企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力研究
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摘要
在充满竞争的复杂环境里,企业的生存与发展在很大程度上都依赖于创新。自2008年国际金融危机爆发以来,国内许多企业相继倒闭,而那些依然保持良好业绩的企业其重要法宝就是创新。富有创造性的企业往往和一些杰出领导者联系在一起。企业家作为企业的决策层,是企业的核心力量,如果企业家不是企业创新的首要倡导者,对创新没有足够的认识,那么企业要想持续创新并取得创新的最终成功将会成为问题。因此,企业家的创新意识很重要。那么什么是企业家的创新意识?企业家的创新意识如何衡量?它的特点如何?企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力又有什么样的关系?本文试图通过一系列研究来探索这些问题。
本研究主要分为三大部分。第一部分是企业家创新意识的实证研究。首先对企业家以及企业家的创新意识进行了界定,并提出了企业家创新意识的理论构想,从认识与行为两个层面对其进行衡量；其次通过文献分析、发放开放式问卷、个别访谈、小型研讨等一系列方法编制出企业家创新意识的正式问卷,并实施调查,通过探索性因素分析与验证性因素分析,发现该问卷具有良好的信度与效度,在组织行为与管理心理领域,可以作为有效的测量工具：最后,对调查结果进行分析,研究了企业家创新意识的整体情况以及不同类型企业家的创新意识特点。
第二部分是企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力的研究。企业创新潜力通过企业创新氛围和企业创新绩效等两个角度来衡量,而企业创新绩效包括主观测量与客观测量两个方面。在分析了企业创新潜力的基础上,将企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力进行相关回析、回归分析,以了解二者之间的关系,同时对于客观测量的企业创新绩效部分也进行了研究,以了解不同创新意识水平的企业家在企业创新绩效上的差异。
第三部分采用个案研究方法,以进一步了解企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力的关系。此部分以三位企业家为研究对象,分别就企业家与企业创新的几个问题进行访谈,同时让他们填写了企业家创新意识问卷。
本研究得出以下主要结论：
(1)企业家创新意识量表,具有良好的信度与效度,可以作为评价企业家创新意识的工具。
(2)企业家创新意识可从认识层面与行为层面来衡量,具体维度包括创新价值意识、人才战略意识、反思批判意识、求新求教意识、风险承担意识、贯彻落实意识等六个方面。
(3)企业家创新意识认识层面水平远远高于行为层面,二者呈显著性差异。在各维度中,企业家的求新求教意识、创新价值意识较高；人才战略意识与风险承担意识处于中间水平；反思批判意识、贯彻落实意识较低。
(4)男性企业家除在创新意识认识层面的贯彻落实意识上显著高于女性企业家外,其它各方面无显著性差异。年长与年轻的企业家,其创新意识显著高于其它年龄段的企业家。本科学历的企业家创新意识高于其他学历水平的企业家。正职的企业家在创新意识行为层面的风险承担意识上显著高于副职的企业家。不同任职时间的企业家在创新意识上无显著性差异。国有企业的企业家在创新意识认识层面均数基本高于其他企业性质的企业家,民营企业的企业家在创新意识行为层面的风险承担意识显著高于其他企业性质的企业家。高新技术企业的企业家在创新意识认识层面的人才战略意识上显著高于非高新技术企业的企业家。企业规模很小与企业规模很大企业的企业家创新意识显著高于其他规模企业的企业家。
(5)企业家创新意识与企业创新氛围呈显著正相关。企业家创新意识在较大程度上能解释企业创新氛围的变异,起正向预测作用。除企业家创新意识的个别维度与创新绩效中的销售增长率等指标无显著相关外,企业家创新意识与企业创新绩效都呈显著正相关。企业家创新意识总分在一定程度上能解释企业创新绩效的变异,起正向预测作用。
本研究的主要问题在于样本量略有不足、个案被试未按一定规律选择,这样可能导致个别结论有一定偏差,同时,也缺乏对影响企业家创新意识的外部环境以及企业家创新意识培养策略的研究。
In a fully competitive world, the survival and development of enterprises mostly depends on their innovation. Many civil enterprises went bankrupt one after another since the outbreak of international financial crisis in 2008; the secret of the enterprises to keep growing in this serious situation is to innovate. Usually, where there is an innovative enterprise there is an outstanding leader. The entrepreneur is the chain of command of an enterprise, is the force at the core of the enterprise. The entrepreneur should play as the advocate of innovation, and have a full realization of the importance of innovation; otherwise, it would be very difficult for an enterprise to innovate or succeed in the innovation. So, it is of great significance for the entrepreneurs to have innovation consciousness. However, what is entrepreneurial innovation consciousness? How to measure it? What is its feature? And what is the correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation potential? These questions were discussed in the present paper.
