织学习与企业绩效,浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[25]林嵩.创业战略：概念、模式与绩效提升.北京.中国财政经济出版社,2007.
[26]李华晶,邢晓东.高管团队与公司创业战略：基于高阶理论和代理理论融合的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2007,9：139-144.
[27]鲁倩,贾良定.高管团队人口统计学特征、权力与企业多元化战略.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：181-187.
[28]柳燕.创业环境、创业战略与创业绩效关系的实证研究—基于汽车行业大型跨国企业的创业经验,吉林大学博士论文,2007年.
[29]林嵩,张帏,姜彦福.创业战略的选择：维度、影响因素和研究框架.科学学研究,2006,2：79-84.
[30]李晓侠,关于社会认知理论的研究综述.阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2005,2：87-89.
[31]龙勇,常青华.创新类型、风险资本对高技术企业联盟行为的影响.科技与对策,2009,7： 76-79.
[32]刘燕,吴道友.创业团队研究的理论视角及其进展.人类工效学,2008,3：66-68.
[33]李正卫.动态环境条件下的组织学习与企业绩效.浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[34]刘忠明,魏立群,LowellBusenitz.企业家创业认知的理论模型及实证分析.经济界,2003,6：57-62.
[35]卢俊义,程刚.创业团队内认知冲突、合作行为与公司绩效关系的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,5：117-123.
[36]苗青.基于认知观的创业过程研究.心理科学,2005,28,5：1274-1276.
[37]苗青.基于认知的中小企业创业研究.人类功效学,2005,3：66-68.
[38]苗青.基于规则聚焦的公司创业机会识别与决策机制研究.浙江大学博士论文,2006年.
[39]彭罗斯著,赵晓译.企业成长理论.上海：上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2004.
[40][美]切斯特·巴纳德著.经理人员的职能.北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997.
[41]孙海法,伍晓奕.企业高层管理团队研究的进展.管理科学学报,2003,4：82-89.
[42]石磊.论创业团队构成多元化的选择模式与标准.外国经济与管理,2008,4：52-58.
[43]田莉.新技术企业初始资源禀赋与初期绩效关系研究.中国科技论坛,2009,9：52-57.
[44]田莉,薛红志.新技术企业创业机会来源：基于技术属性与产业技术环境匹配的视角.科学学与科学技术管理,2009,3：61-68.
[45]田莉,薛红志.创业团队先前经验、承诺与新技术企业初期绩效---一个交互效应模型及其启示.研究与发展管理,2009,9.
[46]王飞绒,陈劲,池仁勇.团队创业研究述评.外国经济与管理,2006,7：16-22.
[47]王汉生.应用商务统计分析.北京：北京大学出版社,2008年.
[48]王晓文.创业者人力资本与新企业绩效关系研究—基于创业学习视角.南开大学博士论文,2009.
[49]王一军,王筱萍,林嵩.创业战略的维度构建—概念内涵及发展模式.江西财经大学学报,2009,3：46-50.
[50]魏立群,王智慧.我国上市公司高管特征与企业绩效的实证研究.南开管理评论,2002,4：16-22.
[51]魏立群,王智慧.我国上市公司高管特征与企业绩效的实证研究.南开管理评论,2002,4：16-22.
[52]温忠麟,候杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报.2005,2：268-274.
[53]伍莹.国企、民企与外企高管团队传记特征与行为整合的比较研究.中山大学硕士论文,2008.
[54]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务.北京：中国铁道出版社.2001.
[55]吴三忙.西方市场进入理论研究评述及其政策启示.经济评论,2008,3：142-146.
[56]杨俊,张玉利.国外PSED项目研究评述及其对我国创业研究的启示.外国经济与管理,2007,7：1-9.
[57]杨俊,张玉利.基于企业家资源禀赋的创业行为过程分析.外国经济与管理,2004,2：2-6.
[58]杨俊.创业过程的研究评述与发展动态.外国经济与管理,2004,9：8-12.
[59]杨俊.社会资本、创业机会与新企业初期绩效—基于关键要素互动过程视角的实证研究.南开大学博士论文,2007.
