青岛市大比例尺地形图测绘新技术
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摘要
集成CORS系统、似大地水准面精化、航摄法进行大比例尺地形图成图等先进技术,形成城市大比例尺地形图测绘的系统方法,构建城市基础地理信息数据库及网络化基础地理信息管理系统,是数字化城市的发展趋势。过去,青岛市大比例地形图测绘主要依赖传统方法,已远远不能适应社会经济发展的需要。
传统大比例尺地形图测绘主要采用外业布设大量控制点进行地形图测绘,该方法存在野外工作量大,内业数据处理复杂等弊端,需要投入大量的人力物力,且中间过程存在布设导线点、支线点等必须的过程,工作周期很长,投入的人力物力巨大成本高,更新速度很慢,不能适应社会经济的快速发展,亟需探索新技术、新方法、新流程,提升工作效率和质量。我国1:5000比例尺数字地形图(DLG)、数字正射影像图(DOM)、数字高程模型(DEM)(简称3D)在城市级别的建库标准体系尚不完善,需进行细化和完善,由于城市的个性化特色,为满足实际工作要求,还需要进行的部分图式符号、编码扩充等。当前数字城市建设步伐日益加快,数字城市基础地理平台的建设也成为首要任务,需要研究并尽快建立基于网络的分布式存储并实时提供更新数据服务的平台框架,来承载和实现政府管理、社会运行的网络化共享体系,提升城市信息化水平。
2009年青岛市启动了全市域1:5000比例尺地图测绘研究项目,要求在探索并建立新的测绘技术体系的基础上,完成青岛市1:5000大比例尺地形图测绘成果。该文系统介绍了青岛市1:5000大比例尺数字地形图研制的控制测量、外业测绘、内业数据处理、数据库建设、管理信息系统开发的全过程。主要成果如下:
①创建了青岛市外业单点流动站直接获取高精度的三维坐标的新方法:在青岛市实现了覆盖全市域的5cm精度似大地水准面成果和覆盖主城区的3cm精度似大地水准面的融合,并成功地将该成果与青岛市连续运行参考站(CORS)系统进行综合,实现实时发布坐标和高程改正成果,使外业单点流动站直接获取高精度的三维坐标用于大比例尺地形图外业测绘,改变了传统外业测量逐级布设控制的传统方法。提高了大比例尺地形图测绘的速度和精度。
②完成了青岛市大比例尺地形图测绘3D数据库建设:外业测绘结束后,根据国家、省有关规范和技术标准,结合青岛市复杂的地理情况,修改并完善了数据库建设标准,首次建立了一套完整的可扩充的青岛市1:5000比例尺地形图、影像图、高程模型的3D数据库,为青岛市未来大比例尺地形图快速测绘和更新奠定了基础,也为统一和规范城市地理信息数据库标准奠定了的基础。
③开发出青岛市大比例尺地理信息管理系统:依托3D数据库,基于ArcGIS Engine、ArcGIS Server、Oracle等开发了基础地理信息管理系统,该系统主要包含数据入库子系统、数据管理应用子系统、系统配置维护子系统三个子系统,构建了数字青岛基础地理平台的基础框架,实现了网络化共建共享,提供了用户二次开发接口和基础数据的实时更新服务体系。
经过2年研究工作,项目顺利完成。完成的覆盖全市的1:5000比例尺地形图及其管理系统填补了青岛市历史空白,成果已经用于青岛市城市发展规划,抗旱打井、新机场建设等工作,在城市管理、建设和发展中发挥了重要作用。通过该项研究,形成了一套完整的大比例尺地形图测绘新术体系,在未来打造山东半岛蓝色经济区建设中必将发挥重要作用。
Forming large scale topographic maps by integrating CORS system integration, geoid refinement and aerial topographic method and other advanced methods constitute the systems approach for urban large scale mapping. Building basic geographic information database construction and network-based basic geographic information management system is the development trend of digital city. In the past, large scale topographic map was mainly formed by traditional method, which is far from meeting the needs of social and economic development.
Traditional large scale topographic mapping is usually curried out by laying a large number of control points in field surveys. This approach has many drawbacks, for example, it takes a large amount of field work, it is complex to process data in the office work, and it requires a lot of manpower and material resources. In addition, this approach need the must-have process such as laying traverse and sectional survey points, which needs a long time and large amount of manpower and material resources and has a slow speed of renewing. This approach cannot meet the needs of rapid social and economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to explore and practice new methods, technologies and processes to improve work efficiency and quality. The standard system for establishing databases of cities' 1:5000 scale Digital Line Graphic (DLG), Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (referred to as 3D) is imperfect, and they still need be refined and improved. Due to some cities’special characteristics, it is necessary to increase some graphic symbols and codes to meet requirements in practical works. At present, with the accelerated pace of as digital cities’construction, building a graphical information platform has become the most important work. It is urgent to research and establish a web-based and distributed-stored platform framework to provide real-time data-updating services, to undertake and realize a web-based sharing system for government management and social-running to enhance the level of city information.
