当雄县草地畜牧业现状及可持续发展对策
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摘要
当雄县是西减自治区拉萨市的一个牧业县,草地资源丰富,但草原畜牧业生产水平较低。限制草业发展的主要因素是:草地严重超载,草地建设投入不足,缺乏草原监理机构,草地的人为破坏因素增多,草业推广服务体系不健全,牦牛、绵羊、山羊生产性能处于较低水平,品种退化严重,牦牛改良进展缓慢。针对全县草原畜牧业现状,近几年开展了高海拔地区牧草引种试验;优良牧草推广和综合利用及退化草场的改良;人工草地试验建设(大田试验);西藏高原主要类型天然草地退化,退化草地的新趋势,退化草地的管理和利用现状等的研究。通过上述观测研究发现,西藏草地退化有自然因素也有社会因素,但主要是不合理的人为干预造成的。根据当雄县的草地资源利用现状,提出发展草地围栏、草地灌溉、草地施肥、草地补播和人工草地建设方案。退化草地的防止对策有:加强水利建设;控制人口增长,减少人口压力;加大投入,加强保护和改良;制定合理的放牧制度,实行划区轮牧,防止超载过牧;健全草原监理机构,认真贯彻执行草原法;建立完整的草业系统。
实现草业持续发展的主要对策有:注重人工饲草地建设,延伸草业链;建立一套科学合理的草地利用制度;提高综合管理水平,加大对草地建设的投入力度;努力探索草地畜牧业发展新途径。在畜牧业方面对牦牛、绵羊、山羊进行了本品种改良工作,提出了科学的家畜改良及发展措施,使传统的数量畜牧业向效益畜牧业,生态畜牧业的过渡。当雄县经济可持续发展的对策:转变观念,树立草畜并重的指导思想;加强机构建设、依法管理草地,固定草地使用权,完善草、畜有偿承包责任制;推进草地畜牧业产业化,增强经济实力;实行以草定畜、草畜平衡;多渠道筹集资金,发展草地基本建设;调整畜群结构,合理布局牲畜种群;发展防灾抗灾基地建设,增强抗灾能力;加强草地保护工作;立足培养本民族的草地科技队伍;开展草地畜牧业基础性研究和开发性研究;逐步建立草地自然保护区。使当雄县的畜牧业得到发展,实现草畜平衡,使当雄县经济实现可持续发展。
Dangxiong County lies on the north of Lasa, Tibet. It's a husbandry county with plenty of water, land, heat and other natural resources. The grassland covers 691,500 hektare areas of Dangxiong County. The amount of livestock on hand in Dangxiong is 538,700 head. The main livestock of Dangxiong County are Yak (192,600 head), sheep (221,100 head) and goat (117,600 head). In recent years, with the increase of the population, the grassland was degraded severely in many aspects: reduction of grass height, decline of the grassland productivity year by year, drought, increasing insects and mice disaster. The key factor restricting the development of grass industry are overloading, inadequate finance on grassland construction, lack of grassland monitoring and managing institution, increase of man-made harm on grassland, incomplete grassland extension service system, low productivity of Yak, sheep and goat, severe breed degradation, just empathise on improvement not on select breeding.
To realize sustainable development of grass industry of Dangxiong County, the countermeasure were implemented, such as emphasizing on construction artificial grassland, extending grass industry chain, establishing scientific and reasonable regulations for grassland utilization, enhancing the level of integrative management and the financing on grassland construction, finding new ways to develop grass husbandry. By Yak, sheep and goat improvement, scientific livestock improvement and development measures erer proposed to realize the chanfes from quantity husbandry to efficient husbandry and ecological husbandry. Meanwhile, the Countermeasures were proposed to develop husbandry of Dangxiong County and finally realize grass-livestock balance and economic sustainable development of Dangxiong County. These Countermeasures are changing idea and setting the guide idea that both grass and livestock are important to develop husbandry; enhancing institution construction, managing grassland legally, fixing grassland usufruct, improving rewarded contract responsibility system for grass and livestock; the progress of grassland husbandry industrialization to enhance economical potentiality; implementing the policy of deciding the livestock by grass and grass-livestock baa lance; developing foundamental construction by collevtion fund in many ways; adjusting livestock herd structure; developing the base construction to prevent and resist matural disasters and enhance the resistant ability; strengthening the grassland protection works; carrying out fundamental and developmental research on grass-husbandry; establishing the natural protection areas.