[60]杨俊,田莉,张玉利,王伟毅.创新还是模仿：创业团队经验异质性与冲突特征的角色,管理世界,2010,3：84-96.
[61][美]约瑟夫·熊彼特著.何畏等译.经济发展理论.北京：商务印书馆,1990.
[62][美]伊查克·爱迪思著.赵睿等译.企业生命周期.北京：中国社会科学出版,1997.
[63]张建君,李宏伟.私营企业的企业家背景、多元化战略与企业业绩.南开管理评论,2007,10：12-25.
[64]张平.高管团队的异质性与企业绩效的实证研究.管理学报,2007,4：501-508.
[65]张平.我国上市公司高管团队异质性与企业绩效的关系研究.华南理工大学博士论文,2005.
[66]张文彤,董伟.SPSS统计分析高级教程.北京：高等教育出版社,2004：278.
[67]张文彤.SPSS11统计分析教程(高级篇).北京：北京希望电子出版社.2002.
[68]张玉利,任学锋著.小企业成长的管理障碍.天津大学出版社,2001.
[69]张玉利.管理学(第二版).天津：南开大学出版社,2004：54-55.
[70]张玉利,杨俊,任兵.社会资本、先前经验与创业机会—一个交互效应模型及其启示.管理世界,2008,7：91-102.
[71]赵都敏.基于因果倒置理论的创业行为与新企业绩效关系研究.南开大学博士学位论文,2008：72.
[72]周劲波.多层次创业团队决策模式及其决策绩效机制研究.浙江大学博士论文,2005.
[1]Acs, Z.J., and Audretsch, D.B. Innovation and technological change, in:Z.J. Acs and D.B. Audretsch (eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003,55-79.
[2]Aldrich, H.E.Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1979.
[3]Aldrich, H.E., Wiedenmayer, G. From traits to rates:An Ecological Perspective on Organizational Founding, in, J.A. Katz and R.H. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, Greenwich, CT:JAI Press,1993,145-195.
[4]Allison, P. D. Measures of inequality, American Sociological Review,1978, Vol.43:865-880.
[5]Alvarez, S.A., Busenitz, L.W.The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management,2001, Vol.27, Issue 6:755-775.
[6]Amason, A.C., Shrader, R.C., Tompson, G.H. Newness and Novelty:Relating Top Management Team Composition to New Venture Performance, Journal of Business Venturing, 2006, Vol.21, Issue 1:125-148.
[7]Andries. P., Debackere, K. Adaptation in new technology-based ventures:Insights at the company level. International Journal of Management Reviews,2006, Vol.8, Issue.2:91-112.
[8]Arrow K. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Nelson RR (ed).Princeton University Press:Princeton NJ, 1962:609-625.
[9]Aspelunda, A., Berg-Utbya, T., Skjevdal, R.Initial resources'influence on new venture survival:a longitudinal study of new technology-based firms. Technovation,2005, Vol.25:1337-1347.
[10]Bamford, C.E., Dean, T.J., McDougall, P.P. An examination of the impact of initial founding conditions and decisions upon the performance of new bank start-ups, Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.15:253-277.
[11]Bantel, K.A., Jackson, S.E. Top Management and Innovations in Banking:Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference? Strategic Management Journal,1989, Vol.10:107-124.
[12]Barney, J.Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 1991,Vol.17, Issue 1:99-120.
[13]Baron, R., Kenny, D. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986, Vol.51, Issue 6:1173-1182.
[14]Barringer, B.R., Jones, F.F., Neubaum, D.A, Quantitative Content Analysis of the Characteristics of Rapid Growth Firms and Their Founders. Journal of Business Venturing,2005, Vol.20:663-687.
[15]Baron, R.A. Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship:Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing,1998, Vol.13, Issue 4: 275-294.
[16]Baron, R.A.The cognitive perspective:a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic"why"questions. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:221-239.
[17]Baron, R.A. Potential benefits of the cognitive perspective:expanding Entrepreneurship's array of conceptual tools. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue.2:169-172.
[18]Baron, R.A., Ward, T.B. Expanding Entrepreneurial Cognition's Toolbox:Potential Contributions from the Field of Cognitive Science. Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2004, Vol.28:553-573.