This paper was composed of three sections. The first section was empirical study of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness. In this section, we defined entrepreneur and entrepreneurial innovation consciousness, and proposed hypotheses of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness, which was measured from cognition and performance. Then we compiled scale of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness on the base of document analysis, open-ended questionnaire collection, individual interview and mini-symposium etc. The scale was found to have sound validity and reliability by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis after the investigation had been carried out, and was a reliable measuring tool in the field of organization behavior and managerial psychology. Next, we discussed the findings of the investigation, explored the general status of the entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and the feature of innovation consciousness of entrepreneurs in different classification.
The second section was the study of innovation consciousness and potential. The innovation potential was measured by enterprise innovation atmosphere and innovation performance, the performance was measured by subjective and objective points of view. On the base of analysis of enterprise innovation potential, we explored the correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation potential by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The enterprise innovation performance measured by subjective view was also discussed in order to explore how the innovation consciousness affects the innovation performance.
The third section was case study and aimed to further explore the correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation potential. Three entrepreneurs were recruited in the case study; they were interviewed with several questions and asked to answer in the scale.
The present paper had several findings as following:
(l)The entrepreneurial innovation consciousness scale had sound validity and reliability and can be introduced in the evaluation of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness.
(2)The entrepreneurial innovation consciousness could be measured from cognition and performance. The dimensions were innovation value, talent strategy, critical reflection, seek new and advice, risk exposure and implementation.
(3)The entrepreneurs had significant higher cognition than performance of innovation consciousness. Among these dimensions, the entrepreneurs had better consciousness of seek new and advice and innovation value; middle level of consciousness of talent strategy and risk exposure; lower level of critical reflection and implementation consciousness.
(4)Male entrepreneurs had significant better implementation consciousness than female, but not in other dimensions. Younger and older entrepreneurs had significant better innovation consciousness than other ages. Entrepreneurs with bachelor degree have better innovation consciousness than other degree of education. Chief entrepreneurs had significant better innovation risk exposure consciousness than vice-deputy. The server time did not affect the innovation consciousness. The entrepreneurs in state-owned business had higher scores in cognition of innovation consciousness than other business. The entrepreneurs in private business had significant better risk exposure consciousness than other business. The entrepreneurs in new high-tech enterprises had significant better talent strategy consciousness than other enterprises. The entrepreneurs in very small and very large enterprises had better innovation consciousness than other scales.
(5)There was significant positive correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation atmosphere. The entrepreneurial innovation consciousness could explain and predict the variation of enterprise innovation atmosphere in a great extend. Entrepreneurial innovation consciousness was significant positive correlated with enterprise innovation performance except individual dimension. The total score of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness could explain and predict the variation of enterprise innovation performance.
The present paper was limited to small sample and irregular case selection, so some findings would be lack of reliability. At the same time, the present paper excluded the study of external environment which affect the entrepreneurial innovation consciousness, and the study of how to cultivate their innovation consciousness.
本研究主要分为三大部分。第一部分是企业家创新意识的实证研究。首先对企业家以及企业家的创新意识进行了界定,并提出了企业家创新意识的理论构想,从认识与行为两个层面对其进行衡量；其次通过文献分析、发放开放式问卷、个别访谈、小型研讨等一系列方法编制出企业家创新意识的正式问卷,并实施调查,通过探索性因素分析与验证性因素分析,发现该问卷具有良好的信度与效度,在组织行为与管理心理领域,可以作为有效的测量工具：最后,对调查结果进行分析,研究了企业家创新意识的整体情况以及不同类型企业家的创新意识特点。
第二部分是企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力的研究。企业创新潜力通过企业创新氛围和企业创新绩效等两个角度来衡量,而企业创新绩效包括主观测量与客观测量两个方面。在分析了企业创新潜力的基础上,将企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力进行相关回析、回归分析,以了解二者之间的关系,同时对于客观测量的企业创新绩效部分也进行了研究,以了解不同创新意识水平的企业家在企业创新绩效上的差异。
第三部分采用个案研究方法,以进一步了解企业家创新意识与企业创新潜力的关系。此部分以三位企业家为研究对象,分别就企业家与企业创新的几个问题进行访谈,同时让他们填写了企业家创新意识问卷。
本研究得出以下主要结论：
(1)企业家创新意识量表,具有良好的信度与效度,可以作为评价企业家创新意识的工具。
(2)企业家创新意识可从认识层面与行为层面来衡量,具体维度包括创新价值意识、人才战略意识、反思批判意识、求新求教意识、风险承担意识、贯彻落实意识等六个方面。
(3)企业家创新意识认识层面水平远远高于行为层面,二者呈显著性差异。在各维度中,企业家的求新求教意识、创新价值意识较高；人才战略意识与风险承担意识处于中间水平；反思批判意识、贯彻落实意识较低。
(4)男性企业家除在创新意识认识层面的贯彻落实意识上显著高于女性企业家外,其它各方面无显著性差异。年长与年轻的企业家,其创新意识显著高于其它年龄段的企业家。本科学历的企业家创新意识高于其他学历水平的企业家。正职的企业家在创新意识行为层面的风险承担意识上显著高于副职的企业家。不同任职时间的企业家在创新意识上无显著性差异。国有企业的企业家在创新意识认识层面均数基本高于其他企业性质的企业家,民营企业的企业家在创新意识行为层面的风险承担意识显著高于其他企业性质的企业家。高新技术企业的企业家在创新意识认识层面的人才战略意识上显著高于非高新技术企业的企业家。企业规模很小与企业规模很大企业的企业家创新意识显著高于其他规模企业的企业家。
(5)企业家创新意识与企业创新氛围呈显著正相关。企业家创新意识在较大程度上能解释企业创新氛围的变异,起正向预测作用。除企业家创新意识的个别维度与创新绩效中的销售增长率等指标无显著相关外,企业家创新意识与企业创新绩效都呈显著正相关。企业家创新意识总分在一定程度上能解释企业创新绩效的变异,起正向预测作用。
