卫星干扰源定位问题研究
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摘要
卫星干扰源定位技术在军事和民用中已经获得了广泛应用。定位是通过对某一个或几个参数进行估计来实现的,因此参数的估计方法是定位问题的根本。本文整体过程思路是首先提出卫星干扰源定位问题,然后重点介绍了解决卫星干扰源定位的工具,最后实现了卫星干扰源定位。
文中对目前卫星干扰源定位技术的基本定位方法进行了综述,对整个工作流程做了清晰的说明,确定了本文的主要研究内容。
文中介绍了定位算法中需要的一些基础知识,给出了双星定位的系统模型,引出了双星定位系统中的两个关键性参数—时延(TDOA)和频移(FDOA)。双星定位算法已经获得了广泛的应用,但是我国在这方面仅进行过TDOA的研究。
文中对于TDOA的估计,研究了双谱估计的直接法和参数法;对于FDOA的估计,研究了基于二阶模糊函数和基于高阶统计量的参数化和非参数化估计算法。本文重点是研究了FDOA估计方法及其TDOA和FDOA的联合估计方法,同时把时延和频移联合估计应用到了卫星干扰源定位中。实验结果具有一定的理论意义和实际价值。
本文将卫星干扰源定位做了一个系统化的全面的研究,为双星定位系统的设计提供了理论基础,为进一步研究奠定了基础。
本文最后对论文工作进行了总结,并就今后该课题的发展方向做了进一步的展望。
Since satellite transmitter is transparent for all signals that arrive at its receiving antenna, the position and frequency of the working satellite are extensively used, so the system of the satellite communications is very frail and will be disturbed easily.
For those interferences which last a long time and effect communication services badly, adopting accurate TLS (transmitter location system) technique to find out interference is an important problem to discuss for easing disturbing and enhancing systemic security.In present-day electronic battle, it is also significant that we locate interference in order to destroy target.
For the moment,there are two kind of mature systems of satellite interference location—the TLS Model 2000 of America and the SatID of the U.K, whose theory is essentially uniform.They both base on the system of double- satellite of TDOA and FDOA.The TLS technique is applied extensively in satellite system of military affairs and civil application in INTELSAT ,EUTELSAT,America and the U.K.It deals with thousands of interferential events. The precision of location is less than ten kilometer.
The system of satellite interference location involves many fields. It solves a lot of problems of interferential events that may be purposive or unmeant, and ensures our legitimate rights and interests.
The technique of satellite interference location has been mature abroad, but it is still faulty in our country. So pressing on with our research, going in for more perfectly techniques of location, better precision and quicker speed are still our main task.
In this thesis, it studies deeply the methods of based on second-order and fourth-order cumulant of time-delay of arrival (TDOA), frequency-delay of arrival (FDOA) and joint estimation location technology.The simulation results show that the joint method can make up the blur problem in time difference method and the velocity vector unknown problem in Doppler frequency method.So this thesis has theory meaning and actual value in some extent.It proves that the methods are both practical and promising.
In this thesis, we have analyzed two or three methods of TDOA, FDOA, and TDOA&FDOA joint estimation, at the same time compared their accuracy of estimation. Although TDOA&FDOA joint estimation is more complex, it’s also more accurate and will lead the future.
This dissertation studies the problem of satellite interference location systematically.It lays the foundation for the design on the system of double- satellite location system and further reseach.
The main contents are as following:
Chapter one: In the thesis, the history, significance and evolution of the satellite interference location are reviewed. The interferential reason of satellite communication system, the means of locating unknown target and the arrangement of the thesis’content are presented respectively.
Chapter two: The model of satellite interference location in common use—double-satellite location system is introduced. The thesis studies the theory,configuration and algorithm of the double-satellite location system, and then gets the difference between them on the study of three-satellite time-difference localization algorithm,four-satellite time-difference localization algorithm and double-satellite localization algorithm.The theory of double-satellite location is found on time-delay of arrival (TDOA) and frequency-delay of arrival (FDOA) location technology.The track gained by TDOA is hyperboloid which intersects with spherical surface under the konwn information of two satellites, then we get a curve. Another curve gives birth to intersect of FDOA and spherical surface. Finally, get an elliptical area which is the area of interference. And the position of interference can be ascertained by virtue of data-base or other secondary measures.