In 2009 a 1:5000 scale map surveying project was started in Qingdao, which required to complete Qingdao 1:5000 large scale topographic map based on exploration and establishment of new mapping technology system. This project introduces the whole process of 1:5000 scale surveying of Qingdao, including control measurements, field mapping, data processing, database building, and management information systems development. Main achievements are as follows:
①Create a new method of Qingdao field single point flow station directly acquiring high-precision three-dimensional coordinates:This project practiced the integration of the 5cm accuracy quasi-geoid covering the Qingdao area and 3cm accuracy quasi-geoid covering the main city of Qingdao. This product was successfully integrated to the Qingdao continuously operating reference station (CORS) system in order to publish the real-time correction parameters of coordinates and heights. By doing this, a single moving GPS station can be used to obtain the high-accuracy three-dimensional coordinates. This innovative approach has changed the traditional survey method of executing level-by-level control network and improved the speed and accuracy of large scale topographic map.
②Complete Qingdao large scale topographic map 3D database construction:After field surveying, the project revised and improved database building standard in accordance of relative technology standards of the State and province. This project firstly established a complete and expandable database standard including 1:5000 scale DLG, DOM and DEM, which laid a solid foundation for unifying and standardizing the city GIS data.
③Develop large scale geographic information management system of Qingdao:Based on 3D database,a geographical information management system was developed based on ArcGIS Engine, ArcGIS Server, Oracle, etc. This system includes three subsystems, i.e.: data storage subsystem, data management application subsystems, and system configuration maintenance subsystem. The system built a GIS-based data platform framework of digital Qingdao, achieving the network sharing of geographical data, which provides secondary development interface for users and provides the basic data real-time updating service.
After two years’research, the project was completed successfully. 1:5000 scale maps and its management system completed in this project have filled the blank of Qingdao and have played an important role in the urban management, construction and development. The study results were successfully used on the developing design of Qingdao city, drilling wells, and constructing the new airport of Qingdao.
Through this research, a complete set of new large scale topographic map technology system has been established, which will play an important role in the building of Blue Economic Zone of Shandong Peninsula.
传统大比例尺地形图测绘主要采用外业布设大量控制点进行地形图测绘,该方法存在野外工作量大,内业数据处理复杂等弊端,需要投入大量的人力物力,且中间过程存在布设导线点、支线点等必须的过程,工作周期很长,投入的人力物力巨大成本高,更新速度很慢,不能适应社会经济的快速发展,亟需探索新技术、新方法、新流程,提升工作效率和质量。我国1:5000比例尺数字地形图(DLG)、数字正射影像图(DOM)、数字高程模型(DEM)(简称3D)在城市级别的建库标准体系尚不完善,需进行细化和完善,由于城市的个性化特色,为满足实际工作要求,还需要进行的部分图式符号、编码扩充等。当前数字城市建设步伐日益加快,数字城市基础地理平台的建设也成为首要任务,需要研究并尽快建立基于网络的分布式存储并实时提供更新数据服务的平台框架,来承载和实现政府管理、社会运行的网络化共享体系,提升城市信息化水平。
2009年青岛市启动了全市域1:5000比例尺地图测绘研究项目,要求在探索并建立新的测绘技术体系的基础上,完成青岛市1:5000大比例尺地形图测绘成果。该文系统介绍了青岛市1:5000大比例尺数字地形图研制的控制测量、外业测绘、内业数据处理、数据库建设、管理信息系统开发的全过程。主要成果如下:
①创建了青岛市外业单点流动站直接获取高精度的三维坐标的新方法:在青岛市实现了覆盖全市域的5cm精度似大地水准面成果和覆盖主城区的3cm精度似大地水准面的融合,并成功地将该成果与青岛市连续运行参考站(CORS)系统进行综合,实现实时发布坐标和高程改正成果,使外业单点流动站直接获取高精度的三维坐标用于大比例尺地形图外业测绘,改变了传统外业测量逐级布设控制的传统方法。提高了大比例尺地形图测绘的速度和精度。
②完成了青岛市大比例尺地形图测绘3D数据库建设:外业测绘结束后,根据国家、省有关规范和技术标准,结合青岛市复杂的地理情况,修改并完善了数据库建设标准,首次建立了一套完整的可扩充的青岛市1:5000比例尺地形图、影像图、高程模型的3D数据库,为青岛市未来大比例尺地形图快速测绘和更新奠定了基础,也为统一和规范城市地理信息数据库标准奠定了的基础。
③开发出青岛市大比例尺地理信息管理系统:依托3D数据库,基于ArcGIS Engine、ArcGIS Server、Oracle等开发了基础地理信息管理系统,该系统主要包含数据入库子系统、数据管理应用子系统、系统配置维护子系统三个子系统,构建了数字青岛基础地理平台的基础框架,实现了网络化共建共享,提供了用户二次开发接口和基础数据的实时更新服务体系。
经过2年研究工作,项目顺利完成。完成的覆盖全市的1:5000比例尺地形图及其管理系统填补了青岛市历史空白,成果已经用于青岛市城市发展规划,抗旱打井、新机场建设等工作,在城市管理、建设和发展中发挥了重要作用。通过该项研究,形成了一套完整的大比例尺地形图测绘新术体系,在未来打造山东半岛蓝色经济区建设中必将发挥重要作用。
Forming large scale topographic maps by integrating CORS system integration, geoid refinement and aerial topographic method and other advanced methods constitute the systems approach for urban large scale mapping. Building basic geographic information database construction and network-based basic geographic information management system is the development trend of digital city. In the past, large scale topographic map was mainly formed by traditional method, which is far from meeting the needs of social and economic development.