[19]Baum, A.C. and Haveman, H.A. Love The Neighbor? Differentiation and Agglomeration in the Manhattan Hotel Industry 1898-1990.Administrative Science Quarterly,1997, Vol.42, No.2: 304-338.
[20]Baumol, W.J.Education for Innovation:Entrepreneurial Breakthroughs versus Corporate Incremental Improvements.NBER Innovation Policy and Economy,2006, Vol.5, Issue 1:33-56.
[21]Beckman, C. The Influence of Founding Teams Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior, Academy of Management Journal,2006, Vol.49:741-758.
[22]Beckman, C., Burton, D, D., O'Reilly, C., Early teams:The impact of team demography on VC financing and going Public. Journal of Business Venturing,2007, Vol.22:147-173.
[23]Beckman, C., Burton, D, D. Founding the Future:Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.Organization Science,2008, Vol.19, Issue.1:3-24.
[24]Bergmann Lichtenstein, B.M., Brush, C.G. How Do "Resource Bundles" Develop and Change in New Ventures? A Dynamic Model and Longitudinal Exploration.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol.25,2001.
[25]Bhave, R.A. A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9, Issue 3:223-242.
[26]Bhide, A.V.The origin and evolution of new business. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2000.
[27]Bird, C. Speeding Products to Market:Waiting Time to First Product Introduction in New Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35:177-207.
[28]Boeker, W. Organizational origins:Entrepreneurial and Environmental Imprinting at the Time of Founding. In G. Carroll (Ed.), Ecological models of organizations, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing,1998.
[29]Boeker, W. Strategic change:the effects of founding and history. The Academy of Management Journal,1989, Vol.32, Issue3:489-515.
[30]Boeker, W., Wiltbank, R.New Venture Evolution and Managerial Capabilities.Organization Science,2005, Vol.16, Issue.2:123-133.
[31]Bruce A. B., Taylor, C.T. R&D Intensity and Acquisitions in High-Technology Industries: Evidence from the US Electronic and Electrical Equipment Industries. The Journal of Industrial Economics,2000, Vol.48:47-70.
[32]Bruderl, J., Schussler, R. Organization Mortality:The liabilities of newness and adolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, Vol.35, Issue.3:530-547.
[33]Burton, M.D., Sorensen, J.B., Beckman, C.M. Coming from good stock:career histories and new venture formation. Social structure and organization revisited,2002, Vol.19:229-262.
[34]Breschi, S. Malerba, S. Orsenigo,L. Technological Regimes and Schumpeterian Patterns of Innovation. The Economic Journal,2000, Vol.110, Issue.463:388-410.
[35]Brush, C.G., Greene, P.G., Hart, M.M. From initial idea to unique advantage:The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of Management Executive, 2001, Vol.15, Issue 1:64-80.
[36]Busenitz, L. W., West, G. P., Shepherd, D., Entrepreneurship research in emergence:Past trends and future directions. Journal of Management,2003, Vol.29, Issue3:295-305.
[37]Busenitz, L.W., Barney, J.B. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations:Bias and heuristics in strategic decision-making.Journal of Business Venturing, 1997, Vol.12, Issue 1:9-30.
[38]Bygrave, W.D., Hofer, C.W. Theorizing about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1991, Vol.16, Issue 2:13-22.
[39]Chandler, G.N., Hanks, S.H. Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9, Issue4:331-349.
[40]Chandler, G.N., Honig, B., and Wiklund, J.Antecedents, Moderators, and Performance Consequences of Membership Change in New Venture Teams. Journal of Business Venturing, 2005, Vol.20, Issue.5:705-725.
[41]Clarysse, B.,Moray, N., A Process Study of Entrepreneurial Team Formation:The Case of a Research-based Spin-off.Journal of Business Venturing,2004,Vol.19, Issue 1:55-79.
[42]Carroll, G.R. and Delacroix J. Organizational Mortality in the Newspaper Industries of Argentina and Ireland:An Ecological Approach. Administrative Science Quarterly,1982, Vol.27, No.2:169-198.
