协同产品开发中供应商早期参与时机、模式与策略研究
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摘要
全球化的市场竞争环境迫使企业采取与之相应的产品开发模式,为提高企业的核心竞争力和充分利用各地的资源优势,企业在更加专业化的同时也加强了跨企业的分工合作。跨企业组织的协作越来越重要,协作的内容也从基于供应链的商务活动管理发展为基于任务流的敏捷化协同产品开发链。产品开发时间的长短对于最终产品在市场上的成功和企业组织的生存起到至关重要的作用。在多企业组织协同产品开发中,供应商早期参与协同产品开发是缩短产品开发时间的重要手段,本文结合多项课题,在设计任务的层次上,从设计任务知识累积和设计返工的角度,研究了供应商早期参与策略确定和选择的分析框架,包括什么样的供应商何时参与协同产品开发,信息沟通和交流与供应商何时参与之间的关系以及供应商早期参与的利益补偿等问题。
针对设计开发任务是供应商早期参与协同产品开发的载体和具体表现,本文从设计任务的知识累积属性出发,在考虑研发团队、设计任务本身、研发资源以及设计开发任务的重要程度等因素的基础上,分别提出了指数形式的设计任务的知识累积函数和设计返工函数的概念,并对其各种影响因素之间的相互关系进行了详细的讨论。结合设计结构矩阵(DSM)提出了测度设计任务间相互依赖性强弱的动态信息依赖度函数。
通过对供应商参与协同产品开发的过程描述,结合最终产品在市场上的表现,利用信息单向传递的并行产品开发模型,研究了供应商技术能力与最优参与时间之间的关系,验证了文献中关于供应商技术能力与最优参与时间之间的正相关性,同时指出供应商技术能力对最优参与时间的影响存在一个上限,并对选择和组织适当的研发团队进行了理论上的探讨。
下游供应商早期参与协同产品开发的时间和双方进行的信息次数之间是相互影响的。在考虑双方信息交流的情况下,证明了在二者的共同作用下,存在一个全局的极大值,并分别求出了下游供应商的最优参与时间和双方最优的信息交流次数。在此基础上,讨论了最优参与时间与双方信息交流次数的关系和上游设计任务技术创新程度、上游信息对下游供应商的重要程度、设计返工成本以及信息交流成本对最优参与时间和最优信息交流次数的影响。根据下游供应商最优参与时间分别得出了确定供应商三种早期参与模式的判定条件。最后使用Nash谈判模型对制造商和供应商的利益分配进行了讨论。
在多企业组织背景下,通过有效调度和分配供应商的研发资源实现的设计赶工是缩短产品开发时间的颇具诱惑力的手段之一。在知识累积函数的基础上探讨了设计返工的概念和模型,从理论上证明了文献中关于设计赶工对缩短产品开发时间具有上限性,不可能无限的缩短产品开发时间的结论的正确性。运用博弈论中的委托-代理理论分别研究了制造商和供应商之间在信息对称和信息不对称两种情况下设计返工成本和缩短产品开发时间之间的关系以及利益补偿问题。
最后以重庆恒通客车有限公司的客车新产品开发为例,将本文的研究结果研究运用于车灯供应商早期参与客车产品开发之中,取得了良好的应用效果。
Global market competition requires manufacturing enterprises to improve their product development for more specialized and more collaboration among enterprises. Shortening time of product development is of importance for market success of production and survive of enterprises. In the collabotative product development, Early Suppler Involvement(ESI) is one of the most way for shortening time of product development. Based on several projects,the whole dissertation focuses on selecting strategies of ESI in the product development from a perspective of knowledge accumulation and design rework,chiefly including some key issues:when to supplier involve product development, the relation between the frequcy of information exchange and the time of ESI and profits distribution between them.
In view of the design task as indictor for ESI,the dissertation respectively proposes knowledge accumulation function(KAF) and design rework function(DRF) considering factors of innovation of design task,importance of upstream information and R&D competency.the interrelations of the factors are disccussed.Based Design Structure Matrix(DSM),the dissertation proposes the dynamics information depency function among design tasks.
Through a model of suppler involvement new product development process in case of single-information transmission,the relation between technology competency of supplier and the optimal involvement time in the collaborative peoduct development was discussed. The results are proved correct in the references and the maximum influence of technology competency of supplier to the optimal involvement time was found.Based on the results,some principles about selecting optimum R&D team for the design task was discussed.
There is an interaction function among the downstream suppler involvement time and the frequncy of information communication between upstream task and downstream suppler. In the considering information communication, a variable of global gain was constructed considering trade-off between product development time and supplier’s cost, the existence of maximum of global gain was proved. Based on this, the computing formulas of optimal involvement time and communication frequency was respectively given, and the strategy for Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) was presented. The profits distribution between supplier and manufacturer was analyzed with Nash bargaining model.
