过程观下的创业网络构建研究
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摘要
创业被誉为“经济增长的引擎”,是推动科技进步与社会发展的源动力。然而,初创企业如何在资源匮乏与合法性缺失的条件下,克服生存问题获得成长,成为创业研究关注的重点。创业网络,作为初创企业获取经济与社会资源的纽带,不仅有助于初创企业渡过早期困难期,而且还影响着创业者在整个创业过程中的行为决策。同时,随着新生企业的发展壮大,创业网络也呈现出动态变化的趋势,网络规模、密度等属性也在创业过程的不同阶段体现出不同特征。探究创业网络与创业过程及结果之间的联系,无论对于创业理论研究还是创业实践来说,都具有重要的意义。
本文首先对国内外的相关研究进行了回顾与总概。论文在综合探讨相关理论的基础上,针对当前创业领域网络过程研究的各个视角,进行了梳理与对比,并指出了当前研究的不足。接下来,论文借鉴社会网络和商业网络的研究,以综合观点对创业网络进行
了探讨分析。研究从两个部分进行了论述:其一,视创业网络为自变量,探讨了创业网络对创业过程及结果的社会影响机制;其二,视创业网络为因变量,探讨创业主体对创业网络的构建及创业网络随创业过程的发展所表现出的动态变化。以此,试图打开创业网络与创业过程之间互动关系的黑箱。
最后,本文根据前述的研究分析,提出了创业网络的综合观,并构建了三维网络模型对网络化过程进行建模分析,同时用案例论证了模型所揭示的一般规律。文章的结尾,指出了研究中需要改进的不足及未来可能的研究方向。
As "the engine of economic growth", Entrepreneurship is the important driving force to promote technology development and social progress. However, how startups overcome survival problems and grow in the lack of resources and legality becomes the focus of entrepreneurship researches. Entrepreneurial networks, as the source of startups getting economic and social capital,do not only help startups overcome early survival difficulties, but also affect the entrepreneurs’behavior and decision-making during the entrepreneurial process. Meanwhile, entrepreneurial networks also present dynamics along with the development of startups. And the attributes of networks such as scale and density exhibit different characteristics in different stages of entrepreneurial processes. Therefore, exploring the causal relationship between entrepreneurial networks and entrepreneurial processes has the vital significance whether in entrepreneurial theory research or practice.
First, this paper reviews the results of relevant researches and conclusions at home and abroad. Based on the comprehensive discussion about the relative basis theories, it also summarizes and contrasts perspectives of the network process research in the current entrepreneurship. Meanwhile,it points out various defects of current researches.
Next, this paper attempts to explore entrepreneurial networks with an integrated view which references research achievements from researches of social networks and business networks. Researches are discussed from two parts: first, depending on the networks as the independent variable and focusing on the social mechanisms which impact the entrepreneurial processes through networks; second, depending on the networks as the dependent variable and focusing on how entrepreneurial networks are formed by entrepreneur and how entrepreneurial networks change along with the development of entrepreneurship. Thus, attempt to open the black box of the causal relationships between entrepreneurial networks and entrepreneurial processes.
Finally, based on the previous research achievements, this paper puts forward an integrated view of entrepreneurial networks and constructs a three-dimensional model to analyze entrepreneurial networking processes. And it also uses a case to demonstrate the general disciplines which the model reveals. In the end, it points out the deficiency of this research and the possible direction of future researches.
