基于被动雷达的高分辨测向技术研究
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摘要
空间谱估计技术具有测角精度高、角度分辨力强、不受瑞利限限制等优点。在航海、航空、民事通信、雷达电子对抗,水声声呐等方面有着广泛的应用前景。在如今雷达电子对抗领域尤其是被动测向方面,在新旧测向体制同时存在、电磁环境日趋复杂以及对雷达诱饵进行多目标测向等情况下,对空间谱估计技术进行研究有着重要的意义。
本课题在结合工程应用的背景下,对被动雷达测向系统中的测向方法进行研究,着重研究多目标的高精度、高分辨测向方法。通过对已有的空间谱估计算法进行分析和改进,实现改进算法在精度和分辨性能上的提高。首先,介绍了被动测向技术中相位干涉仪测向技术的原理,简要分析了该技术中的相位模糊和测角精度等相关问题,并通过数学推导建立起非相干两点源下比相体制干涉仪进行动态测向的数学模型,实验仿真结果给出了在非相干两点源下比相干涉仪动态测向的性能,证明了干涉仪测向技术不具有分辨多目标的能力。为此,引入了空间谱估计测向技术,并以谱估计技术中的经典MUSIC算法为主要研究对象,给出了天线阵列接收信号典型的数学模型,包括一维线阵和空间立体阵列模型。然后,针对经典MUSIC算法等相关算法存在的问题进行研究,通过一系列的理论分析和推导对经典MUSIC算法进行合理的改进,以实现测向精度和分辨力等性能的提高。接下来,在不同的仿真条件下,通过对不同形式的MUSIC算法和改进MUSIC算法进行Matlab仿真分析对比,仿真结果证明在低信噪比、小快拍数等条件下改进MUSIC算法具有更加优越的分辨性能。最后,结合工程实际应用中的信号处理硬件测向系统,对改进MUSIC算法的软件设计流程及硬件原理进行了说明。并在实验室的条件下,对经典MUSIC算法和改进MUSIC算法进行了实际测试,通过对两者实测数据的分析对比,进一步证明改进MUSIC算法在分辨性能上的优越性,为工程实际应用提供了依据,满足预期的结果。
Spatial spectrum has advantages of high precision, high resolution and it can break through the rayleigh limited. It could be widely used in the fields of navigation, aviation, radar electronic warfare, civil communication, aquatic sonar and so on. In the field of electronic warfare especially passive direction finding technique, it is highly significant to research spatial spectrum on the current condition of coexistence of old and new direction finding system, the complex electromagnetic environment and the need of multi-signals direction finding.
In this paper, based on the actual project application, some typical direction finding methods in passive radar direction finding system are researched especially the methods of high precision and high resolution algorithms.By researching the typical algorithms, a new modified algorithm is proposed with high precision and high resolution. First, it introduces the principle of direction finding technique with phase interferometer. The reason which causes the phase ambiguity and the facts which affect the precision of direction finding are analyzed briefly. And the mathematical model of phase comparison passive radar seeker angle measurement with decoy of no-coherent source is buided by mathematical deduction.Then it is proved that the method of phase interferometer has no effectiveness when there are more than two signals. Second, the spatial spectrum estimation direction finding techniques are introduced. The MUSIC algorithm which is a algorithm of the spatial spectrum estimation is researched in detail. And the typical mathematical model of the signal received by spatial array is given, such as the one-dimensional linear array and solid array. Then by the study of the MUSIC algorithm and the corresponding algorithms, a new modified MUSIC algorithm is proposed through analysis and deduction. The new algorithm has the advantages of higher precision, higher resolution than the MUSIC algorithm and the corresponding algorithms. Third, under the different condition these algorithms are simulated by Matlab, the results could be analysised and compared. Then the conclusion could be got that the performance of the modified MUSIC algorithm is better than the MUSIC algorithm and the corresponding algorithms when the SNR is lower and the snapshots is smaller. Finally, according to the engineering practice the principle of hardware and the design of software algorithm are illuminated in detail. And the whole direction finding system is tested in the laboratory environment, and by analyzing the test data it indicates that the modified MUSIC algorithm has excellent performance and it could provide a biasis for application in engineering. It achieves the desired results.