Design crashing through effectively R&D resource allocation is an attractive method for shortening time of product development in the multi-organization product development. Based on knowledge accumulation function,the concept and model of design crashing was presented,and the upper limits on the impact of design crashing on shortening time of product development was proved. With principal-agent theory,the trade-off both design crashing cost and shortening time of product development was respectively discussed under information symmetric and information asymmetry.
Finally,this dissertation introduces an implementation in the new bus product development of Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. ,which testified the advancement and practicability of research achievements in this dissertation.
针对设计开发任务是供应商早期参与协同产品开发的载体和具体表现,本文从设计任务的知识累积属性出发,在考虑研发团队、设计任务本身、研发资源以及设计开发任务的重要程度等因素的基础上,分别提出了指数形式的设计任务的知识累积函数和设计返工函数的概念,并对其各种影响因素之间的相互关系进行了详细的讨论。结合设计结构矩阵(DSM)提出了测度设计任务间相互依赖性强弱的动态信息依赖度函数。
通过对供应商参与协同产品开发的过程描述,结合最终产品在市场上的表现,利用信息单向传递的并行产品开发模型,研究了供应商技术能力与最优参与时间之间的关系,验证了文献中关于供应商技术能力与最优参与时间之间的正相关性,同时指出供应商技术能力对最优参与时间的影响存在一个上限,并对选择和组织适当的研发团队进行了理论上的探讨。
下游供应商早期参与协同产品开发的时间和双方进行的信息次数之间是相互影响的。在考虑双方信息交流的情况下,证明了在二者的共同作用下,存在一个全局的极大值,并分别求出了下游供应商的最优参与时间和双方最优的信息交流次数。在此基础上,讨论了最优参与时间与双方信息交流次数的关系和上游设计任务技术创新程度、上游信息对下游供应商的重要程度、设计返工成本以及信息交流成本对最优参与时间和最优信息交流次数的影响。根据下游供应商最优参与时间分别得出了确定供应商三种早期参与模式的判定条件。最后使用Nash谈判模型对制造商和供应商的利益分配进行了讨论。
在多企业组织背景下,通过有效调度和分配供应商的研发资源实现的设计赶工是缩短产品开发时间的颇具诱惑力的手段之一。在知识累积函数的基础上探讨了设计返工的概念和模型,从理论上证明了文献中关于设计赶工对缩短产品开发时间具有上限性,不可能无限的缩短产品开发时间的结论的正确性。运用博弈论中的委托-代理理论分别研究了制造商和供应商之间在信息对称和信息不对称两种情况下设计返工成本和缩短产品开发时间之间的关系以及利益补偿问题。
最后以重庆恒通客车有限公司的客车新产品开发为例,将本文的研究结果研究运用于车灯供应商早期参与客车产品开发之中,取得了良好的应用效果。
Global market competition requires manufacturing enterprises to improve their product development for more specialized and more collaboration among enterprises. Shortening time of product development is of importance for market success of production and survive of enterprises. In the collabotative product development, Early Suppler Involvement(ESI) is one of the most way for shortening time of product development. Based on several projects,the whole dissertation focuses on selecting strategies of ESI in the product development from a perspective of knowledge accumulation and design rework,chiefly including some key issues:when to supplier involve product development, the relation between the frequcy of information exchange and the time of ESI and profits distribution between them.
In view of the design task as indictor for ESI,the dissertation respectively proposes knowledge accumulation function(KAF) and design rework function(DRF) considering factors of innovation of design task,importance of upstream information and R&D competency.the interrelations of the factors are disccussed.Based Design Structure Matrix(DSM),the dissertation proposes the dynamics information depency function among design tasks.
Through a model of suppler involvement new product development process in case of single-information transmission,the relation between technology competency of supplier and the optimal involvement time in the collaborative peoduct development was discussed. The results are proved correct in the references and the maximum influence of technology competency of supplier to the optimal involvement time was found.Based on the results,some principles about selecting optimum R&D team for the design task was discussed.
There is an interaction function among the downstream suppler involvement time and the frequncy of information communication between upstream task and downstream suppler. In the considering information communication, a variable of global gain was constructed considering trade-off between product development time and supplier’s cost, the existence of maximum of global gain was proved. Based on this, the computing formulas of optimal involvement time and communication frequency was respectively given, and the strategy for Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) was presented. The profits distribution between supplier and manufacturer was analyzed with Nash bargaining model.
Design crashing through effectively R&D resource allocation is an attractive method for shortening time of product development in the multi-organization product development. Based on knowledge accumulation function,the concept and model of design crashing was presented,and the upper limits on the impact of design crashing on shortening time of product development was proved. With principal-agent theory,the trade-off both design crashing cost and shortening time of product development was respectively discussed under information symmetric and information asymmetry.
Finally,this dissertation introduces an implementation in the new bus product development of Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. ,which testified the advancement and practicability of research achievements in this dissertation.
引文
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