产业集群内中小企业创业的要素供给及其实施路径研究
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摘要
依据创业的研究进展和现实需要,创业研究既需要关注“创业环境”的创业要素的供给机理研究,抓住创业活动是在具体环境内的探险活动的事实;也要探明实施“创业过程”的操作方法,把握具有不确定性和风险性的创业活动内在规律。鉴于此,本文结合创业的主体力量——中小企业,和创业的重要空间——产业集群两个方面,探讨产业集群内的中小企业“创业要素供给机理”和“创业活动实施路径”,达到在理论方面揭示产业集群是中小企业创业的重要空间的机理,打开现有的产业集群内易于中小企业创业的研究“黑箱”;在实践方面提供产业集群内中小企业创业活动实施路径,促进产业集群内中小企业创业活动。本文使用理论分析结合实证研究的方法,研究了产业集群内的中小企业创业的要素供给及其实施路径,主要研究内容是:
(1)产业集群内中小企业创业的关键要素研究。在理论分析和访谈、重点案例分析的定性研究方法基础上,构建产业集群内中小企业创业所需关键因素的初步维度,开展问卷调查等实证研究,得出产业集群内中小企业创业的关键要素是创业机会、创业资源和创业者等,从而明确中小企业开展创业活动所需要抓住的关键要素。
(2)产业集群内创业关键要素的供给机理及其与中小企业创业活动发生的相关性研究。现有研究只是证实了产业集群易于创业,产业集群与创业的关系密切,但是没有揭示其内在机理。针对这一“黑箱”式研究结论,本文在提炼基于创业要素供给的产业集群特征基础上,进行产业集群特征与创业要素供给内在机理的理论分析并提出相关研究假设,克服测量产业集群特征供给创业关键要素的研究难点,采用转换方式,将测量产业集群特征供给创业关键要素,转换成测量创业者从产业集群获取的创业关键要素,设计测量变量和调查问卷,选取典型产业集群,开展大样本调研进行获取数据和分析,首先,得出产业集群供给创业关键要素的机理是集群外部性、网络关系和专业化分工供给了创业机会;集群外部性、网络关系和硬件设施供给了创业资源;集群软环境、创业机会和资源支持供给了创业者等。其次,得出产业集群内有利于中小创业的机理是产业集群供给的创业关键要素与中小企业创业活动具有的正相关性,从而证明了产业集群供给创业关键要素而成为中小企业创业的有利区域,或产业集群内中小企业创业发生率和成功率较高的研究假设。
(3)产业集群不同发展阶段的创业要素供给差异性及其引致的创业活动差异性机理研究。现有研究提出了产业集群发展不同阶段的创业活动发生率具有差异性的现象,但是缺乏实证研究,并且,由于观察同一个产业集群不同发展阶段的跨期较长而难以获取有效数据,所以现有解释缺乏可信性。本文使用处于不同发展阶段的多个产业集群,组合成产业集群的不同发展阶段,代替同一个产业集群不同发展阶段,克服了研究难点。首先,在现有产业集群研究基础上,提炼出产业集群不同发展阶段的特征,识别出形成阶段、快速成长阶段和成熟阶段的三组产业集群。其次,对三组产业集群分别开展调研获取数据,分析得出产业集群不同发展阶段的中小企业创业关键要素供给具有差异性。最后,设计和使用相应的调查问卷获取数据,分析得出是产业集群不同发展阶段特征变迁导致的创业关键要素供给差异性,决定着产业集群不同发展阶段的创业活动差异性及其发生率差异性。这就深化和细化了产业集群内的中小企业创业研究。
(4)产业集群内中小企业创业的实施路径研究。现有关于创业的实施路径路径主要有机会导向的创业过程、创业者导向创业过程、社会认知论视角下的创业过程,等,但是,都缺少在具体环境内(如产业集群内)实施创业活动的研究结论,因而研究结论过于泛化。本文依据产业集群供给丰富的创业要素、创业要素与创业活动发生具有正相关的研究结论,首先提出产业集群内中小企业实施创业路径的研究假设,然后开展调研获取数据进行实证研究,验证研究假设正确性,得出产业集群内中小企业实施创业路径是:具有创业特质的潜在创业者,首先从产业集群内获得社会特征,构建创业网络,然后发挥创业精神,在创业要素供给丰富的产业集群内,使用其创业网络识别创业机会和整合创业资源,实施创业活动,实现创业绩效,并且,这个过程具有手段导向理论所提出的手段—行动—效果—检验—调整—再行动的特征。这就为产业集群内的中小企业创业者实施创业活动提供了操作方法,也揭开了创业的过程黑箱。
在创业备受关注的时代,本研究的理论意义是推进了基于“环境”和“过程”的创业研究,深化了产业集群内的创业研究。实践价值是从国家或区域层面看,可以通过发展产业集群策略来引导和促进创业;从创业者层面看,可以选择产业集群作为创业基地,较容易地获取创业机会和创业资源从而提高创业成功率。
There are many topics which must be solved by reseachers in entrepreneurship researches. This dissertation, reviewing the process of entrepreneurship researches, and according to Chinese entrepreneurial practical needs, thinks the entrepreneurial research is not only need to pay close attention to "entrepreneurship environment”, which is the environment of entrepreneurial elements supply, but also need to research operational methods of "entrepreneurial process", grasp the regularity that entrepreneurship has uncertainty and risk venture. In view of this, this dissertation combined with the principal force of entrepreneurial—small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and important region of start-ups—industrial clusters, researched the" environment of SMEs entrepreneurial element supply ", and " implementing approach of entrepreneurial process”, achieved the theory goal of revealing industrial cluster is the important region for SMEs entrepreneurship, and " the Black box" that it is easier to entrepreneur for SMEs in industrial cluster, at the same time, achieved the practice goal of offering implementation approaches for SMEs entrepreneurial process in industrial cluster,finally, this dissertation in an effort to provide specific guidance for SMEs entrepreneurial in industrial cluster.