本课题在结合工程应用的背景下,对被动雷达测向系统中的测向方法进行研究,着重研究多目标的高精度、高分辨测向方法。通过对已有的空间谱估计算法进行分析和改进,实现改进算法在精度和分辨性能上的提高。首先,介绍了被动测向技术中相位干涉仪测向技术的原理,简要分析了该技术中的相位模糊和测角精度等相关问题,并通过数学推导建立起非相干两点源下比相体制干涉仪进行动态测向的数学模型,实验仿真结果给出了在非相干两点源下比相干涉仪动态测向的性能,证明了干涉仪测向技术不具有分辨多目标的能力。为此,引入了空间谱估计测向技术,并以谱估计技术中的经典MUSIC算法为主要研究对象,给出了天线阵列接收信号典型的数学模型,包括一维线阵和空间立体阵列模型。然后,针对经典MUSIC算法等相关算法存在的问题进行研究,通过一系列的理论分析和推导对经典MUSIC算法进行合理的改进,以实现测向精度和分辨力等性能的提高。接下来,在不同的仿真条件下,通过对不同形式的MUSIC算法和改进MUSIC算法进行Matlab仿真分析对比,仿真结果证明在低信噪比、小快拍数等条件下改进MUSIC算法具有更加优越的分辨性能。最后,结合工程实际应用中的信号处理硬件测向系统,对改进MUSIC算法的软件设计流程及硬件原理进行了说明。并在实验室的条件下,对经典MUSIC算法和改进MUSIC算法进行了实际测试,通过对两者实测数据的分析对比,进一步证明改进MUSIC算法在分辨性能上的优越性,为工程实际应用提供了依据,满足预期的结果。
Spatial spectrum has advantages of high precision, high resolution and it can break through the rayleigh limited. It could be widely used in the fields of navigation, aviation, radar electronic warfare, civil communication, aquatic sonar and so on. In the field of electronic warfare especially passive direction finding technique, it is highly significant to research spatial spectrum on the current condition of coexistence of old and new direction finding system, the complex electromagnetic environment and the need of multi-signals direction finding.
In this paper, based on the actual project application, some typical direction finding methods in passive radar direction finding system are researched especially the methods of high precision and high resolution algorithms.By researching the typical algorithms, a new modified algorithm is proposed with high precision and high resolution. First, it introduces the principle of direction finding technique with phase interferometer. The reason which causes the phase ambiguity and the facts which affect the precision of direction finding are analyzed briefly. And the mathematical model of phase comparison passive radar seeker angle measurement with decoy of no-coherent source is buided by mathematical deduction.Then it is proved that the method of phase interferometer has no effectiveness when there are more than two signals. Second, the spatial spectrum estimation direction finding techniques are introduced. The MUSIC algorithm which is a algorithm of the spatial spectrum estimation is researched in detail. And the typical mathematical model of the signal received by spatial array is given, such as the one-dimensional linear array and solid array. Then by the study of the MUSIC algorithm and the corresponding algorithms, a new modified MUSIC algorithm is proposed through analysis and deduction. The new algorithm has the advantages of higher precision, higher resolution than the MUSIC algorithm and the corresponding algorithms. Third, under the different condition these algorithms are simulated by Matlab, the results could be analysised and compared. Then the conclusion could be got that the performance of the modified MUSIC algorithm is better than the MUSIC algorithm and the corresponding algorithms when the SNR is lower and the snapshots is smaller. Finally, according to the engineering practice the principle of hardware and the design of software algorithm are illuminated in detail. And the whole direction finding system is tested in the laboratory environment, and by analyzing the test data it indicates that the modified MUSIC algorithm has excellent performance and it could provide a biasis for application in engineering. It achieves the desired results.