Traditional large scale topographic mapping is usually curried out by laying a large number of control points in field surveys. This approach has many drawbacks, for example, it takes a large amount of field work, it is complex to process data in the office work, and it requires a lot of manpower and material resources. In addition, this approach need the must-have process such as laying traverse and sectional survey points, which needs a long time and large amount of manpower and material resources and has a slow speed of renewing. This approach cannot meet the needs of rapid social and economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to explore and practice new methods, technologies and processes to improve work efficiency and quality. The standard system for establishing databases of cities' 1:5000 scale Digital Line Graphic (DLG), Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (referred to as 3D) is imperfect, and they still need be refined and improved. Due to some cities’special characteristics, it is necessary to increase some graphic symbols and codes to meet requirements in practical works. At present, with the accelerated pace of as digital cities’construction, building a graphical information platform has become the most important work. It is urgent to research and establish a web-based and distributed-stored platform framework to provide real-time data-updating services, to undertake and realize a web-based sharing system for government management and social-running to enhance the level of city information.
In 2009 a 1:5000 scale map surveying project was started in Qingdao, which required to complete Qingdao 1:5000 large scale topographic map based on exploration and establishment of new mapping technology system. This project introduces the whole process of 1:5000 scale surveying of Qingdao, including control measurements, field mapping, data processing, database building, and management information systems development. Main achievements are as follows:
①Create a new method of Qingdao field single point flow station directly acquiring high-precision three-dimensional coordinates:This project practiced the integration of the 5cm accuracy quasi-geoid covering the Qingdao area and 3cm accuracy quasi-geoid covering the main city of Qingdao. This product was successfully integrated to the Qingdao continuously operating reference station (CORS) system in order to publish the real-time correction parameters of coordinates and heights. By doing this, a single moving GPS station can be used to obtain the high-accuracy three-dimensional coordinates. This innovative approach has changed the traditional survey method of executing level-by-level control network and improved the speed and accuracy of large scale topographic map.
②Complete Qingdao large scale topographic map 3D database construction:After field surveying, the project revised and improved database building standard in accordance of relative technology standards of the State and province. This project firstly established a complete and expandable database standard including 1:5000 scale DLG, DOM and DEM, which laid a solid foundation for unifying and standardizing the city GIS data.
③Develop large scale geographic information management system of Qingdao:Based on 3D database,a geographical information management system was developed based on ArcGIS Engine, ArcGIS Server, Oracle, etc. This system includes three subsystems, i.e.: data storage subsystem, data management application subsystems, and system configuration maintenance subsystem. The system built a GIS-based data platform framework of digital Qingdao, achieving the network sharing of geographical data, which provides secondary development interface for users and provides the basic data real-time updating service.
After two years’research, the project was completed successfully. 1:5000 scale maps and its management system completed in this project have filled the blank of Qingdao and have played an important role in the urban management, construction and development. The study results were successfully used on the developing design of Qingdao city, drilling wells, and constructing the new airport of Qingdao.
Through this research, a complete set of new large scale topographic map technology system has been established, which will play an important role in the building of Blue Economic Zone of Shandong Peninsula.
引文
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[2]苏衍坤,王瑞,薛志宏,等. RTK在大比例尺地形图航测数字化测图中的应用.测绘学院学报,2005,22(3):191~193
[3]姚晓伟,房新玉.浅探滨海新区CORS建设需要解决的关键问题.山西建筑,2010,36(28):352~353
[4]过静珺,王丽,张鹏.国内外连续运行基准站网新进展和应用展望.全球定位系统,2008,1(1):1~10
[5]王齐林.广州市CORS系统的精度分析和应用.全球定位系统,2007(5):39-41
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[2]苏衍坤,王瑞,薛志宏,等. RTK在大比例尺地形图航测数字化测图中的应用.测绘学院学报,2005,22(3):191~193
[3]姚晓伟,房新玉.浅探滨海新区CORS建设需要解决的关键问题.山西建筑,2010,36(28):352~353
[4]过静珺,王丽,张鹏.国内外连续运行基准站网新进展和应用展望.全球定位系统,2008,1(1):1~10
[5]王齐林.广州市CORS系统的精度分析和应用.全球定位系统,2007(5):39-41
[6]王长进,赵海. DMC影像在大比例尺地形测绘中的应用.地矿测绘,2005,21(2):26~28
[7]黄华平.利用既有航片及卫片制作大比例尺地形图.铁道工程学报,2006,(z1):114~118
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