拓扑地图模型与图库一体化研究
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摘要
空间数据模型决定着地理信息系统的技术能力、应用能力及产业状况。随着科技的进步及GIS应用向广度和深度的发展,完整表达并动态维护拓扑关系显得日趋重要。已有的附带拓扑关系的空间数据模型大多局限于同类要素之间的拓扑构建,其表达能力和动态维护能力有限。在空间基础设施领域,空间数据建库过程中用于拓扑关系处理及维护花费了大量时间,且成果不易满足要求。高质量的数字地图与DLG数据库是两种基本的数字产品,分别表达空间要素的两个侧面,两者在生产上的分离造成了制图与建库生产中存在大量的重复劳动,管理上的分离导致局部数据更新难度增大。从上世纪90年代起,管理部门、学术界、生产部门高度重视该领域的研究、技术开发,以实现制图与建库的生产一体化、地图与DLG数据库的管理一体化。但是效果不理想,其根源在于理论上没有突破、技术上体系不完整。
本文就地图与DLG数据库的一体化生产,数据管理与更新体系展开研究,目的是同时兼顾地图与DLG数据库生产和管理的要求,考虑要素的几何数据与符号表达之间的相互关系,达到两者之间的统一,以实现制图与建库的生产一体化、地图与DLG数据库的管理一体化。为此,对空间数据模型及实现、制图与建库工艺、图库一体化管理与更新展开研究,主要内容与结论如下：
1、地图与DLG数据库一体化管理模型的提出。论文提出的拓扑地图模型是一种能同时表达空间要素几何形态、空间要素之间的拓扑关系及空间要素可视化符号的混合模型。模型中提出了数据域的概念,完整描述了点、线、面相互关联的拓扑结构,规定了几何对象,分析了空间关系及操纵,显式表达了空间要素在不同层次上的几何相关性。模型的显著特点是对区域要素(点、线、面)之间的相关性不加限制,具有强大的拓扑关系表达能力。模型将地图视为与几何数据同等重要的组成部分,奠定了图库一体化的理论基础。
2、论文研究了拓扑地图模型的实现技术。拓扑地图模型从软件技术角度而言,是一个具有网络层次关系的复杂模型,其建模及编辑(增、删、改)相互关联。论文就其操纵模式、可视化表达、分类处理、工程化、标准化等方面进行了大量的分析和研究工作,实现了模型的建模及动态维护。论文就要素及属性、符号定义——模板,给出了完整的规则体系。该规则体系已用于生产,验证了其可行性和有效性。
3、论文研究了基于拓扑地图模型及相关技术条件下的制图与建库一体化生产工艺,其重点是几何构造工艺,核心是在跨数据层的几何数据构造拓扑的基础上按需要构建要素的几何对象。与传统的几何绘制方法相比,该工艺能有效构建、动态维护区域要素空间拓扑关系。有效的保障了质量,显著提高了建库效率。
4、将拓扑地图模型应用于实践。论文实现了在公共空间数据库环境下的要素地图符号管理,增加符号字段,使要素的属性、几何、符号作为一个数据记录项。该管理模式对完成要素的一体化更新有着决定性作用,其应用特性等同于DLG和DRG库,且更具灵活性。
5、拓扑地图模型的工程化。在论文中提出的一体化生产模式已在基础地理信息界经过了几年的实践验证,构建了不同比例尺系列国家基础地理信息、城市基础地理信息、海洋基础地理信息的结构与框架。成功应用于西部测图、综合判调、数字城市基础地理信息建库等制图与建库一体化工作。其中的工艺、方法、模式技术得到了进一步的完善和改进,完成了大量的制图与建库工作。实践验证了论文中的理论、技术和工艺方法,证明了其具有有效性、可用性及先进性。
The technological capability, applicable capability and development of industry of GIS is determined by Spatial Data Model. With the progress of social science and technology, GIS for expression, dynamic maintenance of topological relationships has become increasingly important. Although the topological model has been put forward, it mostly confines to the topological construction between elements, with the capability of expression and dynamic maintenance limited. In the field of spatial infrastructure, the spatial database spends much time on the processing and maintenance of topological relationships, and the result doesn't meet the requirements so well. In this field, the maps of high quality and DLG are two basic types of digital products, with the consistent expression of the spatial elements and different emphasis. But its production and management are separated. And this separation has caused lots of duplication during the production and establishment of DLG database so that management of data is not so easy and the difficulty of local update is increased. Since the 1990s, the management department, the academia and the production department attaches great importance to the research and technology development of this filed, so as to realize the production of integration of cartography and establishment of database, and the integration of management of maps and DLG. However, the effect is not so ideal. The root is that we have not make a breakthrough on theory and the technology system has not been so completed.