引文
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[27]周琦,邱焱,王磊.基于联合长短基线迭代计算的单星无源定位法[J].通信对抗,2010,(2)：24-26,43
[28]曲志昱,司锡才.基于虚拟基线的宽带被动导引头测向方法[J].弹箭与制导学报,2007,27(4)：92-95.
[29]司伟建,初萍,孙圣和.超宽频带测向解模糊方法研究[J].弹箭与制导学报,2009,29(2)：92-95.
[30]司伟建,初萍.干涉仪测向解模糊方法[J].应用科技,2007,34(9)：54-57
[31]司伟建,初萍,孙圣和.基于半圆阵的解模糊技术研究[J].系统工程与电子技术,2008,30(11)：2129-2130.
[32]张文旭,郜丽鹏,张春杰.一种基于比幅比相测角解模糊的方法[J].应用科技,2006,33(4)：21-33
[33]林象平.雷达对抗原理[M].西安：西北电讯工程学院出版社,1985：40-110.
[34]程东升,孙合敏,姜国臣。多点源诱偏反辐射导弹的工作效果动态仿真[J].火力与 指挥控制,2007,32(7)：33-35
[35]张家平,刘青,张洪顺.低信噪比中MUSIC算法研究[J].通信技术,2009,42(1)：87-89.
[36]Zoltowski M, Kautz G M, Silverstein S D.Simultaneous sector processing via Root-MUSIC for large sensor arrays[C].In Proc fifth ASSP workshop spectrum esitm. Modeling,1990:317-321.
[37]何轲,相敬林,韩鹏,于洋,赵延安.空间任意阵的MUSIC算法性能研究[J].计算机测量与控制,2010,18(3)：688-690.
[38]张娟.智能天线中DOA估计算法的研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2006：15-40.
[39]刁鸣.基于MUSIC算法的二维DOA估计的性能分析[J].弹箭与制导学报,2004,24(4)：218-219,222
[40]Stoica P, Nehorai A. MUSIC, Maximum Likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound[C].In Proc. ICASSP,1988,2296-2299.
[41]张贤达.矩阵分析与应用[M].南京：东南大学,2005：657-704
[42]Xavier Mestre, Angel Lagunas. Modified Subspace Algorithms for DOA Estimation with large arrays. IEEE Trans[J].On Signal Processing.2008,56(2):598-614.
[43]R.T.,Behrens and L.L.Scharf. MUSIC,Signal processing applications of oblique projection operators. IEEE Trans[J].On Signal Processing,1989,42(6):1413-1424.
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[2]孙仲康,周一宇,何黎星.单多基地有源/无源定位技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1996：80-100.
[3]王本才,张国毅,侯慧群.无源定位技术研究[J].舰船电子对抗,2006,29(6)：20-26
[4]任绍辉.无线电测向技术分析[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2003：1-21页.
[5]司锡才,赵建民编著.宽频带反辐射导弹导引头技术基础[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1996：27-102.
[6]胡来招.雷达侦察接收机设计[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2000：5-30.
[7]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理(第三版)[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2004：120-150.
[8]翟庆伟,王玉,宫兵.波束比幅测向技术研究[J].无线电通信技术,2007,33(6)：55-56.
[9]崔炳福.隔波束比幅测向技术[J].电子对抗技术,1995(6)：1-8.
[10]杨利锋,姜勤波.比幅测向体制测向性能分析[J].电子信息对抗技术,2007,22(5)：7-10.
[11]魏星,万建伟,皇甫堪.基于长短基线干涉仪的无源定位系统研究[J].现代雷达,2007,29(5)：22-24.
[12]司伟建.一种新的解模糊方法研究[J].制导与引信,2007,28(1)：44-47.
[13]司伟建,初萍,孙圣和.超宽频带测向解模糊方法研究[J].弹箭与制导学报,2009,29(2)：45-47.
[14]王永良,陈辉,彭应宁,万群著.空间谱估计理论与算法[M].清华大学出版社,2004：2-30,82-98,99-117.
[15]肖先赐.现代谱估计原理与应用[M].哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1991：1-20,100-143.