Chapter three: Elicite the basic theories of parameter estimation.In practice, the measure of parameters is important.Because the information which needs to be thansfered is modulated in the parameters. Of course, there are many other parameters for application except TDOA and FDOA, such as angle, distance. By reason of our need, TDOA and FDOA will be introduced mainly in the chapter.
About TDOA: Introduce the ways of matlab function, directly and parametric double-spectrum, also give simulation under different conditions. A better result is gained according to altering the formula of the way of directly double-spectrum.The method of parameter double-spectrum doesn’t adopt the algorithm of FFT, so it is steadier than the way of directly double-spectrum which makes use of FFT to estimat time-delay.
About FDOA: Introduce some basic methods which are based on second-order and fourth-order cumulant, put forward some algorithms and make out a series of simulations. The results show that when signal is mixed with the correlative noise, the way of FDOA estimateion based on the fourth-order cumulant is valid and feasible. However, the way based on second-order cumulant brings deteriorative result.
Chapter four: The algorithms of based on second-order and fourth-order cumulant which are used to estimate TDOA and FDOA simultaneously derive out.
In this chapter, a joint estimation of the parameters of TDOA and FDOA on satellite interference location is introduced. Analyze receiving signals, and put up the TDOA&FDOA joint estimation algorithm firstly. And then second-order and fourth-order cross ambiguity function are presented concretely.The method of CAF-SOS provides higher estimate accuracy through the simulation, but not for color noise, because the method of CAF-SOS is sensitive to correlative noises.The method of CAF-HOS can meet color noise with Gauss distribution,but possesses slow data convergence performance and high calculation load. Ambiguity function is a very useful tool which can obtain quite accurate value. Taking into account of different data lengths, different noises and different SNR, we simulate and get some useful conclusion. The computer simulation results show the fourth-order cumulant is valid and feasible.
Chapter five: First of all, elicit the model of location, and then find the means of location, at last introduce how the location comes true. It is the application of TDOA and FDOA in satellite interference location. The chapter mainly describes two principles of location: geometric principle and algebra principle. According to the principles, we can locate the interference through seeking the point of intersection of hyperbola or iterative calculation.At the end of the chapter, some things about the whole working flow, working condition and location precision are generalized.
The whole process can be described as following: it utilizes two receiving antennas which are used to receive signals that are transmitted by satellites, and resorts to a series of means like frequency conversion, A/D conversion, the compare of relativity, brings TDOA and FDOA lastly. So the position of interference can come true by virtue of data-base or other secondary measure.
Finally: An overview of author’s work and the prospect of technique of satellite interference location are presented.
文中对目前卫星干扰源定位技术的基本定位方法进行了综述,对整个工作流程做了清晰的说明,确定了本文的主要研究内容。
文中介绍了定位算法中需要的一些基础知识,给出了双星定位的系统模型,引出了双星定位系统中的两个关键性参数—时延(TDOA)和频移(FDOA)。双星定位算法已经获得了广泛的应用,但是我国在这方面仅进行过TDOA的研究。
文中对于TDOA的估计,研究了双谱估计的直接法和参数法;对于FDOA的估计,研究了基于二阶模糊函数和基于高阶统计量的参数化和非参数化估计算法。本文重点是研究了FDOA估计方法及其TDOA和FDOA的联合估计方法,同时把时延和频移联合估计应用到了卫星干扰源定位中。实验结果具有一定的理论意义和实际价值。
本文将卫星干扰源定位做了一个系统化的全面的研究,为双星定位系统的设计提供了理论基础,为进一步研究奠定了基础。
本文最后对论文工作进行了总结,并就今后该课题的发展方向做了进一步的展望。
Since satellite transmitter is transparent for all signals that arrive at its receiving antenna, the position and frequency of the working satellite are extensively used, so the system of the satellite communications is very frail and will be disturbed easily.
For those interferences which last a long time and effect communication services badly, adopting accurate TLS (transmitter location system) technique to find out interference is an important problem to discuss for easing disturbing and enhancing systemic security.In present-day electronic battle, it is also significant that we locate interference in order to destroy target.
For the moment,there are two kind of mature systems of satellite interference location—the TLS Model 2000 of America and the SatID of the U.K, whose theory is essentially uniform.They both base on the system of double- satellite of TDOA and FDOA.The TLS technique is applied extensively in satellite system of military affairs and civil application in INTELSAT ,EUTELSAT,America and the U.K.It deals with thousands of interferential events. The precision of location is less than ten kilometer.
