电梯曳引机扭振测试新方法的研究
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摘要
电梯曳引机的扭转振动简称为电梯曳引机的扭振,它直接影响电梯运行的平稳性和乘客的舒适感,甚至影响电梯的使用寿命,是衡量曳引机性能的一个重要技术指标,因而每一台待出厂的曳引机都要进行扭振测试。目前曳引机的扭振测试是通过在曳引轮上安装一个加速度传感器,让加速度传感器随曳引轮一起旋转获取信息,传感器的引线就不断的缠绕在曳引轮上,引线一般有3-4m长,当引线缠绕完毕时,其测试过程也就随之结束,因而这种方法不能进行长时间的连续测试,且稳定性也不好。
为了弥补这种方法的不足,本文提出了一种可连续精密测试曳引轮的动态特性、测试曳引机扭振的新方法——时空转换齿栅测试法,其具体做法是直接将曳引轮做成齿栅,采用互为180°对称放置的霍尔传感器进行非接触式测量,齿栅随曳引轮每转过一个齿时,传感器便发出一个信号,再利用微机的时钟脉冲作为时间标尺对齿栅这一空间标尺的瞬时标定与实时细分(发明专利“微机对脉冲信号的细分与辨向的新方法”),从而测得曳引轮的瞬时角速度并实现长时间的连续测试,精度高稳定性好。
本文阐明曳引机扭振测试新方法的基本原理,并设计了一套分布式的曳引机扭振测试分析系统,该测试系统分为上位机和下位机两部分。下位机是硬件集成电路,预处理传感器输出的信号,以便得到较好的信号输入源,主要利用AT89C51单片机的两个外部中断(INT0和INT1)和内部的计数器/定时器(T0)进行软件编程,实现信号采样点的判断和信号个数的计数,以外部插入的时钟脉冲信号实现对测试信号的计时,从而实现所有测试数据的采集;上位机采用双线程的执行体系来获取采集的数据并进行数据处理与测试结果显示,PC机软件采用流行的高级语言Visual C++ 6.0作为开发平台,并设计了友好的人机交互界面,操作十分简单。通过USB接口实现测试系统上位机和下位机之间快速的双向通信,同时以数据包的格式实现测试数据的传输。
在实验过程中,制作了系统下位机的PCB板,设计了两路仿真信号P1和P2,并应用所设计的测试系统进行扭振测试新方法的仿真实验,给出了实验结果并加以分析。最后,针对一台载重1吨的载客电梯曳引机,设计研制了一套试验样件进行了加载实验和扭振测试,证明了时空转换齿栅测试法的正确性与可行性。
The torsion and vibraton of elevator traction machine calls for short the torsional vibration of it. It has directly effect on the stationarity of the elevator in operation and the comfortable feeling of the passengers so much as the operational life span of the elevator. And it is an important qualificaton of the traction machine’s performance. So every traction machine can be sold after the torsional vibration testing. At present, the torsional vibration of the traction machine is tested by the acceleration sensor which is installed on the traction wheel. When the acceleration sensor rotates with the traction wheel, the information is obtained. The sensor-lead which has 3-4m commonly has been wound round the traction wheel, and when it is over, the testing is over. As a result, the method can’t be used to test continuously for long time and has not a good stability.
To make up the deficiencies in the present method, the space-time transformation gear-grating testing method, a new method which can serially test the traction-wheel’s dynamic characteristics, to the torsional vibration testing of the traction machine has been advanced in this paper. The specific operations are as follows: the traction-wheel has directly made into the gear-grating, and the two hall-sensors placed with the angle of 180°have tested the torsional vibration by non-contact, and the sensors have sent one signal when one tooth of the gear-grating has been rotated with the traction-wheel. The clock pulse, the time scaleplate, has been applied to implement the instantaneous calibration and real-time subdivision to the gear-grating which is the space scaleplate ( the invention patent,“A new method to the subdivision direction of the pulse signal by microprocessor”). So the instantaneous palstance of the traction-wheel has been tested and the continuous test for long time has been realized. And it has a high precision and a good stability.
This thesis illuminates the fundamentals to the new method of the torsional vibration testing of the traction machine and advances a set of distributed testing analysis system, and this testing system is separated into up-machine and down-machine. The down-machine is the single chip integrate circuit. In this part, the signal from sensors has been preprocessed to get the better signal source. And two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1) and internal counter/timer (T0) in the chip microprocessor of AT89C51 are used to program the software, which can implement the judgement of signal sample points and the count of signal number. The high frequency inserted pulse is used to time the signal. And then all data which should be tested is collected. However, the up-machine is the PC software. In this part, two threads’implement system have been adopted to get the collected data and process the data and display the test results. This software, designed the friendly interaction-interface between people and computer, has taken the Visual C++ which is the popular and high-level langeage for the programming flatform. So it is very simple for users. The USB interface has been adopted to implement the intercommunication between the up-machine and the down-machine, and at the same time, the data has been transmited by the format of the data-packet.
In experiment process, the PCB board of the down-machine had been made in the test system. Two roads designed simulation-signal, P1 and P2, have been used in the test system which implements the simulated experiment of the new method of the torsional vibration testing. The experiment results and analyses have been gived. At last, as for the traction machine which can load 1 ton, we have designed a set of sample piece to experiment and performed the load-on experiment. And the correctness and feasibility of the space-time transformation gear-grating testing method has been proved.