[16]Burg, J P. Maximum entropy spectral analysis[C].Proc.of the 37th Meeting of the Annual Int. Society of Exploration Geophysicists meeting, Oklahoma City,1967.
[17]Capon J. High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis[C].Proc. of IE EE,1969,57(8),1408-1418.
[18]Schmidt R O.Multiple emitter location and signal para-meter estimation [J].IEEE Trans.on AP.1986,34(3):276-280.
[19]Rao B D, Hari K V S. Performance analysis of root-MUSIC[J].IEEE Trans. on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 1989,37(12):1939-1949.
[20]Kumaresan R, Tufts D W. Estimating the angle of arrival of multiple plane wav es[A].IEEE Trans. on Aerospace Electron Systems, 1983, 19(1):134-139.
[21]Roy R,Kailath T.ESPRIT-a subspace rotation approach to estimation of parameter sof cissoids in noise[J].IEEE Trans. on ASSP,1986,34(10):1340-1342.
[22]Roy R, Kailath T.ESPRIT-estimation of signal parameters via rotational invarianc e techniques[J].IEEE Trans. on ASSP,1989,37(7):984-995.
[23]BOHME J F.Estimation of source parameters by maximum likelihood and nonlin ear regression[A].Proc. ICASSP' 84[C].Bostoa, MA, USA: IEEE, Apr. 1984:731-7 34.
[24]Viberg M, Otterstem B. Sensor array processing based on subspace fitting[J].IEEE Trans, on Signal Processing,1991,39(5):1110-1121.
[25]Cadzow J A. A high resolution direction-of-arrival algorithm for narrow-band coherent and incoherent sources[J].IEEE Trans, on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 1988,36(7):965-979.
[26]魏星,万建伟,皇甫堪.基于长短基线干涉仪的无源定位系统研究[J].现代雷达,2007,29(5)：22-24.
[27]周琦,邱焱,王磊.基于联合长短基线迭代计算的单星无源定位法[J].通信对抗,2010,(2)：24-26,43
[28]曲志昱,司锡才.基于虚拟基线的宽带被动导引头测向方法[J].弹箭与制导学报,2007,27(4)：92-95.
[29]司伟建,初萍,孙圣和.超宽频带测向解模糊方法研究[J].弹箭与制导学报,2009,29(2)：92-95.
[30]司伟建,初萍.干涉仪测向解模糊方法[J].应用科技,2007,34(9)：54-57
[31]司伟建,初萍,孙圣和.基于半圆阵的解模糊技术研究[J].系统工程与电子技术,2008,30(11)：2129-2130.
[32]张文旭,郜丽鹏,张春杰.一种基于比幅比相测角解模糊的方法[J].应用科技,2006,33(4)：21-33
[33]林象平.雷达对抗原理[M].西安：西北电讯工程学院出版社,1985：40-110.
[34]程东升,孙合敏,姜国臣。多点源诱偏反辐射导弹的工作效果动态仿真[J].火力与 指挥控制,2007,32(7)：33-35
[35]张家平,刘青,张洪顺.低信噪比中MUSIC算法研究[J].通信技术,2009,42(1)：87-89.
[36]Zoltowski M, Kautz G M, Silverstein S D.Simultaneous sector processing via Root-MUSIC for large sensor arrays[C].In Proc fifth ASSP workshop spectrum esitm. Modeling,1990:317-321.
[37]何轲,相敬林,韩鹏,于洋,赵延安.空间任意阵的MUSIC算法性能研究[J].计算机测量与控制,2010,18(3)：688-690.
[38]张娟.智能天线中DOA估计算法的研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2006：15-40.
[39]刁鸣.基于MUSIC算法的二维DOA估计的性能分析[J].弹箭与制导学报,2004,24(4)：218-219,222
[40]Stoica P, Nehorai A. MUSIC, Maximum Likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound[C].In Proc. ICASSP,1988,2296-2299.
[41]张贤达.矩阵分析与应用[M].南京：东南大学,2005：657-704
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