辐射源无源定位技术研究
摘要
辐射源无源定位技术在军事和民用领域都具有十分重要的地位和作用。
首先，本文研究了到达时差定位系统。详细介绍了几种到达时差估计的方法，通过计算机仿真，对这些方法的性能进行了说明和比较。在获得精确的到达时差信息的基础上，详细讨论了一种到达时差定位的方法。
接着，本文还就到达频差定位系统进行了研究。详细讨论了单载频信号的到达频差估计。并对到达频差曲线的定位特性和到达频差定位的误差进行了分析和仿真。
最后，本文研究了时差频差联合定位系统。通过互模糊函数的计算来实现时差频差的联合估计，并介绍了一种时差频差联合定位的方法，该方法通过把多个快拍的互模糊函数图映射到一个探测区域来实现对探测区域目标辐射源的定位。
Passive location of emitter source has been playing an important role both in Militaryand civilian fields.
Firstly, in this dissertation, the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) Location Systemhas been studied. Some methods to estimate TDOA have been introduced. Throughsimulations, the performance of these methods have been explicated and compared. Baseon the precise TDOA information, a TDOA Location method has been introduced.
Secondly, the Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA) Location System has beenresearched. The estimate of the FDOA for the single-carrier frequency signals is studied indetails. Then the location characteristic of the FDOA curve and the error of the FDOAlocation have been analyzed and simulated respectively.
Last but not least, the TDOA/FDOA Joint Location System has been studied.TDOA/FDOA joint estimation is realized through the Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF)algorithm. And we introduce a TDOA/FDOA Joint Location method. The emitter sourcecan be located through mapping the CAF surface from several snapshots to a commondetection region.
首先，本文研究了到达时差定位系统。详细介绍了几种到达时差估计的方法，通过计算机仿真，对这些方法的性能进行了说明和比较。在获得精确的到达时差信息的基础上，详细讨论了一种到达时差定位的方法。
接着，本文还就到达频差定位系统进行了研究。详细讨论了单载频信号的到达频差估计。并对到达频差曲线的定位特性和到达频差定位的误差进行了分析和仿真。
最后，本文研究了时差频差联合定位系统。通过互模糊函数的计算来实现时差频差的联合估计，并介绍了一种时差频差联合定位的方法，该方法通过把多个快拍的互模糊函数图映射到一个探测区域来实现对探测区域目标辐射源的定位。
Passive location of emitter source has been playing an important role both in Militaryand civilian fields.
Firstly, in this dissertation, the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) Location Systemhas been studied. Some methods to estimate TDOA have been introduced. Throughsimulations, the performance of these methods have been explicated and compared. Baseon the precise TDOA information, a TDOA Location method has been introduced.
Secondly, the Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA) Location System has beenresearched. The estimate of the FDOA for the single-carrier frequency signals is studied indetails. Then the location characteristic of the FDOA curve and the error of the FDOAlocation have been analyzed and simulated respectively.
Last but not least, the TDOA/FDOA Joint Location System has been studied.TDOA/FDOA joint estimation is realized through the Cross Ambiguity Function (CAF)algorithm. And we introduce a TDOA/FDOA Joint Location method. The emitter sourcecan be located through mapping the CAF surface from several snapshots to a commondetection region.