(?)The text makes a research based on the integration of DLG and maps production, data* management and update system, with the surpose to combine the requirement of DLG and maps, considering the relationships between elements, so as to realize the unity of them and the production integration of cartography and establishment of database and the integration of management of maps and DLG. Therefore, we research on the spatial data model and its realization, cartography and construction craft, the integration of management and update, the main contents and the conclusions are as follows:
1-, The topological map model is put forward and the study of it. Topological map model is a hybrid model that it expresses the spatial elements, the topological relationships between them and the visual part of symbols. The paper puts forward the topological constructions of relationships among points, lines and areas, expresses the geometric relevance of elements on different levels, puts forward the concept of filed data, concerns the geometry objects and analyses the spatial relationships and manipulations.
2、Study the technique of implementation about topological map model. In term of software technology, topological map model is a complex model with network hierarchy relationship, and the modeling and edit(add, delete, modify)are inevitably associated. The paper does a lot of work, analyzing and studying the control mode, visualization, chassification, engineering and standarlization, and makes the modeling and dynamic maintenance easy to implementate. The paper gives a completed rule system of the definition of elements, which is also termed template.
3^ In this paper, the integrated production craft of maps and DLG based on topology map model and related technical is studied, emphasizing on the geometric construction craft. The core of the craft is building geometry objects based on the building of topology over the data layers and typical data, according to the need. Compared with the traditional geometric drawing methods, the fundamentality of the craft is constructing spatial relationships of elements of a dynamic maintenance region. So the time of establishing of topological relationships and processing is greatly reduced, and the quality gains a effectively guarantee.
4> The integrated management model of DLG and maps is put forward and put into practice. Based on the integrated model, the integrated management of maps and spatial information is completed and integrated in the model by the elements. The paper realizes the management of element map symbols in the condition of public spatial database. This mode of management makes a decisive function on the update integration of elements. Its applicable characteristics equal with the DLG and DRG database and are more flexible.
5^ Engineering. In the field of fundamental geographic information, integrated mode of production has constructed different scale series of structures and frameworks of national fundamental geographic information, city fundamental geographic information and Marine fundamental geographic information after years of practice, which are applied in the work of integration of cartography and establishment of database, such as western mapping, comprehensive interpretation, urban 1:500-l:2000 and so on. The craft, methods and modes are improved further and a lot of work of establishing of database and cartography has been completed. The validity, usability and advancement of the theory, technique and processing methods have been demonstrated. All of these make efforts to prompt the development of industry and the progress of science and technology.
本文就地图与DLG数据库的一体化生产,数据管理与更新体系展开研究,目的是同时兼顾地图与DLG数据库生产和管理的要求,考虑要素的几何数据与符号表达之间的相互关系,达到两者之间的统一,以实现制图与建库的生产一体化、地图与DLG数据库的管理一体化。为此,对空间数据模型及实现、制图与建库工艺、图库一体化管理与更新展开研究,主要内容与结论如下：
1、地图与DLG数据库一体化管理模型的提出。论文提出的拓扑地图模型是一种能同时表达空间要素几何形态、空间要素之间的拓扑关系及空间要素可视化符号的混合模型。模型中提出了数据域的概念,完整描述了点、线、面相互关联的拓扑结构,规定了几何对象,分析了空间关系及操纵,显式表达了空间要素在不同层次上的几何相关性。模型的显著特点是对区域要素(点、线、面)之间的相关性不加限制,具有强大的拓扑关系表达能力。模型将地图视为与几何数据同等重要的组成部分,奠定了图库一体化的理论基础。
2、论文研究了拓扑地图模型的实现技术。拓扑地图模型从软件技术角度而言,是一个具有网络层次关系的复杂模型,其建模及编辑(增、删、改)相互关联。论文就其操纵模式、可视化表达、分类处理、工程化、标准化等方面进行了大量的分析和研究工作,实现了模型的建模及动态维护。论文就要素及属性、符号定义——模板,给出了完整的规则体系。该规则体系已用于生产,验证了其可行性和有效性。
3、论文研究了基于拓扑地图模型及相关技术条件下的制图与建库一体化生产工艺,其重点是几何构造工艺,核心是在跨数据层的几何数据构造拓扑的基础上按需要构建要素的几何对象。与传统的几何绘制方法相比,该工艺能有效构建、动态维护区域要素空间拓扑关系。有效的保障了质量,显著提高了建库效率。
4、将拓扑地图模型应用于实践。论文实现了在公共空间数据库环境下的要素地图符号管理,增加符号字段,使要素的属性、几何、符号作为一个数据记录项。该管理模式对完成要素的一体化更新有着决定性作用,其应用特性等同于DLG和DRG库,且更具灵活性。
5、拓扑地图模型的工程化。在论文中提出的一体化生产模式已在基础地理信息界经过了几年的实践验证,构建了不同比例尺系列国家基础地理信息、城市基础地理信息、海洋基础地理信息的结构与框架。成功应用于西部测图、综合判调、数字城市基础地理信息建库等制图与建库一体化工作。其中的工艺、方法、模式技术得到了进一步的完善和改进,完成了大量的制图与建库工作。实践验证了论文中的理论、技术和工艺方法,证明了其具有有效性、可用性及先进性。