This dissertation, using theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, research the SMEs entrepreneurship elements supply in industrial cluster, and the implementation approaches that instruct entrepreneurs to carry out new business in industrial cluster:
(1)Research on the Key elements of SMEs entrepreneurship. Through the theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, research the Key elements of SMEs entrepreneurship, such as entrepreneurship opportunities and entrepreneurship resources and entrepreneur.
(2) Research on the mechanism that the industrial clusters supply the key elements for SMEs entrepreneurship, and the correlation between the key elements supply takes advantage to the entrepreneurship of SMEs in industrial cluster. First, reveal the mechanism that the industrial cluster supply the key elements for SMEs entrepreneurship, it is that external economies it and network and specialization in industrial cluster supply entrepreneurial opportunities; the externality and network and hardware facilities supply entrepreneurial resources; the industrial cluster soft environment and entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial resources supply entrepreneur. Second, reveal the mechanism that the key entrepreneurial elements, which industrial cluster supply, are significantly corrected with the entrepreneurial of SMEs. So, the industrial cluster provides an important region to start-ups a new business for SMEs.
(3) Research on the mechanism that different entrepreneurial elements supplying, and the mechanism that it causes the differences of SMEs entrepreneurial in different development stages of industrial cluster. First, reveal the differences of entrepreneurial elements supplying on different development stages of industrial cluster. Such as the beginning stage and the rapid growth stage and the mature stage. Second, reveal the differences of entrepreneurial SMEs on different stages of the development of industrial cluster, which arouse the differences of SMEs entrepreneurial at the begining stage and the rapid growth stage and the mature stage. Those put forward the research of SMEs in industrial cluster.
(4) Research on the implement approaches for SMEs’entrepreneurial in industrial cluster. By theoretical and empirical studies, this dissertation would offer some implement approaches for start-up SMEs in industrial cluster. The path is the entrepreneurs with entrepreneur characteristics getting social characteristics and social network in the industrial cluster, playing their entrepreneur activity, using social networks to identify and develop opportunity and integrate business resources, carrying out the entrepreneurial performance.