[43]Carroll, G.R., Hannan, M.T.Density delay in the evolution of organizational populations:A model and five empirical tests. Administrative Science Quarterly,1989, Vol.34:411-430.
[44]Carter, N.M., Stearns, T.M., Reynolds, P.D., Miller, B.A.New venture strategies:theory development with an empirical base.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.15:21-41.
[45]Certo, S.T. Influencing initial public offering vestors with prestige:signaling with board structures. Academy of Management Review,2003, Vol.28, Issue.3:432-446.
[46]Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., et al. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavior sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Association,2003
[47]Cooper,A.C., Gimeno-Gascon, F.J. Entrepreneurs, process of founding, and new firm performance". In D. Sexton and J. Kasarda, eds.,The State of the Art in Entrepreneurship. Boston, MA:PWS Kent Publishing Company,1992.
[48]Cooper A C, Gimeno-Gascon FJ, Woo C Y. Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,1994, Vol.9:371-395
[49]Cooper, A.C., Dunkelberg, W.C., Woo, C.Y.Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success. Journal of Business Venturing,1988, Vol.3:97-108.
[50]Child, J. Organization structure, environment and performance:the role of strategic choice. Sociology,1972, Vol.6, Issue.1:1-22.
[51]Chandler, A.D. Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.1962.
[52]Chandler, A.D. Strategy and structure:chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press,1962.
[53]Covin, J.G., Slevin, D.P., Heeley, M.B. Pioneers and followers:Competitive tactics, environment, and firm growth.Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15, Issue 2:175-210.
[54]Dahlqvist, J., Davidsson, P., Wiklund, J. Initial Conditions as Predictors of New Venture Performance:A Replication and Extension of the Cooper et al. study. Enterprise and innovation Management Studies,2000, Vol.1, Issue.1:1-17.
[55]De Castro, J.O., Chrisman, J.J. Order of Market Entry, Competitive Strategy, and Financial Performance. Journal of Business Research,1995, Vol.33, Issue.2:165-177.
[56]Deeds, D.L., Decrolis, D.,Coombs, J.E. The impact of firm specific capabilities on the amount of capital raised in an initial public offering:evidence from the biotechnology industry. Journal of Business Venturing,1997, Vol.12:31-46.
[57]Delmar, F., Shane, S. Does Experience Matter? The Effect of Founding Team Experience on the Survival and Sales of Newly Founded Ventures. Strategic Organization,2006, Vol.4, Issue.3: 215-243.
[58]Dess, Gregory G., Beard, Donald W.Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly,1984, Vol.29:52-73.
[59]Dess, G.G., Robinson, R.B. Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures:the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal,1984, Vol.5:265-273.
[60]Dollinger,M. Entrepreneurship Strategies and Resources. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall, Indiana University.Ganser, T.1999.
[61]Duchesneau, D.A., Gartner, W.B.A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing,1990, Vol.5, Issue 5:297-312.
[62]Eisenhardt, K.M., Schoonhoven, C.The Organizational Growth:Linking Founding Team, Strategy, Environment and Growth among U.S. Semiconductor Ventures.1978-1988".1990, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.35:504-529.
[63]Ensley, M.D., Pearson, A.W., Amason, A.C.Understanding the Dynamics of New Venture Top Management Teams:Cohesion, Conflict, and New Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17, Issue 4, pp.365-386.
[64]Feeser, H.R., Willard, G.E. Founding Strategy and Performance:A Comparison of High and Low Growth High Tech Firms. Strategic Management Journal,1990, Vol.11, Issue.2:87-98.
[65]Fern, M.The Origin of Strategy in New Ventures:Evidence from Air Transportation Industry, 1995-2005.Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina,2006.
[66]Fichman, M., Levinthal, D.A. Honeymoons and the liability of adolescence:a new perspective on duration dependence in social and organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review,1991, Vol.16, Issue.2:442-468.
[67]Fowler, F.J.Survey research methods. Newbury Park:Sage,1988.
[68]Friedrich, R.J. In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations. American Journal of Political Science,1982, Vol.26, Issue.4:797-833.
[69]Gartner, W.B. Who is an entrepreneur is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business,1988, Vol.12, Issue 4:11-31.