本研究的主要问题在于样本量略有不足、个案被试未按一定规律选择,这样可能导致个别结论有一定偏差,同时,也缺乏对影响企业家创新意识的外部环境以及企业家创新意识培养策略的研究。
In a fully competitive world, the survival and development of enterprises mostly depends on their innovation. Many civil enterprises went bankrupt one after another since the outbreak of international financial crisis in 2008; the secret of the enterprises to keep growing in this serious situation is to innovate. Usually, where there is an innovative enterprise there is an outstanding leader. The entrepreneur is the chain of command of an enterprise, is the force at the core of the enterprise. The entrepreneur should play as the advocate of innovation, and have a full realization of the importance of innovation; otherwise, it would be very difficult for an enterprise to innovate or succeed in the innovation. So, it is of great significance for the entrepreneurs to have innovation consciousness. However, what is entrepreneurial innovation consciousness? How to measure it? What is its feature? And what is the correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation potential? These questions were discussed in the present paper.
This paper was composed of three sections. The first section was empirical study of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness. In this section, we defined entrepreneur and entrepreneurial innovation consciousness, and proposed hypotheses of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness, which was measured from cognition and performance. Then we compiled scale of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness on the base of document analysis, open-ended questionnaire collection, individual interview and mini-symposium etc. The scale was found to have sound validity and reliability by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis after the investigation had been carried out, and was a reliable measuring tool in the field of organization behavior and managerial psychology. Next, we discussed the findings of the investigation, explored the general status of the entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and the feature of innovation consciousness of entrepreneurs in different classification.
The second section was the study of innovation consciousness and potential. The innovation potential was measured by enterprise innovation atmosphere and innovation performance, the performance was measured by subjective and objective points of view. On the base of analysis of enterprise innovation potential, we explored the correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation potential by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The enterprise innovation performance measured by subjective view was also discussed in order to explore how the innovation consciousness affects the innovation performance.
The third section was case study and aimed to further explore the correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation potential. Three entrepreneurs were recruited in the case study; they were interviewed with several questions and asked to answer in the scale.
The present paper had several findings as following:
(l)The entrepreneurial innovation consciousness scale had sound validity and reliability and can be introduced in the evaluation of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness.
(2)The entrepreneurial innovation consciousness could be measured from cognition and performance. The dimensions were innovation value, talent strategy, critical reflection, seek new and advice, risk exposure and implementation.
(3)The entrepreneurs had significant higher cognition than performance of innovation consciousness. Among these dimensions, the entrepreneurs had better consciousness of seek new and advice and innovation value; middle level of consciousness of talent strategy and risk exposure; lower level of critical reflection and implementation consciousness.
(4)Male entrepreneurs had significant better implementation consciousness than female, but not in other dimensions. Younger and older entrepreneurs had significant better innovation consciousness than other ages. Entrepreneurs with bachelor degree have better innovation consciousness than other degree of education. Chief entrepreneurs had significant better innovation risk exposure consciousness than vice-deputy. The server time did not affect the innovation consciousness. The entrepreneurs in state-owned business had higher scores in cognition of innovation consciousness than other business. The entrepreneurs in private business had significant better risk exposure consciousness than other business. The entrepreneurs in new high-tech enterprises had significant better talent strategy consciousness than other enterprises. The entrepreneurs in very small and very large enterprises had better innovation consciousness than other scales.
(5)There was significant positive correlation between entrepreneurial innovation consciousness and enterprise innovation atmosphere. The entrepreneurial innovation consciousness could explain and predict the variation of enterprise innovation atmosphere in a great extend. Entrepreneurial innovation consciousness was significant positive correlated with enterprise innovation performance except individual dimension. The total score of entrepreneurial innovation consciousness could explain and predict the variation of enterprise innovation performance.
The present paper was limited to small sample and irregular case selection, so some findings would be lack of reliability. At the same time, the present paper excluded the study of external environment which affect the entrepreneurial innovation consciousness, and the study of how to cultivate their innovation consciousness.
引文
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