In the age of entrepreneurship concerning, this research not only has theoretical value, promotes the research about "entrepreneurship environment" and "entrepreneurial process", and the research of SMEs entrepreneurial in industrial cluster, but also has very important practical significance. From national or regional perspectives, developing all kinds of industrial clusters that can guide and promote entrepreneurship indirectly. From entrepreneurs’perspectives, choosing the industrial cluster as a business base can obtain opportunities and resources more easily and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship. This provides a new thought for entrepreneurs to start a business successfully and an implement approach of SMEs, and the operational methods can instruct entrepreneurs in the industrial cluster to carry out new business.
(1)产业集群内中小企业创业的关键要素研究。在理论分析和访谈、重点案例分析的定性研究方法基础上,构建产业集群内中小企业创业所需关键因素的初步维度,开展问卷调查等实证研究,得出产业集群内中小企业创业的关键要素是创业机会、创业资源和创业者等,从而明确中小企业开展创业活动所需要抓住的关键要素。
(2)产业集群内创业关键要素的供给机理及其与中小企业创业活动发生的相关性研究。现有研究只是证实了产业集群易于创业,产业集群与创业的关系密切,但是没有揭示其内在机理。针对这一“黑箱”式研究结论,本文在提炼基于创业要素供给的产业集群特征基础上,进行产业集群特征与创业要素供给内在机理的理论分析并提出相关研究假设,克服测量产业集群特征供给创业关键要素的研究难点,采用转换方式,将测量产业集群特征供给创业关键要素,转换成测量创业者从产业集群获取的创业关键要素,设计测量变量和调查问卷,选取典型产业集群,开展大样本调研进行获取数据和分析,首先,得出产业集群供给创业关键要素的机理是集群外部性、网络关系和专业化分工供给了创业机会;集群外部性、网络关系和硬件设施供给了创业资源;集群软环境、创业机会和资源支持供给了创业者等。其次,得出产业集群内有利于中小创业的机理是产业集群供给的创业关键要素与中小企业创业活动具有的正相关性,从而证明了产业集群供给创业关键要素而成为中小企业创业的有利区域,或产业集群内中小企业创业发生率和成功率较高的研究假设。
(3)产业集群不同发展阶段的创业要素供给差异性及其引致的创业活动差异性机理研究。现有研究提出了产业集群发展不同阶段的创业活动发生率具有差异性的现象,但是缺乏实证研究,并且,由于观察同一个产业集群不同发展阶段的跨期较长而难以获取有效数据,所以现有解释缺乏可信性。本文使用处于不同发展阶段的多个产业集群,组合成产业集群的不同发展阶段,代替同一个产业集群不同发展阶段,克服了研究难点。首先,在现有产业集群研究基础上,提炼出产业集群不同发展阶段的特征,识别出形成阶段、快速成长阶段和成熟阶段的三组产业集群。其次,对三组产业集群分别开展调研获取数据,分析得出产业集群不同发展阶段的中小企业创业关键要素供给具有差异性。最后,设计和使用相应的调查问卷获取数据,分析得出是产业集群不同发展阶段特征变迁导致的创业关键要素供给差异性,决定着产业集群不同发展阶段的创业活动差异性及其发生率差异性。这就深化和细化了产业集群内的中小企业创业研究。
(4)产业集群内中小企业创业的实施路径研究。现有关于创业的实施路径路径主要有机会导向的创业过程、创业者导向创业过程、社会认知论视角下的创业过程,等,但是,都缺少在具体环境内(如产业集群内)实施创业活动的研究结论,因而研究结论过于泛化。本文依据产业集群供给丰富的创业要素、创业要素与创业活动发生具有正相关的研究结论,首先提出产业集群内中小企业实施创业路径的研究假设,然后开展调研获取数据进行实证研究,验证研究假设正确性,得出产业集群内中小企业实施创业路径是:具有创业特质的潜在创业者,首先从产业集群内获得社会特征,构建创业网络,然后发挥创业精神,在创业要素供给丰富的产业集群内,使用其创业网络识别创业机会和整合创业资源,实施创业活动,实现创业绩效,并且,这个过程具有手段导向理论所提出的手段—行动—效果—检验—调整—再行动的特征。这就为产业集群内的中小企业创业者实施创业活动提供了操作方法,也揭开了创业的过程黑箱。
在创业备受关注的时代,本研究的理论意义是推进了基于“环境”和“过程”的创业研究,深化了产业集群内的创业研究。实践价值是从国家或区域层面看,可以通过发展产业集群策略来引导和促进创业;从创业者层面看,可以选择产业集群作为创业基地,较容易地获取创业机会和创业资源从而提高创业成功率。
There are many topics which must be solved by reseachers in entrepreneurship researches. This dissertation, reviewing the process of entrepreneurship researches, and according to Chinese entrepreneurial practical needs, thinks the entrepreneurial research is not only need to pay close attention to "entrepreneurship environment”, which is the environment of entrepreneurial elements supply, but also need to research operational methods of "entrepreneurial process", grasp the regularity that entrepreneurship has uncertainty and risk venture. In view of this, this dissertation combined with the principal force of entrepreneurial—small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and important region of start-ups—industrial clusters, researched the" environment of SMEs entrepreneurial element supply ", and " implementing approach of entrepreneurial process”, achieved the theory goal of revealing industrial cluster is the important region for SMEs entrepreneurship, and " the Black box" that it is easier to entrepreneur for SMEs in industrial cluster, at the same time, achieved the practice goal of offering implementation approaches for SMEs entrepreneurial process in industrial cluster,finally, this dissertation in an effort to provide specific guidance for SMEs entrepreneurial in industrial cluster.