[70]Gans, J.S., Stern, S. The Product Market and the Market for "Ideas":Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs. Research Policy,2003, Vol.32:333-350.
[71]Gans, J.S., Hsu, D.H., Stern, S. When does start-up innovation spur the gale of creative Destruction.The RAND Journal of Economics,2000, Vol.33:571-586.
[72]Gimeno, J., Folta, T.B., Cooper, A.C., Woo, C.Y. Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms.Administrative Science Quarterly, 1997, Vol.42:750-783.
[73]Gregorio, D. D., Shane, S. Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy,2003, Vol.32, Issue 2:209-227.
[74]Haiyang Li, Jun Li. Top management team conflict and entrepreneurial strategy making in China.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,2009,Vol.26,Issue.2:263-283.
[75]Haiyang Li.How does new venture strategy matter in the environment-performance relationship.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,2001, Vol.12,lssue.2:183-204.
[76]Hambrick, D.C., Mason, P.A.Upper Echelons:The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers.Academy of Management Review,1984, Vol.9, No.2:193-206.
[77]Hambrick, Donald C, Ian MacMillan, and Diana Day.Strategic attributes and performance in the BCG matrix-A PIMS-based analysis of industrial product businesses. Academy of Management Journal,1982,25:510-531.
[78]Hannan, M.T., Freeman, J.H. Structural inertia and organizational change.American Journal of Sociology,1984,89:149-164.
[79]Harper, D.A.Towards a Theory of Entrepreneurial Teams.Journal of business venturing,2008, Vol.23, Issue.6:613-626.
[80]Helfat, C.E., Lieberman, M.B.The birth of capabilities:market entry and the importance of pre-history Industrial and Corporate Change,2002, Vol.11, Issue.4:725-760.
[81]Henneke, D., Luthje, C.Interdisciplinary Heterogeneity as a Catalyst for Product Innovativeness of Entrepreneurial Teams. Creativity and Innovation Management,2007, Vol.16, Issue.2:121-132.
[82]Heirman, A., Clarysse.B, How and why do Research-Based Start-Ups Differ at Founding? A Resource-Based Configurational Perspective.Journal of Technology Transfer,2004, Vol.29: 247-268.
[83]Heirman, A., Clarysse B.Which Tangible and Intangible Assets Matter for Innovation Speed in Start-Ups. Journal of product innovation management,2007, Vol.24:303-315.
[84]Hemphill, T.A. National technology entrepreneurship policy:foundation of a network economy. Science and Public Policy,2005, Vol.32, Issue.6:469-478.
[85]Higgins, M.C., Gulati, R. Getting off to a good start:The effects of upper echelon affiliations on underwriter prestige. Organization Science,2003, Vol.14, Issue 3:244-263.
[86]Hindle, K., Yencken, J. Public research commercialization, entrepreneurship and new technology based firms:an integrated model. Technovation,2004, Vol.24:793-803.
[87]Hsu, D.H.Experienced entrepreneurial founders, organizational capital, and venture capital funding.Research Policy,2007, Vol.36:722-741.
[88]Johnson,V. What is organizational imprinting?Cultural entrepreneurship in the founding of the Paris opera. American Journal of Sociology,2007, Vol.113, Issue1:97-127.
[89]Kamm, J., Shuman, J., Seeger, J. A., and Nurick, A. Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation:a research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1990, Vol.15:7-17.
[90]Katila, R., Shane, S. When does lack of resources make new firms innovative.Academy of Management Journal,2005, Vol.48, lssue.5:814-829.
[91]Keh, H.T., Foo, M.D., Lim, B.C. Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions:The cognitive process of entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2002, Vol.27,Issue 2: 125-148.
[92]Kelley, D.J., Rice, M.P. Technology-based strategic actions in new firms:the influence of founding technology resources. Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2001.
[93]Kelley, D.J., Rice, M.P. Advantage beyond founding:The strategic use of technologies. Journal of Business Venturing,2002, Vol.17:41-57.
[94]Levesque, M., Shepherd, D. A.Entrepreneurs' Choice of Entry Strategy in Emerging and Developed Markets. Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19, Issue.1:29-54.
