基于时差测量的无线定位技术研究
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摘要
基于时差测量的TDOA(Time Difference OfArrival)无线定位技术,具有精度高,易于实现等特点,在无线定位导航、电子对抗中都取得了广泛的应用,特别是在蜂窝移动通信中的应用具有广阔的发展前景,存在很大的发展潜力。本文首先讨论了通信信号的循环平稳特性,在此基础上分析了TDOA 时延估计算法,并将加窗平均周期图法引入谱运算;然后分析了双曲线定位方程的求解算法,推导了泰勒级数展开结合最小二乘估计联合求解算法,并对算法性能进行了仿真;最后分析了两个定位精度增强算法,并进行了相应改进。
论文共分为六章:第一章概述了本课题的背景及意义,介绍了目前定位技术的研究现状,并对常用的定位技术进行了介绍,分析了各自的优缺点;第二章讨论了通信信号的二阶循环平稳特性,即循环相关函数和谱相关函数,并对BPSK 信号进行了讨论;第三章详细介绍了TDOA 定位技术的时延估计算法,并对谱相关比法(Spectrum Correlation)进行了仿真,同时将加窗平均周期图法引入到相关谱的运算中,提高了时延估计性能;第四章分析了TDOA 双曲线定位方程求解算法,提出了将泰勒级数展开法同最小二乘估计结合的联合算法,并进行了公式推导,仿真证明联合算法的性能接近于定位方程的最大似然解;第五章分析了非视线传播(No-Line-Of-Sight)误差消除问题和混合定位问题;第六章作为结束语,总结全文。
Wireless location technology based on Time Difference Of Arrivalmeasurements has characteristics including high precision and easy implementation.It has been widely used in wireless location navigation and electronic countermeasures, especially in mobile communication with a nice future and potential. Inthis dissertation, the characteristics of cyclostationary communication signal arediscussed first. Based on this theory, we analyze TDOA delay estimationalgorithms and introduce windowed average periodic diagrams into spectralcomputation. Then we analyze hyperbolic equations solving algorithms and deduceassociated algorithm of Taylor series expansion and Least-Lquares estimation,stimulate the algorithm. Finally, two location precision strengthen algorithms areintroduced and some corresponding improvements are made.
The dissertation is outlined as follows: the significance and background of thistopic is given in Chapter 1. Then we introduce the current research situation of thelocation technologies and discuss the common use of the technologies and analyzetheir merits and demerits. In Chapter 2, we focus on the seconded-ordercharacteristics of cyclostationary, that is cyclic correlation and spectral correlation,and discuss some features of the BPSK signal. TDOA delay estimation algorithmsare detailed in Chapter 3. Meanwhile, we stimulate the method of SPECCORR andintroduce the windowed average periodic diagrams into spectral computation toimprove the performance of this algorithm. In Chapter 4, TDOA hyperbolicequations solving algorithms are discussed and we deduce associated algorithm ofTaylor series expansion and Least-Lquares estimation, stimulate the algorithm. Wecan verify that the performance of the associated algorithm is close to theMaximum Likelihood solution of the location equations. We analyze the problemsof the elimination of the NLOS error and mix location. In Chapter 6, we take it as
论文共分为六章:第一章概述了本课题的背景及意义,介绍了目前定位技术的研究现状,并对常用的定位技术进行了介绍,分析了各自的优缺点;第二章讨论了通信信号的二阶循环平稳特性,即循环相关函数和谱相关函数,并对BPSK 信号进行了讨论;第三章详细介绍了TDOA 定位技术的时延估计算法,并对谱相关比法(Spectrum Correlation)进行了仿真,同时将加窗平均周期图法引入到相关谱的运算中,提高了时延估计性能;第四章分析了TDOA 双曲线定位方程求解算法,提出了将泰勒级数展开法同最小二乘估计结合的联合算法,并进行了公式推导,仿真证明联合算法的性能接近于定位方程的最大似然解;第五章分析了非视线传播(No-Line-Of-Sight)误差消除问题和混合定位问题;第六章作为结束语,总结全文。
Wireless location technology based on Time Difference Of Arrivalmeasurements has characteristics including high precision and easy implementation.It has been widely used in wireless location navigation and electronic countermeasures, especially in mobile communication with a nice future and potential. Inthis dissertation, the characteristics of cyclostationary communication signal arediscussed first. Based on this theory, we analyze TDOA delay estimationalgorithms and introduce windowed average periodic diagrams into spectralcomputation. Then we analyze hyperbolic equations solving algorithms and deduceassociated algorithm of Taylor series expansion and Least-Lquares estimation,stimulate the algorithm. Finally, two location precision strengthen algorithms areintroduced and some corresponding improvements are made.
