基于生态观的集群企业技术能力研究
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摘要
随着我国产业结构的优化升级和建设创新型国家战略的实施,技术能力作为企业核心竞争力关键要素的地位日渐突出。企业技术能力受哪些因素影响?怎么提高企业技术能力?这些都已成为目前产业经济学、技术经济学和企业竞争战略理论等共同关注的问题。同时,我们也注意到,产业集群作为国际、国内一个范围相当广阔的现代产业发展现象,在区域经济发展中起到了举足轻重的作用。目前的研究一般认为,集群综合了市场和科层组织的功能,在整合力、竞争力、吸引力和影响力等方面具备市场或科层组织所不拥有的整体竞争优势。那么,集群中企业的技术能力是否也因为集群的组织特性而具有特殊的竞争优势?特别是“集群”概念本身就源于生态学,而集群作为一个稳定、持续、有序的生态组织,是否为集群企业的技术创新提供了一个良好的技术生态系统?该生态系统如何影响企业的技术能力?如何通过完善系统的运行机制来提高集群企业的技术能力?这些都是本文要探讨的问题。
由此,本文试图从生态学的角度去分析集群企业的技术能力。其基本思路是:在对企业技术能力理论及生态学相关理论进行诠释的基础上,循着“企业——集群——外部环境”的路径来分析企业技术能力。首先,从企业层面对企业技术生态位进行分析,研究技术生态位和技术能力之间的相关关系,论证技术生态位的变化如何影响企业的技术能力。其次,从集群层面来分析集群企业的技术生态位特征,着重对产业集群的特征及其对技术能力的影响机理进行研究。再次,分析外部环境要素和特性对技术能力的影响。最后,针对论文的理论框架和主要观点进行实证研究,检验理论观点。
本文采用规范分析和实证研究、归纳和总结等方法对集群企业技术能力进行了较为系统的研究,并形成以下主要观点或结论:(1)集群中企业的技术创新可以从技术生态系统的理论视角来研究,该系统是由技术个体、技术种群和技术环境三部分所组成。(2)集群中企业技术生态位的构成要素包括有形资源、无形资源、个人能力和组织能力四个方面。技术生态位和企业技术能力之间具有一种循环催化的关系。技术生态位通过要素的变动来对企业技术能力发挥作用,技术能力的发展本质上是技术生态位各要素相互协调演进的过程。(3)产业集群的集聚、协同、共享和支持特性与企业技术能力之间有正相关关系。并且,在企业技术能力发展的不同方面,集群的这四个特性所起的作用是不同的。(4)企业技术生态位各要素在影响企业技术能力的时候,也受到企业所在集群特性的影响。
本文的创新之处主要表现为:(1)本文将企业技术能力与产业集群特性结合起来研究,并从生态学的视角来分析集群企业的技术能力,研究集群企业技术能力的生态性质、生态特征及其生态系统,因此,在研究视角及研究重点选取上有一定的独特性。(2)本文对技术生态位的概念重新进行界定,分析了技术生态位的构成要素及其状态,对技术生态位和企业技术能力发展的关系进行了分析,提出了企业技术生态位层级系统的三维模型图。这种分析有一定的新颖之处。(3)原有对企业技术能力的研究更多是定性研究,实证研究略显单薄。本文对广东省纺织集群中的大量企业进行问卷调查(共发放350份,回收218份)和深度访谈,收集了大量数据,并对数据进行了测量、检验、拟合和分析,通过不同分析方法验证所建立模型的合理性。因此,本文的实证分析较为全面、深入,具有一定的创新意义。
Along with the industrial restructuring and upgrading in China and the implementation of the strategy of building an innovative country, technological competence is now playing a more and more important role as a decisive element of the core competitiveness of an enterprise. What are the factors influencing the technological competence of an enterprise? How can the technological competence be enhanced? These have become questions drawing wide attention from industrial economics, technological economics and enterprise competition strategy theories. Meanwhile, it has been observed that industrial clusters, as an important and widely perceived phenomenon of modern industrial development, has exerted a decisive force on regional economic development. Current research holds that clusters integrate functions of the market and organizational levels, and has integral competitive advantages in the power of integration, competition, attraction and influence. Therefore, does the technological competence of enterprises in a cluster boast special competitive advantages because of the organizational features of the cluster? The concept of 'cluster' originates from ecological science. Does the cluster, as a stable, continuous and consistent ecological organization create a favorable technological eco-system for the technological innovation of enterprises in cluster? How does such an eco-system influence the technological competence of the enterprises? How can the technological competence be enhanced through a perfect system and an operation mechanism? These are some issues that this paper tries to probe into.