The system of satellite interference location involves many fields. It solves a lot of problems of interferential events that may be purposive or unmeant, and ensures our legitimate rights and interests.
The technique of satellite interference location has been mature abroad, but it is still faulty in our country. So pressing on with our research, going in for more perfectly techniques of location, better precision and quicker speed are still our main task.
In this thesis, it studies deeply the methods of based on second-order and fourth-order cumulant of time-delay of arrival (TDOA), frequency-delay of arrival (FDOA) and joint estimation location technology.The simulation results show that the joint method can make up the blur problem in time difference method and the velocity vector unknown problem in Doppler frequency method.So this thesis has theory meaning and actual value in some extent.It proves that the methods are both practical and promising.
In this thesis, we have analyzed two or three methods of TDOA, FDOA, and TDOA&FDOA joint estimation, at the same time compared their accuracy of estimation. Although TDOA&FDOA joint estimation is more complex, it’s also more accurate and will lead the future.
This dissertation studies the problem of satellite interference location systematically.It lays the foundation for the design on the system of double- satellite location system and further reseach.
The main contents are as following:
Chapter one: In the thesis, the history, significance and evolution of the satellite interference location are reviewed. The interferential reason of satellite communication system, the means of locating unknown target and the arrangement of the thesis’content are presented respectively.
Chapter two: The model of satellite interference location in common use—double-satellite location system is introduced. The thesis studies the theory,configuration and algorithm of the double-satellite location system, and then gets the difference between them on the study of three-satellite time-difference localization algorithm,four-satellite time-difference localization algorithm and double-satellite localization algorithm.The theory of double-satellite location is found on time-delay of arrival (TDOA) and frequency-delay of arrival (FDOA) location technology.The track gained by TDOA is hyperboloid which intersects with spherical surface under the konwn information of two satellites, then we get a curve. Another curve gives birth to intersect of FDOA and spherical surface. Finally, get an elliptical area which is the area of interference. And the position of interference can be ascertained by virtue of data-base or other secondary measures.
Chapter three: Elicite the basic theories of parameter estimation.In practice, the measure of parameters is important.Because the information which needs to be thansfered is modulated in the parameters. Of course, there are many other parameters for application except TDOA and FDOA, such as angle, distance. By reason of our need, TDOA and FDOA will be introduced mainly in the chapter.
About TDOA: Introduce the ways of matlab function, directly and parametric double-spectrum, also give simulation under different conditions. A better result is gained according to altering the formula of the way of directly double-spectrum.The method of parameter double-spectrum doesn’t adopt the algorithm of FFT, so it is steadier than the way of directly double-spectrum which makes use of FFT to estimat time-delay.
About FDOA: Introduce some basic methods which are based on second-order and fourth-order cumulant, put forward some algorithms and make out a series of simulations. The results show that when signal is mixed with the correlative noise, the way of FDOA estimateion based on the fourth-order cumulant is valid and feasible. However, the way based on second-order cumulant brings deteriorative result.
Chapter four: The algorithms of based on second-order and fourth-order cumulant which are used to estimate TDOA and FDOA simultaneously derive out.
In this chapter, a joint estimation of the parameters of TDOA and FDOA on satellite interference location is introduced. Analyze receiving signals, and put up the TDOA&FDOA joint estimation algorithm firstly. And then second-order and fourth-order cross ambiguity function are presented concretely.The method of CAF-SOS provides higher estimate accuracy through the simulation, but not for color noise, because the method of CAF-SOS is sensitive to correlative noises.The method of CAF-HOS can meet color noise with Gauss distribution,but possesses slow data convergence performance and high calculation load. Ambiguity function is a very useful tool which can obtain quite accurate value. Taking into account of different data lengths, different noises and different SNR, we simulate and get some useful conclusion. The computer simulation results show the fourth-order cumulant is valid and feasible.
Chapter five: First of all, elicit the model of location, and then find the means of location, at last introduce how the location comes true. It is the application of TDOA and FDOA in satellite interference location. The chapter mainly describes two principles of location: geometric principle and algebra principle. According to the principles, we can locate the interference through seeking the point of intersection of hyperbola or iterative calculation.At the end of the chapter, some things about the whole working flow, working condition and location precision are generalized.
The whole process can be described as following: it utilizes two receiving antennas which are used to receive signals that are transmitted by satellites, and resorts to a series of means like frequency conversion, A/D conversion, the compare of relativity, brings TDOA and FDOA lastly. So the position of interference can come true by virtue of data-base or other secondary measure.