The technological capability, applicable capability and development of industry of GIS is determined by Spatial Data Model. With the progress of social science and technology, GIS for expression, dynamic maintenance of topological relationships has become increasingly important. Although the topological model has been put forward, it mostly confines to the topological construction between elements, with the capability of expression and dynamic maintenance limited. In the field of spatial infrastructure, the spatial database spends much time on the processing and maintenance of topological relationships, and the result doesn't meet the requirements so well. In this field, the maps of high quality and DLG are two basic types of digital products, with the consistent expression of the spatial elements and different emphasis. But its production and management are separated. And this separation has caused lots of duplication during the production and establishment of DLG database so that management of data is not so easy and the difficulty of local update is increased. Since the 1990s, the management department, the academia and the production department attaches great importance to the research and technology development of this filed, so as to realize the production of integration of cartography and establishment of database, and the integration of management of maps and DLG. However, the effect is not so ideal. The root is that we have not make a breakthrough on theory and the technology system has not been so completed.
(?)The text makes a research based on the integration of DLG and maps production, data* management and update system, with the surpose to combine the requirement of DLG and maps, considering the relationships between elements, so as to realize the unity of them and the production integration of cartography and establishment of database and the integration of management of maps and DLG. Therefore, we research on the spatial data model and its realization, cartography and construction craft, the integration of management and update, the main contents and the conclusions are as follows:
1-, The topological map model is put forward and the study of it. Topological map model is a hybrid model that it expresses the spatial elements, the topological relationships between them and the visual part of symbols. The paper puts forward the topological constructions of relationships among points, lines and areas, expresses the geometric relevance of elements on different levels, puts forward the concept of filed data, concerns the geometry objects and analyses the spatial relationships and manipulations.
2、Study the technique of implementation about topological map model. In term of software technology, topological map model is a complex model with network hierarchy relationship, and the modeling and edit(add, delete, modify)are inevitably associated. The paper does a lot of work, analyzing and studying the control mode, visualization, chassification, engineering and standarlization, and makes the modeling and dynamic maintenance easy to implementate. The paper gives a completed rule system of the definition of elements, which is also termed template.
3^ In this paper, the integrated production craft of maps and DLG based on topology map model and related technical is studied, emphasizing on the geometric construction craft. The core of the craft is building geometry objects based on the building of topology over the data layers and typical data, according to the need. Compared with the traditional geometric drawing methods, the fundamentality of the craft is constructing spatial relationships of elements of a dynamic maintenance region. So the time of establishing of topological relationships and processing is greatly reduced, and the quality gains a effectively guarantee.
4> The integrated management model of DLG and maps is put forward and put into practice. Based on the integrated model, the integrated management of maps and spatial information is completed and integrated in the model by the elements. The paper realizes the management of element map symbols in the condition of public spatial database. This mode of management makes a decisive function on the update integration of elements. Its applicable characteristics equal with the DLG and DRG database and are more flexible.
5^ Engineering. In the field of fundamental geographic information, integrated mode of production has constructed different scale series of structures and frameworks of national fundamental geographic information, city fundamental geographic information and Marine fundamental geographic information after years of practice, which are applied in the work of integration of cartography and establishment of database, such as western mapping, comprehensive interpretation, urban 1:500-l:2000 and so on. The craft, methods and modes are improved further and a lot of work of establishing of database and cartography has been completed. The validity, usability and advancement of the theory, technique and processing methods have been demonstrated. All of these make efforts to prompt the development of industry and the progress of science and technology.
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