The dissertation is outlined as follows: the significance and background of thistopic is given in Chapter 1. Then we introduce the current research situation of thelocation technologies and discuss the common use of the technologies and analyzetheir merits and demerits. In Chapter 2, we focus on the seconded-ordercharacteristics of cyclostationary, that is cyclic correlation and spectral correlation,and discuss some features of the BPSK signal. TDOA delay estimation algorithmsare detailed in Chapter 3. Meanwhile, we stimulate the method of SPECCORR andintroduce the windowed average periodic diagrams into spectral computation toimprove the performance of this algorithm. In Chapter 4, TDOA hyperbolicequations solving algorithms are discussed and we deduce associated algorithm ofTaylor series expansion and Least-Lquares estimation, stimulate the algorithm. Wecan verify that the performance of the associated algorithm is close to theMaximum Likelihood solution of the location equations. We analyze the problemsof the elimination of the NLOS error and mix location. In Chapter 6, we take it as
引文
[1] C. K. Chen and W. A. Garder, “Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part I: Theory and Method”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40. No.5, pp.1169-1184, May 1992.
[2] 张贤达,保铮,“非平稳信号分析与处理”,国防工业出版,2001 年7 月。
[3] C. K. Chen and W. A. Garder, “Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part I: Theory and Method”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40. No.5, pp.1169-1184, May 1992.
[4] C. K. Chen and W. A. Garder, “Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part II: Algorithms and Performance”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,Vol.40, No.5, pp.1185-1197, May 1992.
[5] Pi-Chun Chen, “Mobile Position Location Estimation in Cellular Systems”, dissertation, The State University of New Jersey, 1999.
[6] Y. T. Chan and K. C. Ho, “A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol.42, No.8, pp.1905-1915, Aug. 1994.
[7] Ling Cong and Weihua Zhuang, “Non-line-of-sight Error Mitigation in TDOA Mobile Location”, IEEE GLOBECOM 2001, pp.680-684,Nov. 2001.
[8] Ling Cong and Weihua Zhuang, “Hybrid TDOA/AOA Mobile User Location for Wideband CDMA Cellular Systems”, IEEE transactions on wireless communications, Vol.1, No.3, pp.439-446, July 2002.
[9] 邓平,刘林,范平志,“一种基于TDOA 重构的蜂窝定位服务NLOS 误差消除方法”,电波科学学报(英文版),第18 卷,第3 期,P311-316,2003 年6 月。
[10]邓平,李莉,范平志,“一种TDOA/AOA 混合定位算法及其性能分析”, 电波科学学报,第17 卷,第6 期,P633-636,2002 年6 月。
[11]王昕,王宗欣,刘石,“一种考虑非视线传播影响的TOA 定位算法”,通信学报,第22 卷,第3 期,P1-8,2001 年3 月。
[12]A.V. Oppenhein, R. W. Schafer, and John R. Buck, “Digital-Time Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2001.
[13]朱近康,“CDMA 通信技术”,人民邮电出版社,2001 年9 月。
[14]H. C. So, “Adaptive TDOA estimation in the presence of impulsive noise”, Electron. Letters, Vol.34, No.15, pp.1455-1456, July 1998.
[15]H. C. SO, “Adaptive algorithm for direct estimation of sinusoidal frequency”, Electron. Letters, Vol.36, No.8, pp.759-760, April 2000.
[16]Z. Xu and P. Shi, “TDOA estimation algorithm for cyclostionary signals in multipath environments”, Electron. Letters, Vol.39, No.6, pp.474-475, March 2003.
[17]袁晓军,王宗欣,“改进的SPECCORR 方法的TDOA 估计”,复旦学报(自然科学版),第41 卷,第2 期,P122-128,2002 年4 月。
[18]行鸿彦,赵守国等,“广义相关时延估计算法的自适应实现形式”,西安石油学院学报,第16 卷,第6 期,P47-50,2001 年11 月。
[19]张贤达,“现代信号处理”,清华大学出版社,2002 年3 月。
[20]范平志,邓平,刘林,“蜂窝网无线定位”,电子工业出版社, 2002 年12 月。
[21]Rahman I. Reza, “Data Fusion For Improved TOA/TDOA Position Determination in Wireless Systems”, thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2000.