[95]Lichtenstein, B.B., Brush, C.G. How do "resource bundles" develop and change in new venture? A dynamic model and longitudinal exploration.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001, Vol.25, Issue 2:37-58.
[96]Low, M., MacMillan, I. Entrepreneurship:Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management,1988, Vol.14, Issue 2:139-161.
[97]Lumpkin G.T., Dess G.G. Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review,1996, Vol.21, Issue.1:135-172.
[98]March, J.G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 1991, Vol.2, Issue 1:71-87.
[99]Marvel, M.R. and Lumpkin, G.T.Technology Entrepreneurs' Human Capital and its Effects on Innovation Radicalness.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31, Issue.6:807-828.
[100]Miles, R.,Snow,C. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1978.
[101]Miller, D. Strategy making and structure:Analysis and implications for performance. Academy of Management Journal,1987,30(1):7-32.
[102]Miller,T. The structural and environmental correlates of business strategy.Strategic Management Journal,1987, Vol.8:55-76.
[103]Mitchell, R.K., Busenitz, L.,Lant, T., et al. Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research. Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice, Vol.27,2002.
[104]Murphy, G., Trailer, J., Hill, R.Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research,1996, Vol.36, Issue 1:15-23.
[105]Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, Kaisu Puumalainen.Nature and Dynamics of Appropriability: Strategies for Appropriating Returns on Innovation. R&D management,2007, Vol.37:95-112.
[106]Penrose, E. T.The theory of the growth of the firm. White Plains, N. Y.:M. E. Sharpe. 1959.
[107]Quinn, R. and Cameron, C. Organizational life cycles and shifts criteria of effectiveness: Some preliminary evidence.Management Science,1983, Vol.29, Issue 1:33-51.
[108]Roberts, E.B., Berry, C.A. Entering new business:selecting the strategies for success. Slong Management Journal,1984.
[109]Rosenkopf. L., Nerkar, A.Beyond Local Search:Boundary-Spanning, Exploration, and Impact in the Optical Disk Industry. Strategic Management Journal,2001, Vol.22, Issue.4: 287-306.
[110]Rotefoss, B.A resource-based approach to the business start-up process.Doctoral Dissertation Brunell University/Henley Management College,2001.
[111]Rumelt, R. P. Theory, Strategy and Entrepreneurship, in Teece D. (Eds.), The Competitive Challenge:Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA,1987, 137-158.
[112]Marvel, M.R., Lumpkin, G. T. Technology Entrepreneurs'Human Capital and Its Effects on Innovation Radicalness.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31,Issue.6:807-828.
[113]McDougall, P.P., Covin, J.G., Robinson, R.B., Jr., and Herron, L.The effects of industry growth and strategic breadth on new venture performance and strategy content.Strategic Management Journal,1994, Vol.14:137-153.
[114]Michael J. Dowling, McGee, J.E. Business and Technology Strategies and New Venture Performance:A Study of the Telecommunications Equipment Industry.Management Science, 1994, Vol.40, Issue.12:1663-1677.
[115]Nerkar, A., Shane, S. When do start-ups that exploit patented academic knowledge survive? International Journal of Industrial Organization,2003, Vol.21.Issue.9:1391-1410.
[116]Nicholls-Nixon,C.L.M., Cooper, A.D., Woo, C.Y. Strategic experimentation:understanding change and performance in new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15,493-521.
[117]Samuelsson, M. Creating New Ventures:A Longitudinal Investigation of the Nascent Venturing Process, Doctoral dissertation, Jonkoping:Jonkoping International Business School, Sweden,2004.
[118]Schumpeter, J.A.The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1934.
[119]Schumpeter, J.A.Entrepreneurship as innovation.In:Swedberg, R., eds. Press,2000. Entrepreneurship:The Social Science View (pp.51-88). New York:Oxford University.
[120]Shan, S. Selling University Technology:Patterns from MIT. Management Science,2002, Vol.48, Issue.1:122-137.
[121]Shane,S.Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Organization Science,2000, Vol.11, Issue 4:448-469.
[122]Shane, S., Stuart, T. Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management Science,2002, Vol.48, Issue 1:154-170.