Finally: An overview of author’s work and the prospect of technique of satellite interference location are presented.
引文
[1] 田孝华.DS-CDMA 蜂窝网中无线定位与参数估计技术.西安电子科技大学博士毕业论文学位论文,2003.
[2] 周鸿顺.卫星干扰源的定位技术和手段.中国无线电管理,2001:30-31.
[3] N. G. S. D P Haworth, R Bardelli . Interference localization for EUTELSAT satellites-the first European transmitter location system. International journal of satellite communication,1997,15(4)
[4] D. H. a. N. S. Riccardo Bardelli . Interference localization for the EUTELSAT satellite system [J] IEEE, Globecom 95,1995:13-17.
[5] M. G. A.Spatial Ambiguity Function and Its Application.IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2000,7 (6)
[6] R. Rideout.DERA Transmitter Location Service (TLS).IEEE Colloquium on Military Satellite Communications,2000,London.
[7] 李集林.卫星干扰源定位系统.卫星通信广播电视系统抗干扰技术研讨会资料汇编,2002:67-73.
[8] 潘琴格.无源系统测向及时差频差联合定位方法研究.2005.
[9] 胡来招.无源定位.北京:国防工业出版社,2004-01.
[10] 王海丽等.三星时差定位星座的定位精度分析.中国空间科学技术,2000:24-29.
[11] I.Ali.Doppler Characterization for LEO Satellite.IEEE Trans. Commu,1998,46(3):309-313.
[12] 钟丹星.一种基于 WGS-84 地球面模型的卫星测时差定位算法.宇航学报,2003,24(6):569-573.
[13] M. Phatak.Position fix from three GPS satallites and altitude: a direct method .IEEE Trans Aeros.Ele.Sys,1999,35(1):350-354.
[14] L. O.Krause.A direct solution to GPS type navigation equations.IEEE Trans.Aeros.Ele.Sys.,1987,23 (2):225-232.
[15] 郭贤生等.数字地图辅助的双星时差频差联合定位方法.计算机工程与应用,2006,23:11-13.
[16] W. W. S. a. P. G. Steffes. Time delay techniques for satellite interference location system[J]. IEEE Trans.Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1989,25(2):224-230.
[17] 杨林.TDOA 被动定位方法及精度分析.国防科技大学学报,1998,20(2):49-53.
[18] 廉保旺.三星定位算法的研究.弹箭与制导学报,2006:134-137.
[19] 张常云.三星定位原理研究.航空学报,2001,22(2):175-176.
[20] 李建军.四星时差定位系统改进及其算法.电子对抗技术,2004-07,19(4):3-6.
[21] 段凤增.信号检测理论:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002.
[22] C.H.Knapp.The Generalized Correlation Method for Estimation of Time Delay.IEEE Trans.Acoustics Speech Signal Processing,1976,24 (4).
[23] 易岷.时延及其相关参数估计技术研究.博士研究生学位论文,2004.
[24] 黄建人.一种利用高阶谱相位数据进行时延估计的新方法.声学学报,1993-03,22(2).
[25] piersol A.G..Time Delay Estimation Using Phase Data.IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,1981,29 (3):471-477
[26] 张贤达.现代信号处理:清华大学出版社,2002.
[27] T. J. K.On time delay estimation with unknown spatially correlated Gaussian noise using fourth-order cumulants and cross cumulants .IEEE Trans .Signal Processing,1991,39 (6) : 1258-1267.
[28] 徐震等.MATLAB 辅助现代工程数字信号处理:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.
[29] P. R. Nikias C L.Time delay estimation in unknown Gaussian spatially correlated noise.IEEE Trans.ASSP, 1988,36 (11):1706-1713.
[30] Y. T.Chen, J. B. Plant.A parameter estimation approach to time-delay estimation and signal detection.IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing,1980,28:8-16.
[31] PLACKETT. R. L.The Discovery of the method of Least Squares.J ,1972,59:239-251.
[32] LORA G.WEISS.Wavelets and Wideband Correlation Processing.IEEE Signal Processing magazine,1994:13-32
[33] S. P.Belanger.Multipath TDOA and FDOA estimation using the EM algorithm.IEEE,1993.
[34] C. L. N. Dae C Shin.Complex Ambiguitiy Functions using Nonstationary Higher Order Cumulant Estimates . IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1995,43(11).