引文
1 胡来招．无源定位．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2004
2 孙仲康，周一宇等。单多基地有源无源定位技术．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，1996
3 孙龙祥．发展中的无源定位技术．中国电子学会电子对抗分会第十二届学术年会论文集．2001：429-434
4．朱庆明，吴曼青．一种新型无源探测与跟踪雷达系统——“沉默哨兵”．现代电子．2000(1)：1-6
5 胡广书．数字信号处理．第2版．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
6 C.H. Knapp, G.C. Carter. "The Generalized Correlation Method for Estimation of Time Delay" .IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. 24(4),pp. 320-327,Aug. 19?6
7 Morcdechal Azaria, David Hertz. "TimeDelay Estimation by Generalized Cross Correlation Methods" .IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-32(2),pp. 280-285, Aug. 1984
8 张颢．时差测向定位综述．无线电工程．1995，25(1)：1-14
9 崔玮玮，曹志刚，魏建强．声源定位中的时延估计技术．数据采集与处理．2007，22(1)：90-99
10 张贤达．现代信号处理．第2版．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
11 Francis A. Reed, Paul L. Feintuch, Neil J.Bershad. "Time Delay Estimation Using the LMS Adaptive Filter-Static Behavior" .IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-29(3),pp. 280-285, Jun. 1981
12 王宏禹，印天爽．自适应噪声抵消与时间延迟估计．第1版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1999
13 Paulo S．R．Diniz．自适应滤波算法与实现．第2版．北京：电子工业出版社，2004
14 H.C. So, P.C. Ching. "Comparative study of five LMS-based adaptive time delay estimators" .IEE Proc-Radui: Sonur Nuvig, Vol. 148(1),pp. 9-15, Feb. 2001
15 Y.T. Chan, K.C. Ho. "A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location" .IEEE rrans. Signal Processing, Vol. 42(8),pp. 1905-1915, Aug. 1994
16 潘琴格，严盟，廖桂生．多站时差频差联合定位技术．雷达科学与技术．2005，3(6)：332-335
17 王永诚，张令坤．多站时差定位技术研究．现代雷达．2003，25(2)：1-4
18 邓勇，周一宇．无源时差定位系统的模糊无解问题．系统下程与电子技术．2000，22(3)：27-29
19 邓勇，周一宇．无源时差定位系统的模糊无解问题．国防科技大学学报．1999，21(3)：84-87
20 张正明，杨绍全，张守宏．平面时差定位精度分析．西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，27(1)：13-16
21 齐国清，贾欣乐．插值FFT估计正弦信号频率的精度分析．电子学报．2004，32(4)：625-629
22 齐国清．FMCW液位测量雷达系统设计及信号处理方法研究．博士学位论文，大连：大连海事大学，2001
23 齐国清．几种基于FFT的频率估计方法精度分析．振动工程学报．2006，19(1)：86-92
24 P. C. Rife, G. A. Vincent. "Use of the discrete Fourier transform in the measurement of frequencies and levels of tones". Bell. Sys. Tech. J, pp. 197-228, Feb. 1970
25 V. K. Jane, W.L. JrCollins, D.C. Davis. "High-accuracy analog measurements vias interpolated". IEEE rrans, on Instrument Measurement, Vol. 28(2), pp. 113-122,. 1979
26 丁康，谢明，王志杰．离散频谱的幅值、相位和频率的校正方法及误差分析．动态分析与测试技术．1996，14(1)：10-29
27 齐国清，贾欣乐．基于DFT相位的正弦波频率和初相的高精度估计方法．电子学报．2001，29(9)：1164-1167
28 齐国清．利用FFT相位差校正信号频率和初相估计的误差分析．数据采集与处理．2003，18(3)：7-11
29 李华．多站差分多普勒定位技术．电子对抗技术．1998，13(6)：15-22
30 郭艳丽，杨绍全．差分多普勒无源定位．电子对抗技术．2002，17(6)：20-23
31 王丽娟，张正明．差分多普勒频率定位技术研究．航天电子对抗．2000(6)：40-42
32 Glenn D. Hartwell. "Improved Geo-Spatial Resolution Using a Modified Approach to the Complex Ambiguity Function (CAF) " Master' s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, Sep 2005
33 S. Stien. "Algorithms for Ambiguity Function Processing" IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, gignal Processing, vol. 29(3), pp. 588-599, Jun. 1981
34 R. Ulman, E. Geraniotis "Wideband TDOA/FDOA Processing Using Summation of Short-Time CAF's" IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 47(12), pp 3193-3200 Dec. 1999
35 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
36 于京龙，王京玲，逯贵祯．时延和频移联合估计的模糊函数算法．中国传媒大学学报自然科学版．2006，13(6)：63-66
37 张正明．辐射源无源定位研究．博士学位论文，西安：西安电子科技大学，2000
38 Dae C. Shin, Chrysostomos L. Nikias. "Estimation of Frequency-Delay of Arrival(FDOA) Using Fourth-Order Statistics in Unknown Correlated Gaussian Noise Sources". IEEE rrans. Signal Processing, Vol. 42(10), pp. 2771-2780. Oct. 1994
39 J. johnson. "Implementing the Cross Ambiguity Function and Generating Geometry-Specific Signals". Master' s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, Sep 2001