[22]Y. T. Chan and K. C. Ho, “An efficient closed-from localization solution from time difference of arrival measurements”, IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1994. ICASSP-94. , Volume: ii, pp393-396, April 1994.
[23]刘颖,王树勋,移动终端定位参数联合估计方法的研究,长春邮电学院学报,2001 年Vol. 3
[24]刘颖王树勋宋春莆. 移动终端定位算法及误差分析. 系统工程与电子技术. 2001 年7 月第23 卷
[25]刘颖, 王树勋. 移动终端定位参数联合估计方法的研究. 长春邮电学院学报,Vol.19 No.2, 2001.2。
[26]邓远芬,CDMA 蜂窝移动通信系统中移动台定位方案的研究. 北京邮电大 许的研究生学位论文,1997 年3 月。
[27]刘基余,“GPS 卫星导航定位原理与方法”,科学出版社,2003 年8 月。
[28]W. A. Garder and W. A. Brown, “Spectral Correlation of Modulated Signals: Part II-Digital Modulation”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. Com-35, No.6, pp.595-601, July 1987.
[29]H. C. So, “Fast algorithm for nonstationary delay estimation”, Electron. Letters, Vol.34, No.8, pp.722-723, April 1998.
[30]H. C. So, P. C. Ching, K. C. Ho and Y. T. Chan, “A novel constrained algorithm for delay estimation in the presence of multipath transmissions,”Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. James J. vol.1, pp.313-316, April 1993.
[31]利泊尔特(美)著,马凉译,无线通信中的智能天线,机械工业出版社,2002 年8 月。
[32]George A. Mizusawa, “Performance of Hyperbolic Position Location Techniques for Code Division Multiple Access”, MPRG-TR-96-29, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061-0350, August 1996.
[33]姜鸣,陈进,秦恺,“时变调幅信号的循环平稳特性”,上海交通大学学报, 第35 卷,第12 期,P 1798-1801,2001 年12 月。
[34]James M. Zagami and Steen A. Parl, “Providing universal location services using a wireless E-911 location network”, IEEE Communications Magazine Vol.36, pp.66-71, April 1998.
[35]John G. Proakis, “Digital Communications,”Fourth Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001.
[36]李勇,徐霞,“MATLAB 辅助现代工程数字信号处理”,西安电子科技大学出版社,2002 年10 月。
[37]Caffery, Jr. and Gordon L. Stuber, “Overview of radiolocation in CDMA cellular systems”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.36, pp.38-45, April 1998.
[38]冯小平,“扩频通信信号的到达时差估计方法”,西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),第27 卷,第1 期,P17-20,2000 年2 月。
[39]邓勇,周一宇,“无源时差定位系统的模糊无解问题”,国防科技大学学报,
[2] 张贤达,保铮,“非平稳信号分析与处理”,国防工业出版,2001 年7 月。
[3] C. K. Chen and W. A. Garder, “Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part I: Theory and Method”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40. No.5, pp.1169-1184, May 1992.
[4] C. K. Chen and W. A. Garder, “Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part II: Algorithms and Performance”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing,Vol.40, No.5, pp.1185-1197, May 1992.
[5] Pi-Chun Chen, “Mobile Position Location Estimation in Cellular Systems”, dissertation, The State University of New Jersey, 1999.
[6] Y. T. Chan and K. C. Ho, “A simple and efficient estimator for hyperbolic location”, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol.42, No.8, pp.1905-1915, Aug. 1994.
[7] Ling Cong and Weihua Zhuang, “Non-line-of-sight Error Mitigation in TDOA Mobile Location”, IEEE GLOBECOM 2001, pp.680-684,Nov. 2001.
[8] Ling Cong and Weihua Zhuang, “Hybrid TDOA/AOA Mobile User Location for Wideband CDMA Cellular Systems”, IEEE transactions on wireless communications, Vol.1, No.3, pp.439-446, July 2002.
[9] 邓平,刘林,范平志,“一种基于TDOA 重构的蜂窝定位服务NLOS 误差消除方法”,电波科学学报(英文版),第18 卷,第3 期,P311-316,2003 年6 月。
[10]邓平,李莉,范平志,“一种TDOA/AOA 混合定位算法及其性能分析”, 电波科学学报,第17 卷,第6 期,P633-636,2002 年6 月。
[11]王昕,王宗欣,刘石,“一种考虑非视线传播影响的TOA 定位算法”,通信学报,第22 卷,第3 期,P1-8,2001 年3 月。
[12]A.V. Oppenhein, R. W. Schafer, and John R. Buck, “Digital-Time Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2001.