[35] C. L. N. Dae C Shin.Estimation of Frequency-Delay of Arrival (FDOA) Using Fourth-Order Statistics in Unkown Correlated Gaussian Noise Sources.IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1994, 42(10).
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[52] S. N. G. Haworth D, Bardelli R,Clement T.Interference localization for EUTELSAT satellites-the first European transmitter location system.int.J.of Satellite Communications,1997,15(4):155-183.
[53] 瞿文中.卫星干扰源定位的位置迭代算法.电子与信息学报,2005,27(5):797-800.
[2] 周鸿顺.卫星干扰源的定位技术和手段.中国无线电管理,2001:30-31.
[3] N. G. S. D P Haworth, R Bardelli . Interference localization for EUTELSAT satellites-the first European transmitter location system. International journal of satellite communication,1997,15(4)
[4] D. H. a. N. S. Riccardo Bardelli . Interference localization for the EUTELSAT satellite system [J] IEEE, Globecom 95,1995:13-17.
[5] M. G. A.Spatial Ambiguity Function and Its Application.IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2000,7 (6)
[6] R. Rideout.DERA Transmitter Location Service (TLS).IEEE Colloquium on Military Satellite Communications,2000,London.
[7] 李集林.卫星干扰源定位系统.卫星通信广播电视系统抗干扰技术研讨会资料汇编,2002:67-73.
[8] 潘琴格.无源系统测向及时差频差联合定位方法研究.2005.
[9] 胡来招.无源定位.北京:国防工业出版社,2004-01.
[10] 王海丽等.三星时差定位星座的定位精度分析.中国空间科学技术,2000:24-29.
[11] I.Ali.Doppler Characterization for LEO Satellite.IEEE Trans. Commu,1998,46(3):309-313.
[12] 钟丹星.一种基于 WGS-84 地球面模型的卫星测时差定位算法.宇航学报,2003,24(6):569-573.
[13] M. Phatak.Position fix from three GPS satallites and altitude: a direct method .IEEE Trans Aeros.Ele.Sys,1999,35(1):350-354.
[14] L. O.Krause.A direct solution to GPS type navigation equations.IEEE Trans.Aeros.Ele.Sys.,1987,23 (2):225-232.
[15] 郭贤生等.数字地图辅助的双星时差频差联合定位方法.计算机工程与应用,2006,23:11-13.
[16] W. W. S. a. P. G. Steffes. Time delay techniques for satellite interference location system[J]. IEEE Trans.Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1989,25(2):224-230.
[17] 杨林.TDOA 被动定位方法及精度分析.国防科技大学学报,1998,20(2):49-53.
[18] 廉保旺.三星定位算法的研究.弹箭与制导学报,2006:134-137.
[19] 张常云.三星定位原理研究.航空学报,2001,22(2):175-176.
[20] 李建军.四星时差定位系统改进及其算法.电子对抗技术,2004-07,19(4):3-6.
[21] 段凤增.信号检测理论:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002.
[22] C.H.Knapp.The Generalized Correlation Method for Estimation of Time Delay.IEEE Trans.Acoustics Speech Signal Processing,1976,24 (4).
[23] 易岷.时延及其相关参数估计技术研究.博士研究生学位论文,2004.
[24] 黄建人.一种利用高阶谱相位数据进行时延估计的新方法.声学学报,1993-03,22(2).
[25] piersol A.G..Time Delay Estimation Using Phase Data.IEEE Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,1981,29 (3):471-477
[26] 张贤达.现代信号处理:清华大学出版社,2002.
[27] T. J. K.On time delay estimation with unknown spatially correlated Gaussian noise using fourth-order cumulants and cross cumulants .IEEE Trans .Signal Processing,1991,39 (6) : 1258-1267.
[28] 徐震等.MATLAB 辅助现代工程数字信号处理:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.
[29] P. R. Nikias C L.Time delay estimation in unknown Gaussian spatially correlated noise.IEEE Trans.ASSP, 1988,36 (11):1706-1713.
[30] Y. T.Chen, J. B. Plant.A parameter estimation approach to time-delay estimation and signal detection.IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing,1980,28:8-16.
[31] PLACKETT. R. L.The Discovery of the method of Least Squares.J ,1972,59:239-251.
[32] LORA G.WEISS.Wavelets and Wideband Correlation Processing.IEEE Signal Processing magazine,1994:13-32
[33] S. P.Belanger.Multipath TDOA and FDOA estimation using the EM algorithm.IEEE,1993.
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