This paper thus analyzes the technological competence of enterprises in cluster from an ecological perspective. The basic goal of the paper is to analyze the technological competence of an enterprise following the 'enterprise - cluster - external environment' route, on the basis of an interpretation of the enterprise technological competence theories and relevant theories of ecological science. The paper starts out from an analysis of the ecological niche of the enterprise technologies on the enterprise level. It studies the correlation between the ecological niche of technologies and technological competence, and shows how changes in the ecological niche of technologies influence the technological competence of an enterprise. Then, the paper analyzes features of the ecological niche of the technologies of enterprises in cluster on the cluster level, the focus being on the research into the characteristics of industrial cluster and their influence on the technological competence. The third part of the paper analyzes factors of the external environment and their influence on the technological competence. The last part of the paper deals with theoretical conclusions based on an empirical study on the theoretical framework as well as main arguments of the paper.
This paper uses normative analysis, empirical research and methods of generalization and summarization to conduct systematic research into the technological competence of enterprises in cluster. The following conclusions are made: (1) Technological innovation of enterprises in cluster can be studied from theoretical perspectives of ecological systems of technologies. Such systems consist of individuals of technology, population of technology and environment of technology. (2) The ecological niche of technologies of enterprises in cluster consist of tangible assets, intangible assets, individual competence and organizational competence. The relationship between ecological niche of technologies and technological competence of an enterprise is that of recycle and catalysis. The ecological niche of technologies influences the technological competence of an enterprise through the changes of the consisting factors. The development of technological competence is in essence the process of coordination and evolution of all the factors that constitute the ecological niche of technologies. (3) The features of integration, coordination, sharing and support are positively related to the technological competence of an enterprise. In addition, in different aspects of the development of the technological competence of an enterprise, the four features of a cluster play a different part. (4) While the various factors of the ecological niche of technologies influence the technological competence of an enterprise, they are also influenced by the features of the cluster to which the enterprise belongs.
This paper is innovative in the following ways: (1) The paper studies the technological competence of an enterprise with features of industrial clusters, analyzes the technological competence of enterprises in cluster and studies the ecological nature, ecological features and ecological system of the technological competence of enterprises in cluster from an ecological perspective. Therefore, this paper can be unique in the selection of the research approach and research focus. (2) This paper redefines the concept of the ecological niche of technologies, analyzes the consisting factors and the condition of the ecological niche of technologies as well as the relationship between the ecological niche of technologies and the development of the technological competence of an enterprise, and proposes the 3-D model of the level system of the ecological niche of technologies of an enterprise. This kind of analysis has not been seen previously. (3 ) Previous studies on the technological competence of an enterprise were mostly qualitative studies, and were relatively week in positive research. This research has a questionnaire study of large number of enterprises in the textile industrial cluster (350 questionnaires were distributed and 218 collected) as well as in-depth interviews. Thus large quantities of data were collected, measured, tested, regressed and analyzed, to test the validity of the proposed model. Therefore, the empirical study of this paper is quite comprehensive, in-depth and innovative.
由此,本文试图从生态学的角度去分析集群企业的技术能力。其基本思路是:在对企业技术能力理论及生态学相关理论进行诠释的基础上,循着“企业——集群——外部环境”的路径来分析企业技术能力。首先,从企业层面对企业技术生态位进行分析,研究技术生态位和技术能力之间的相关关系,论证技术生态位的变化如何影响企业的技术能力。其次,从集群层面来分析集群企业的技术生态位特征,着重对产业集群的特征及其对技术能力的影响机理进行研究。再次,分析外部环境要素和特性对技术能力的影响。最后,针对论文的理论框架和主要观点进行实证研究,检验理论观点。
本文采用规范分析和实证研究、归纳和总结等方法对集群企业技术能力进行了较为系统的研究,并形成以下主要观点或结论:(1)集群中企业的技术创新可以从技术生态系统的理论视角来研究,该系统是由技术个体、技术种群和技术环境三部分所组成。(2)集群中企业技术生态位的构成要素包括有形资源、无形资源、个人能力和组织能力四个方面。技术生态位和企业技术能力之间具有一种循环催化的关系。技术生态位通过要素的变动来对企业技术能力发挥作用,技术能力的发展本质上是技术生态位各要素相互协调演进的过程。(3)产业集群的集聚、协同、共享和支持特性与企业技术能力之间有正相关关系。并且,在企业技术能力发展的不同方面,集群的这四个特性所起的作用是不同的。(4)企业技术生态位各要素在影响企业技术能力的时候,也受到企业所在集群特性的影响。
本文的创新之处主要表现为:(1)本文将企业技术能力与产业集群特性结合起来研究,并从生态学的视角来分析集群企业的技术能力,研究集群企业技术能力的生态性质、生态特征及其生态系统,因此,在研究视角及研究重点选取上有一定的独特性。(2)本文对技术生态位的概念重新进行界定,分析了技术生态位的构成要素及其状态,对技术生态位和企业技术能力发展的关系进行了分析,提出了企业技术生态位层级系统的三维模型图。这种分析有一定的新颖之处。(3)原有对企业技术能力的研究更多是定性研究,实证研究略显单薄。本文对广东省纺织集群中的大量企业进行问卷调查(共发放350份,回收218份)和深度访谈,收集了大量数据,并对数据进行了测量、检验、拟合和分析,通过不同分析方法验证所建立模型的合理性。因此,本文的实证分析较为全面、深入,具有一定的创新意义。