40 Dae C. Shin, Chrysostomos L. Nikias. "Complex Ambiguity Functions Using Nonstationary Higher Order Cumulant Estimates" IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 43(11), pp. 2649-2664. Nov. 1995
41 Guangxiang Yao, Zhiwen Liu, Yougen xU. "TDOA/FDOA Joint Estimation in a Correlated Noise Environment". IEEE International Symposium on Microwave ,Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologes for Wireless Communications Proceedings, 2005, pp. 831-834.2005
42 K. C. WO, Y. T. CHIN. "Ceolocation of a Known Altitude Object From TDOA and FDOA Measurements" IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 33(3) ,pp. 770-783. Nov. 1997
43 M.Schwabisch, "A Fast and Efficient Technique for SAR Interogram Geocoding" Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 1998, IGARSS'98, IEEE 1998 International, vol. 2, pp 1100-1102, 1998
44 黄永辉，吴季．二维综合孔径微波辐射计成像理论与方法研究．电子学报．2002，30(5)：697-701
45 E. Sansosti, "A Simple and Exact Solution for the Interferometric and Stereo SAR Geolocation Problem" .IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 42(8), pp 1625-1634, Aug. 2004
46 J. Wu, Y Huang and X. Dong, "Image Retrieval Algorithm of Two-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radiometer" .Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2001, IGARSS '01, IEEE 2001 International, vol. 6, pp 3268-3270, Jul. 2001
47 王建新，杨林，周宇．周期平稳通信信号时差估计．国防科技大学学报．2002，24(6)：42-45
48 W.A .Gardner, C.K. Chen. "Signal-selecaivc Time-Difference-of-Arrival Estimalion for Passive Location of Man-Made signal sources in Highly corruptive Environments, Part I :Theory and Method". IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40(5),pp. 1168-1184, Aug. 1992
49 C.K. Chen ,W.A .Gardner. "Signal-selecaivc Time-Difference-of-Arrival Estimalion for Passive Location of Man-Made signal sources in Highly corruptive Environments, Part Ⅱ:Algorithms and Performance". IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40(5),pp. 1185-1197, Aug. 1992
2 孙仲康，周一宇等。单多基地有源无源定位技术．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，1996
3 孙龙祥．发展中的无源定位技术．中国电子学会电子对抗分会第十二届学术年会论文集．2001：429-434
4．朱庆明，吴曼青．一种新型无源探测与跟踪雷达系统——“沉默哨兵”．现代电子．2000(1)：1-6
5 胡广书．数字信号处理．第2版．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
6 C.H. Knapp, G.C. Carter. "The Generalized Correlation Method for Estimation of Time Delay" .IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. 24(4),pp. 320-327,Aug. 19?6
7 Morcdechal Azaria, David Hertz. "TimeDelay Estimation by Generalized Cross Correlation Methods" .IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-32(2),pp. 280-285, Aug. 1984
8 张颢．时差测向定位综述．无线电工程．1995，25(1)：1-14
9 崔玮玮，曹志刚，魏建强．声源定位中的时延估计技术．数据采集与处理．2007，22(1)：90-99
10 张贤达．现代信号处理．第2版．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
11 Francis A. Reed, Paul L. Feintuch, Neil J.Bershad. "Time Delay Estimation Using the LMS Adaptive Filter-Static Behavior" .IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-29(3),pp. 280-285, Jun. 1981
12 王宏禹，印天爽．自适应噪声抵消与时间延迟估计．第1版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1999
13 Paulo S．R．Diniz．自适应滤波算法与实现．第2版．北京：电子工业出版社，2004
14 H.C. So, P.C. Ching. "Comparative study of five LMS-based adaptive time delay estimators" .IEE Proc-Radui: Sonur Nuvig, Vol. 148(1),pp. 9-15, Feb. 2001
15 Y.T. Chan, K.C. Ho. "A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location" .IEEE rrans. Signal Processing, Vol. 42(8),pp. 1905-1915, Aug. 1994
16 潘琴格，严盟，廖桂生．多站时差频差联合定位技术．雷达科学与技术．2005，3(6)：332-335
17 王永诚，张令坤．多站时差定位技术研究．现代雷达．2003，25(2)：1-4
18 邓勇，周一宇．无源时差定位系统的模糊无解问题．系统下程与电子技术．2000，22(3)：27-29
19 邓勇，周一宇．无源时差定位系统的模糊无解问题．国防科技大学学报．1999，21(3)：84-87
20 张正明，杨绍全，张守宏．平面时差定位精度分析．西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，27(1)：13-16
21 齐国清，贾欣乐．插值FFT估计正弦信号频率的精度分析．电子学报．2004，32(4)：625-629
22 齐国清．FMCW液位测量雷达系统设计及信号处理方法研究．博士学位论文，大连：大连海事大学，2001
23 齐国清．几种基于FFT的频率估计方法精度分析．振动工程学报．2006，19(1)：86-92