This dissertation, using theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, research the SMEs entrepreneurship elements supply in industrial cluster, and the implementation approaches that instruct entrepreneurs to carry out new business in industrial cluster:
(1)Research on the Key elements of SMEs entrepreneurship. Through the theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, research the Key elements of SMEs entrepreneurship, such as entrepreneurship opportunities and entrepreneurship resources and entrepreneur.
(2) Research on the mechanism that the industrial clusters supply the key elements for SMEs entrepreneurship, and the correlation between the key elements supply takes advantage to the entrepreneurship of SMEs in industrial cluster. First, reveal the mechanism that the industrial cluster supply the key elements for SMEs entrepreneurship, it is that external economies it and network and specialization in industrial cluster supply entrepreneurial opportunities; the externality and network and hardware facilities supply entrepreneurial resources; the industrial cluster soft environment and entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial resources supply entrepreneur. Second, reveal the mechanism that the key entrepreneurial elements, which industrial cluster supply, are significantly corrected with the entrepreneurial of SMEs. So, the industrial cluster provides an important region to start-ups a new business for SMEs.
(3) Research on the mechanism that different entrepreneurial elements supplying, and the mechanism that it causes the differences of SMEs entrepreneurial in different development stages of industrial cluster. First, reveal the differences of entrepreneurial elements supplying on different development stages of industrial cluster. Such as the beginning stage and the rapid growth stage and the mature stage. Second, reveal the differences of entrepreneurial SMEs on different stages of the development of industrial cluster, which arouse the differences of SMEs entrepreneurial at the begining stage and the rapid growth stage and the mature stage. Those put forward the research of SMEs in industrial cluster.
(4) Research on the implement approaches for SMEs’entrepreneurial in industrial cluster. By theoretical and empirical studies, this dissertation would offer some implement approaches for start-up SMEs in industrial cluster. The path is the entrepreneurs with entrepreneur characteristics getting social characteristics and social network in the industrial cluster, playing their entrepreneur activity, using social networks to identify and develop opportunity and integrate business resources, carrying out the entrepreneurial performance.
In the age of entrepreneurship concerning, this research not only has theoretical value, promotes the research about "entrepreneurship environment" and "entrepreneurial process", and the research of SMEs entrepreneurial in industrial cluster, but also has very important practical significance. From national or regional perspectives, developing all kinds of industrial clusters that can guide and promote entrepreneurship indirectly. From entrepreneurs’perspectives, choosing the industrial cluster as a business base can obtain opportunities and resources more easily and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship. This provides a new thought for entrepreneurs to start a business successfully and an implement approach of SMEs, and the operational methods can instruct entrepreneurs in the industrial cluster to carry out new business.
引文
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