本文首先对国内外的相关研究进行了回顾与总概。论文在综合探讨相关理论的基础上,针对当前创业领域网络过程研究的各个视角,进行了梳理与对比,并指出了当前研究的不足。接下来,论文借鉴社会网络和商业网络的研究,以综合观点对创业网络进行
了探讨分析。研究从两个部分进行了论述:其一,视创业网络为自变量,探讨了创业网络对创业过程及结果的社会影响机制;其二,视创业网络为因变量,探讨创业主体对创业网络的构建及创业网络随创业过程的发展所表现出的动态变化。以此,试图打开创业网络与创业过程之间互动关系的黑箱。
最后,本文根据前述的研究分析,提出了创业网络的综合观,并构建了三维网络模型对网络化过程进行建模分析,同时用案例论证了模型所揭示的一般规律。文章的结尾,指出了研究中需要改进的不足及未来可能的研究方向。
As "the engine of economic growth", Entrepreneurship is the important driving force to promote technology development and social progress. However, how startups overcome survival problems and grow in the lack of resources and legality becomes the focus of entrepreneurship researches. Entrepreneurial networks, as the source of startups getting economic and social capital,do not only help startups overcome early survival difficulties, but also affect the entrepreneurs’behavior and decision-making during the entrepreneurial process. Meanwhile, entrepreneurial networks also present dynamics along with the development of startups. And the attributes of networks such as scale and density exhibit different characteristics in different stages of entrepreneurial processes. Therefore, exploring the causal relationship between entrepreneurial networks and entrepreneurial processes has the vital significance whether in entrepreneurial theory research or practice.
First, this paper reviews the results of relevant researches and conclusions at home and abroad. Based on the comprehensive discussion about the relative basis theories, it also summarizes and contrasts perspectives of the network process research in the current entrepreneurship. Meanwhile,it points out various defects of current researches.
Next, this paper attempts to explore entrepreneurial networks with an integrated view which references research achievements from researches of social networks and business networks. Researches are discussed from two parts: first, depending on the networks as the independent variable and focusing on the social mechanisms which impact the entrepreneurial processes through networks; second, depending on the networks as the dependent variable and focusing on how entrepreneurial networks are formed by entrepreneur and how entrepreneurial networks change along with the development of entrepreneurship. Thus, attempt to open the black box of the causal relationships between entrepreneurial networks and entrepreneurial processes.
Finally, based on the previous research achievements, this paper puts forward an integrated view of entrepreneurial networks and constructs a three-dimensional model to analyze entrepreneurial networking processes. And it also uses a case to demonstrate the general disciplines which the model reveals. In the end, it points out the deficiency of this research and the possible direction of future researches.
引文
单标安,蔡莉,王倩. 2011.基于扎根理论的创业网络研究多视角分析与整合框架构建[J]. 外国经济与管理,(33-2).
蔡莉,单标安. 2010.创业网络对新企业绩效的影响——基于企业创建期、存活期及成长期的实证分析[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版), (04) .
耿新,张体勤.2008.国外创业者社会网络研究评述[J].山东社会科学,(04).
嵩.2010.基于创业过程分析的创业网络演化机制研究[J].科技进步与对策, (16).
林嵩.2009.创业网络的概念发展——一个系统的三维模型[J].经济管理, (01).
赵都敏.2007.社会网络视角在创业研究中的进展[J].科学学与科学技术管理,(08).
朱秀梅,于晓宇,杨隽萍. 2011.国外创业网络理论演进及未来研究进展[J].现代管理科学, (02).
周冬梅,鲁若愚. 2010.创业网络中的信任演化研究[J].研究与发展管理, (05).
张玮. 2010.集群下中小企业创业网络的构建研究[D].江苏大学.
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嵩.2010.基于创业过程分析的创业网络演化机制研究[J].科技进步与对策, (16).
林嵩.2009.创业网络的概念发展——一个系统的三维模型[J].经济管理, (01).
赵都敏.2007.社会网络视角在创业研究中的进展[J].科学学与科学技术管理,(08).
朱秀梅,于晓宇,杨隽萍. 2011.国外创业网络理论演进及未来研究进展[J].现代管理科学, (02).
周冬梅,鲁若愚. 2010.创业网络中的信任演化研究[J].研究与发展管理, (05).
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Aldich H, & Zimmer C.1986.Entrepreneurship through social networks [A].Sexton D.L. & Smilor R.W. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship[C]. Cambridge, MA:Ballinger, 2-23.
Ahuja G.2000.Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study[J].Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 425–455.
Anderson AR and Jack SL.2002.The articulation of social capital: a glue or a lubricant[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14(3): 193-210.
Aldrich H.1999.Organizations evolving[M].London: Sage Publications.
Aldrich H and Martinez M.2001.Many are called but few are chosen: an evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship[J]. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25: 41–56.
Baum JAC, Oliver C.1992.Institutional embeddedness and the dynamics of organizational populations[J].American Sociological Review 57: 540–559.