[123]Shane,S.,Venkataraman,S.The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review,2000, Vol.25, Issue 1:217-226.
[124]Shane,S., Khurana, R. Bringing individuals back in:the effects of career experience on new firm founding. Industrial and Corporate Change,2003, Vol.12, Issue.3:519-543.
[125]Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E.J., Shanley, M. New venture survival:ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of Business Venturing,2000, Vol.15:393-410.
[126]Shrader, R., Siegel, D.S. Assessing the Relationship between Human Capital and Firm Performance:Evidence from Technology-Based New Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31, Issue 6:893-907.
[127]Singh, J.V., Lumsden, C.J. Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology.Annual Review of Sociology,1990,16:161-195.
[128]Srinivasan, R., Lilien, G.L., Rangaswamy,A.Technology Opportunism and Radical Technology Adoption:An Application to E-Business. Journal of Marketing,2002, Vol.66, Issue.3: 47-60.
[129]Steensma, H.K., Corley, K. G.On the Performance of Technology-Sourcing Partnerships: The Interaction between Partner Interdependence and Technology Attributes. The Academy of Management Journal,2000, Vol.43, Issue.6:1045-1067.
[130]Stinchcombe A L.Social structure and organizations.In March J G, eds.,Handbook of Organizations. Chicago:Rand McNally,1965:142-193.
[131]Stuart, R.W., Abetti, P.A. Start-up ventures:Towards the prediction of early success. Journal of Business Venturing,1987, Vol.2, Issue 3:215-230.
[132]Stuart, T.E., Hoang, H., Hybels, R.C. Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999, Vol.44, Issue 2,315-349.
[133]Swaminatha.A. Environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality:a trial-by-fire model.Academy of Management Journal,1996, Vol.39.Issue.5:1350-1377.
[134]Timmons, J.A. New venture creation-Entrepreneurship for the 21st century.5th edition.Irwin Mcgram Hill,1999.
[135]Tomes, A., Erol, R. Armstrong, P. Technological entrepreneurship Integrating technological and product innovation.Technovation,2000, Vol.20, Issue.3:115-127.
[136]Utterback, J., Meyer, M., Tuff, T., Richardson.When Speeding Concepts to Market Can Be a Mistake. Interfaces,1992, Vol.22, Issue.4:24-37.
[137]Venkatraman, N., Ramanujam, V. Measuring of business performance in strategy research: a comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review,1986, Vol.11:801-814.
[138]Vohora, A., Wright, M., Locket, A. Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies. Research Policy,2004, Vol.33:147-175.
[139]Vyakarnam, S., Handelberg, J. Four Themes of the impact of management teams on organizational performance implications for future research of entrepreneurial teams.International Small Business Journal,2005, Vol.3, Issue3:236-256.
[140]Ward, T.B.Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing,2004, Vol.19:173-188.
[141]Wall, T.D., Michie, J., Patterson, M. On the validity of subjective measures of company performance. Personnel Psychology,2004, Vol.57, Issue2:95-118.
[142]Wernerfelt, B.A resource-based view of the firm.Strategic Management Journal,1984, Vol.5, Issuel:171-180.
[143]West, P., Noel T.The Impact of Knowledge Resources on New Venture Performance. Journal of Small Business Management,2009, Vol.47, Issue.1:1-22.
[144]West, III G.P. Collective Cognition:When Entrepreneurial Teams, Not Individuals, Make Decisions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2007, Vol.31, Issue 1:77-102.
[145]Wolfe, R.A. Organizational innovation:review, critique and suggested research directions. Journal of Management Studies,1994, Vol.31, Issue.3:405-431.
[146]Zahra, S.A., Covin, J.G.Business strategy, technology policy and firm performance.Strategic Management Journal,1993,14:451-478.
[147]Zaltman, C., Duncan, R., Holbek,J.Innovations and Organizations. New York:Wiley,1973.
[148]Zimmerman, M.A.The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on the Capital Raised Through an Initial Public Offering. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2008, Vol.32, Issue 3:391-414.
[149]Zott, C., Amit, R. Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms. Organization Science,2007, Vol.18, Issue 2:181-199.