Along with the industrial restructuring and upgrading in China and the implementation of the strategy of building an innovative country, technological competence is now playing a more and more important role as a decisive element of the core competitiveness of an enterprise. What are the factors influencing the technological competence of an enterprise? How can the technological competence be enhanced? These have become questions drawing wide attention from industrial economics, technological economics and enterprise competition strategy theories. Meanwhile, it has been observed that industrial clusters, as an important and widely perceived phenomenon of modern industrial development, has exerted a decisive force on regional economic development. Current research holds that clusters integrate functions of the market and organizational levels, and has integral competitive advantages in the power of integration, competition, attraction and influence. Therefore, does the technological competence of enterprises in a cluster boast special competitive advantages because of the organizational features of the cluster? The concept of 'cluster' originates from ecological science. Does the cluster, as a stable, continuous and consistent ecological organization create a favorable technological eco-system for the technological innovation of enterprises in cluster? How does such an eco-system influence the technological competence of the enterprises? How can the technological competence be enhanced through a perfect system and an operation mechanism? These are some issues that this paper tries to probe into.
This paper thus analyzes the technological competence of enterprises in cluster from an ecological perspective. The basic goal of the paper is to analyze the technological competence of an enterprise following the 'enterprise - cluster - external environment' route, on the basis of an interpretation of the enterprise technological competence theories and relevant theories of ecological science. The paper starts out from an analysis of the ecological niche of the enterprise technologies on the enterprise level. It studies the correlation between the ecological niche of technologies and technological competence, and shows how changes in the ecological niche of technologies influence the technological competence of an enterprise. Then, the paper analyzes features of the ecological niche of the technologies of enterprises in cluster on the cluster level, the focus being on the research into the characteristics of industrial cluster and their influence on the technological competence. The third part of the paper analyzes factors of the external environment and their influence on the technological competence. The last part of the paper deals with theoretical conclusions based on an empirical study on the theoretical framework as well as main arguments of the paper.
This paper uses normative analysis, empirical research and methods of generalization and summarization to conduct systematic research into the technological competence of enterprises in cluster. The following conclusions are made: (1) Technological innovation of enterprises in cluster can be studied from theoretical perspectives of ecological systems of technologies. Such systems consist of individuals of technology, population of technology and environment of technology. (2) The ecological niche of technologies of enterprises in cluster consist of tangible assets, intangible assets, individual competence and organizational competence. The relationship between ecological niche of technologies and technological competence of an enterprise is that of recycle and catalysis. The ecological niche of technologies influences the technological competence of an enterprise through the changes of the consisting factors. The development of technological competence is in essence the process of coordination and evolution of all the factors that constitute the ecological niche of technologies. (3) The features of integration, coordination, sharing and support are positively related to the technological competence of an enterprise. In addition, in different aspects of the development of the technological competence of an enterprise, the four features of a cluster play a different part. (4) While the various factors of the ecological niche of technologies influence the technological competence of an enterprise, they are also influenced by the features of the cluster to which the enterprise belongs.
This paper is innovative in the following ways: (1) The paper studies the technological competence of an enterprise with features of industrial clusters, analyzes the technological competence of enterprises in cluster and studies the ecological nature, ecological features and ecological system of the technological competence of enterprises in cluster from an ecological perspective. Therefore, this paper can be unique in the selection of the research approach and research focus. (2) This paper redefines the concept of the ecological niche of technologies, analyzes the consisting factors and the condition of the ecological niche of technologies as well as the relationship between the ecological niche of technologies and the development of the technological competence of an enterprise, and proposes the 3-D model of the level system of the ecological niche of technologies of an enterprise. This kind of analysis has not been seen previously. (3 ) Previous studies on the technological competence of an enterprise were mostly qualitative studies, and were relatively week in positive research. This research has a questionnaire study of large number of enterprises in the textile industrial cluster (350 questionnaires were distributed and 218 collected) as well as in-depth interviews. Thus large quantities of data were collected, measured, tested, regressed and analyzed, to test the validity of the proposed model. Therefore, the empirical study of this paper is quite comprehensive, in-depth and innovative.
引文
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