为了弥补这种方法的不足,本文提出了一种可连续精密测试曳引轮的动态特性、测试曳引机扭振的新方法——时空转换齿栅测试法,其具体做法是直接将曳引轮做成齿栅,采用互为180°对称放置的霍尔传感器进行非接触式测量,齿栅随曳引轮每转过一个齿时,传感器便发出一个信号,再利用微机的时钟脉冲作为时间标尺对齿栅这一空间标尺的瞬时标定与实时细分(发明专利“微机对脉冲信号的细分与辨向的新方法”),从而测得曳引轮的瞬时角速度并实现长时间的连续测试,精度高稳定性好。
本文阐明曳引机扭振测试新方法的基本原理,并设计了一套分布式的曳引机扭振测试分析系统,该测试系统分为上位机和下位机两部分。下位机是硬件集成电路,预处理传感器输出的信号,以便得到较好的信号输入源,主要利用AT89C51单片机的两个外部中断(INT0和INT1)和内部的计数器/定时器(T0)进行软件编程,实现信号采样点的判断和信号个数的计数,以外部插入的时钟脉冲信号实现对测试信号的计时,从而实现所有测试数据的采集;上位机采用双线程的执行体系来获取采集的数据并进行数据处理与测试结果显示,PC机软件采用流行的高级语言Visual C++ 6.0作为开发平台,并设计了友好的人机交互界面,操作十分简单。通过USB接口实现测试系统上位机和下位机之间快速的双向通信,同时以数据包的格式实现测试数据的传输。
在实验过程中,制作了系统下位机的PCB板,设计了两路仿真信号P1和P2,并应用所设计的测试系统进行扭振测试新方法的仿真实验,给出了实验结果并加以分析。最后,针对一台载重1吨的载客电梯曳引机,设计研制了一套试验样件进行了加载实验和扭振测试,证明了时空转换齿栅测试法的正确性与可行性。
The torsion and vibraton of elevator traction machine calls for short the torsional vibration of it. It has directly effect on the stationarity of the elevator in operation and the comfortable feeling of the passengers so much as the operational life span of the elevator. And it is an important qualificaton of the traction machine’s performance. So every traction machine can be sold after the torsional vibration testing. At present, the torsional vibration of the traction machine is tested by the acceleration sensor which is installed on the traction wheel. When the acceleration sensor rotates with the traction wheel, the information is obtained. The sensor-lead which has 3-4m commonly has been wound round the traction wheel, and when it is over, the testing is over. As a result, the method can’t be used to test continuously for long time and has not a good stability.
To make up the deficiencies in the present method, the space-time transformation gear-grating testing method, a new method which can serially test the traction-wheel’s dynamic characteristics, to the torsional vibration testing of the traction machine has been advanced in this paper. The specific operations are as follows: the traction-wheel has directly made into the gear-grating, and the two hall-sensors placed with the angle of 180°have tested the torsional vibration by non-contact, and the sensors have sent one signal when one tooth of the gear-grating has been rotated with the traction-wheel. The clock pulse, the time scaleplate, has been applied to implement the instantaneous calibration and real-time subdivision to the gear-grating which is the space scaleplate ( the invention patent,“A new method to the subdivision direction of the pulse signal by microprocessor”). So the instantaneous palstance of the traction-wheel has been tested and the continuous test for long time has been realized. And it has a high precision and a good stability.
This thesis illuminates the fundamentals to the new method of the torsional vibration testing of the traction machine and advances a set of distributed testing analysis system, and this testing system is separated into up-machine and down-machine. The down-machine is the single chip integrate circuit. In this part, the signal from sensors has been preprocessed to get the better signal source. And two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1) and internal counter/timer (T0) in the chip microprocessor of AT89C51 are used to program the software, which can implement the judgement of signal sample points and the count of signal number. The high frequency inserted pulse is used to time the signal. And then all data which should be tested is collected. However, the up-machine is the PC software. In this part, two threads’implement system have been adopted to get the collected data and process the data and display the test results. This software, designed the friendly interaction-interface between people and computer, has taken the Visual C++ which is the popular and high-level langeage for the programming flatform. So it is very simple for users. The USB interface has been adopted to implement the intercommunication between the up-machine and the down-machine, and at the same time, the data has been transmited by the format of the data-packet.
In experiment process, the PCB board of the down-machine had been made in the test system. Two roads designed simulation-signal, P1 and P2, have been used in the test system which implements the simulated experiment of the new method of the torsional vibration testing. The experiment results and analyses have been gived. At last, as for the traction machine which can load 1 ton, we have designed a set of sample piece to experiment and performed the load-on experiment. And the correctness and feasibility of the space-time transformation gear-grating testing method has been proved.
引文
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[2] Townsend ed DP. How to Design Traction machine for lifts. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering[J]. 80. 6(8):57-62.
[3]杨春兰编著.电梯曳引机设计、安装、维修(第一版)[M].机械工业出版社.2000.4.
[4]张光辉等.平面二次包络环面蜗杆传动的研究和应用[J].重庆大学学报.1978.No.4.
[5]张光辉.侧隙可调式变齿厚平面蜗轮包络环面蜗杆专利说明书[P].2000.3.
[6]张光辉.侧隙可调式平面包络环面蜗杆传动研究.中国.99117383.x.2000.06.28.
[7]徐洪志.旋转机械轴系扭振测量研究[D].北京:清华大学.2005.5.
[8]孙后环,袁兆辉.电梯曳引机减速箱振源分析及故障诊断[J].南京建筑工程学院学报.1999.No.3.
[9]郭力,李波.轴系扭转振动测量方法评述[J].磨床与磨削.2000.No.3.
[10]桑波等.激光多普勒扭转振动测试技术的研究[J].中国激光.2003 ,8:743-746.
[11]邹春平等.船舶推进轴系扭振激光测试技术[J].中国激光.1995 ,4:37-40.
[12]朱昌明,陈刚.电梯曳引机的扭振分析及其测试系统[J].建筑机械化.1988.10.
[13] Traction-braking vehicle test rig - uses sensors recording twisting of torsions and processor calculating wheel resistance tractive and braking characteristics,SU1493911-A.
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