Baron JN, Hannan MT, Hsu G, Kocak O.2001.Gender and the organization-building process in young, high-tech ?rms[A].In Economic Sociology at the Millennium, Guillén MF, Collins R, England P, Meyer M (eds). Russell Sage: New York.
Burt RS, Raider HJ.2002.Creating careers: women’s paths to entrepreneurship[M].Unpublished manuscript, University of Chicago.
Birley S. 1985. The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process [J].Journal of Business Venturing, (1):107-117.
Butler JE & Hansen GS.1991.Network evolution, entrepreneurial success, and regionaldevelopment[J].Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 3, 1–16.
Bruderl J and Preisendorfer P.1998.Network support and the success of newly founded businesses[J].Small Business Economics, 10: 213–225.
Burt, R. 1992. Structural Holes[M]. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Burt, R.S. 1992b. The Social Structure of Competition in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action[A], Eds. N. Nohria and R.G. Eccles, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, pp.57-91.
Burton MD, S?rensen JB, Beckman CM.2002.Coming from good stock: career histories and new venture formation[A].In Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Lounsbury M, Ventresca MJ (eds).Elsevier Science: New York; 229–262.
Benner MJ, & Tushman ML.2003.Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The productivity dilemma revisited[J].Academy of Management Review, 28, 238–256.
Coleman JS.1988.Social capital in the creation of human capital[J].American Journal of Sociology, 94(Suppl.), S95–S120.
Cederman L.2005.Computational models of social forms: advancing generative process theory[J].American Journal of Sociology, 10: 864–893.
Dess GG, & Lumpkin GT.2001.Emerging issues in strategy process research[A].In: M. A. Hitt, R. E. Freeman & J. S. Harrison (Eds), The blackwell handbook of strategic management (pp. 3–34). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Elfring T, & Hulsink W.2003.Networks in entrepreneurship: The case of high-technology ?rms[J].Small Business Economics, 21, 409–422.
Freytag PV & Ritter T.2005.Dynamics of relationships and networks—Creation, maintenance and destruction as managerial challenges[J].Industrial Marketing Management, 34, 644–647.
Greve A and Salaff J.2003.Social networks and entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28(1): 1-22.
Greiner L.1972.Evolution and revolution as organizations grow[J].Harvard Business Review, 50(4), 37–46.
Granovetter MS.1973.The strength of weak ties[J].American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1380.
Granovetter MS.1985.Economic action and social structure: The problem with embeddedness[J].American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.
Gnyawali D R, & Madhavan R.2001.Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics: A structural embeddedness perspective[J].Academy of Management Review, 26, 431–445.
H?kansson H & Snehota I (Eds.).1995.Developing relationships in businessnetworks[M].London: Routledge.
H?kansson H & Snehota I.2006.No business is an island: The network concept of business strategy[J].Scandinavian Journal of Management, 22, 256–270.
H?kansson H, Havila V, & Pedersen AC.1999.Learning in networks[J].Industrial Marketing Management, 28, 443–452.
Hagedoorn J.2006.Understanding the cross-level embeddedness of interfirm partnership formation[J].Academy of Management Review, 31(3), 670–680.
Hite J M, and Hesterly W S.2001.The evolution of firm networks: From emergence to early growth of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal, 22(3), 275–286.
Hite J M.2005.Evolutionary processes and paths of relationally embedded network ties in emerging entrepreneurial firms[J].Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 29: 113–144.
Higgins M, Gulati R.2003.Getting off to a good start: the effects of upper echelon af?liations on underwriter prestige[J].Organization Science 14(3): 244–263.
Hoang H, & Antoncic B.2003. Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review[J].Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165–187.
Hsu D.2004.What do entrepreneurs pay for venture capital af?liation[J]. Journal of Finance 59(4): 1805–1844.
Jack SL.2005.The role, use and activation of strong and weak network ties:Aqualitative analysis[J].Journal of Management Studies, 42(6), 1231–1259.
Jack SL, Drakopoulou Dodd S, & Anderson AR.2004.Social structures and entrepreneurial networks: The strength of strong ties[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 5(2), 107–120.
Jack S and Anderson A.2002.The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process[J].Journal of Business Venturing, 17(5): 467-487.
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