[13]朱近康,“CDMA 通信技术”,人民邮电出版社,2001 年9 月。
[14]H. C. So, “Adaptive TDOA estimation in the presence of impulsive noise”, Electron. Letters, Vol.34, No.15, pp.1455-1456, July 1998.
[15]H. C. SO, “Adaptive algorithm for direct estimation of sinusoidal frequency”, Electron. Letters, Vol.36, No.8, pp.759-760, April 2000.
[16]Z. Xu and P. Shi, “TDOA estimation algorithm for cyclostionary signals in multipath environments”, Electron. Letters, Vol.39, No.6, pp.474-475, March 2003.
[17]袁晓军,王宗欣,“改进的SPECCORR 方法的TDOA 估计”,复旦学报(自然科学版),第41 卷,第2 期,P122-128,2002 年4 月。
[18]行鸿彦,赵守国等,“广义相关时延估计算法的自适应实现形式”,西安石油学院学报,第16 卷,第6 期,P47-50,2001 年11 月。
[19]张贤达,“现代信号处理”,清华大学出版社,2002 年3 月。
[20]范平志,邓平,刘林,“蜂窝网无线定位”,电子工业出版社, 2002 年12 月。
[21]Rahman I. Reza, “Data Fusion For Improved TOA/TDOA Position Determination in Wireless Systems”, thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2000.
[22]Y. T. Chan and K. C. Ho, “An efficient closed-from localization solution from time difference of arrival measurements”, IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1994. ICASSP-94. , Volume: ii, pp393-396, April 1994.
[23]刘颖,王树勋,移动终端定位参数联合估计方法的研究,长春邮电学院学报,2001 年Vol. 3
[24]刘颖王树勋宋春莆. 移动终端定位算法及误差分析. 系统工程与电子技术. 2001 年7 月第23 卷
[25]刘颖, 王树勋. 移动终端定位参数联合估计方法的研究. 长春邮电学院学报,Vol.19 No.2, 2001.2。
[26]邓远芬,CDMA 蜂窝移动通信系统中移动台定位方案的研究. 北京邮电大 许的研究生学位论文,1997 年3 月。
[27]刘基余,“GPS 卫星导航定位原理与方法”,科学出版社,2003 年8 月。
[28]W. A. Garder and W. A. Brown, “Spectral Correlation of Modulated Signals: Part II-Digital Modulation”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. Com-35, No.6, pp.595-601, July 1987.
[29]H. C. So, “Fast algorithm for nonstationary delay estimation”, Electron. Letters, Vol.34, No.8, pp.722-723, April 1998.
[30]H. C. So, P. C. Ching, K. C. Ho and Y. T. Chan, “A novel constrained algorithm for delay estimation in the presence of multipath transmissions,”Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. James J. vol.1, pp.313-316, April 1993.
[31]利泊尔特(美)著,马凉译,无线通信中的智能天线,机械工业出版社,2002 年8 月。
[32]George A. Mizusawa, “Performance of Hyperbolic Position Location Techniques for Code Division Multiple Access”, MPRG-TR-96-29, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061-0350, August 1996.
[33]姜鸣,陈进,秦恺,“时变调幅信号的循环平稳特性”,上海交通大学学报, 第35 卷,第12 期,P 1798-1801,2001 年12 月。
[34]James M. Zagami and Steen A. Parl, “Providing universal location services using a wireless E-911 location network”, IEEE Communications Magazine Vol.36, pp.66-71, April 1998.
[35]John G. Proakis, “Digital Communications,”Fourth Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001.
[36]李勇,徐霞,“MATLAB 辅助现代工程数字信号处理”,西安电子科技大学出版社,2002 年10 月。
[37]Caffery, Jr. and Gordon L. Stuber, “Overview of radiolocation in CDMA cellular systems”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.36, pp.38-45, April 1998.
[38]冯小平,“扩频通信信号的到达时差估计方法”,西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),第27 卷,第1 期,P17-20,2000 年2 月。
[39]邓勇,周一宇,“无源时差定位系统的模糊无解问题”,国防科技大学学报,