24 P. C. Rife, G. A. Vincent. "Use of the discrete Fourier transform in the measurement of frequencies and levels of tones". Bell. Sys. Tech. J, pp. 197-228, Feb. 1970
25 V. K. Jane, W.L. JrCollins, D.C. Davis. "High-accuracy analog measurements vias interpolated". IEEE rrans, on Instrument Measurement, Vol. 28(2), pp. 113-122,. 1979
26 丁康，谢明，王志杰．离散频谱的幅值、相位和频率的校正方法及误差分析．动态分析与测试技术．1996，14(1)：10-29
27 齐国清，贾欣乐．基于DFT相位的正弦波频率和初相的高精度估计方法．电子学报．2001，29(9)：1164-1167
28 齐国清．利用FFT相位差校正信号频率和初相估计的误差分析．数据采集与处理．2003，18(3)：7-11
29 李华．多站差分多普勒定位技术．电子对抗技术．1998，13(6)：15-22
30 郭艳丽，杨绍全．差分多普勒无源定位．电子对抗技术．2002，17(6)：20-23
31 王丽娟，张正明．差分多普勒频率定位技术研究．航天电子对抗．2000(6)：40-42
32 Glenn D. Hartwell. "Improved Geo-Spatial Resolution Using a Modified Approach to the Complex Ambiguity Function (CAF) " Master' s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, Sep 2005
33 S. Stien. "Algorithms for Ambiguity Function Processing" IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech, gignal Processing, vol. 29(3), pp. 588-599, Jun. 1981
34 R. Ulman, E. Geraniotis "Wideband TDOA/FDOA Processing Using Summation of Short-Time CAF's" IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 47(12), pp 3193-3200 Dec. 1999
35 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．第1版．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
36 于京龙，王京玲，逯贵祯．时延和频移联合估计的模糊函数算法．中国传媒大学学报自然科学版．2006，13(6)：63-66
37 张正明．辐射源无源定位研究．博士学位论文，西安：西安电子科技大学，2000
38 Dae C. Shin, Chrysostomos L. Nikias. "Estimation of Frequency-Delay of Arrival(FDOA) Using Fourth-Order Statistics in Unknown Correlated Gaussian Noise Sources". IEEE rrans. Signal Processing, Vol. 42(10), pp. 2771-2780. Oct. 1994
39 J. johnson. "Implementing the Cross Ambiguity Function and Generating Geometry-Specific Signals". Master' s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, Sep 2001
40 Dae C. Shin, Chrysostomos L. Nikias. "Complex Ambiguity Functions Using Nonstationary Higher Order Cumulant Estimates" IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 43(11), pp. 2649-2664. Nov. 1995
41 Guangxiang Yao, Zhiwen Liu, Yougen xU. "TDOA/FDOA Joint Estimation in a Correlated Noise Environment". IEEE International Symposium on Microwave ,Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologes for Wireless Communications Proceedings, 2005, pp. 831-834.2005
42 K. C. WO, Y. T. CHIN. "Ceolocation of a Known Altitude Object From TDOA and FDOA Measurements" IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 33(3) ,pp. 770-783. Nov. 1997
43 M.Schwabisch, "A Fast and Efficient Technique for SAR Interogram Geocoding" Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 1998, IGARSS'98, IEEE 1998 International, vol. 2, pp 1100-1102, 1998
44 黄永辉，吴季．二维综合孔径微波辐射计成像理论与方法研究．电子学报．2002，30(5)：697-701
45 E. Sansosti, "A Simple and Exact Solution for the Interferometric and Stereo SAR Geolocation Problem" .IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 42(8), pp 1625-1634, Aug. 2004
46 J. Wu, Y Huang and X. Dong, "Image Retrieval Algorithm of Two-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radiometer" .Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2001, IGARSS '01, IEEE 2001 International, vol. 6, pp 3268-3270, Jul. 2001
47 王建新，杨林，周宇．周期平稳通信信号时差估计．国防科技大学学报．2002，24(6)：42-45
48 W.A .Gardner, C.K. Chen. "Signal-selecaivc Time-Difference-of-Arrival Estimalion for Passive Location of Man-Made signal sources in Highly corruptive Environments, Part I :Theory and Method". IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40(5),pp. 1168-1184, Aug. 1992
49 C.K. Chen ,W.A .Gardner. "Signal-selecaivc Time-Difference-of-Arrival Estimalion for Passive Location of Man-Made signal sources in Highly corruptive Environments, Part Ⅱ:Algorithms and Performance". IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol. 40(5),pp. 1185-1197, Aug. 1992