In recent years, by researching on scientic correlated with grass, based on the experiences of grass resources utilization, Dangxiong County government carried out Countermeasures to realize grass industry sustainable development. These Countermeasures include strengthening protection and reasonable utilization natural grassland, improving grassland ecological environment, construction artifical grassland, reducing pressure of liestock on grassland, enhancing excutive law, emphasizing grass science research and extendion, driving grass sustainable development by projects. The prevention contermeasures for grassland degradation as well as for grassland construction and management regulation were proposed. In all, to realize grassland sustainable development of Sangxiong, it was in need to enhance water facility construction, consrol population growth, prevent ocergrazing, implement division land and rotation grazing, improve grassland monitoring institution, realize grassland rewarded contract resoonsibility system, establish integrative grass industry system.
实现草业持续发展的主要对策有:注重人工饲草地建设,延伸草业链;建立一套科学合理的草地利用制度;提高综合管理水平,加大对草地建设的投入力度;努力探索草地畜牧业发展新途径。在畜牧业方面对牦牛、绵羊、山羊进行了本品种改良工作,提出了科学的家畜改良及发展措施,使传统的数量畜牧业向效益畜牧业,生态畜牧业的过渡。当雄县经济可持续发展的对策:转变观念,树立草畜并重的指导思想;加强机构建设、依法管理草地,固定草地使用权,完善草、畜有偿承包责任制;推进草地畜牧业产业化,增强经济实力;实行以草定畜、草畜平衡;多渠道筹集资金,发展草地基本建设;调整畜群结构,合理布局牲畜种群;发展防灾抗灾基地建设,增强抗灾能力;加强草地保护工作;立足培养本民族的草地科技队伍;开展草地畜牧业基础性研究和开发性研究;逐步建立草地自然保护区。使当雄县的畜牧业得到发展,实现草畜平衡,使当雄县经济实现可持续发展。
Dangxiong County lies on the north of Lasa, Tibet. It's a husbandry county with plenty of water, land, heat and other natural resources. The grassland covers 691,500 hektare areas of Dangxiong County. The amount of livestock on hand in Dangxiong is 538,700 head. The main livestock of Dangxiong County are Yak (192,600 head), sheep (221,100 head) and goat (117,600 head). In recent years, with the increase of the population, the grassland was degraded severely in many aspects: reduction of grass height, decline of the grassland productivity year by year, drought, increasing insects and mice disaster. The key factor restricting the development of grass industry are overloading, inadequate finance on grassland construction, lack of grassland monitoring and managing institution, increase of man-made harm on grassland, incomplete grassland extension service system, low productivity of Yak, sheep and goat, severe breed degradation, just empathise on improvement not on select breeding.
To realize sustainable development of grass industry of Dangxiong County, the countermeasure were implemented, such as emphasizing on construction artificial grassland, extending grass industry chain, establishing scientific and reasonable regulations for grassland utilization, enhancing the level of integrative management and the financing on grassland construction, finding new ways to develop grass husbandry. By Yak, sheep and goat improvement, scientific livestock improvement and development measures erer proposed to realize the chanfes from quantity husbandry to efficient husbandry and ecological husbandry. Meanwhile, the Countermeasures were proposed to develop husbandry of Dangxiong County and finally realize grass-livestock balance and economic sustainable development of Dangxiong County. These Countermeasures are changing idea and setting the guide idea that both grass and livestock are important to develop husbandry; enhancing institution construction, managing grassland legally, fixing grassland usufruct, improving rewarded contract responsibility system for grass and livestock; the progress of grassland husbandry industrialization to enhance economical potentiality; implementing the policy of deciding the livestock by grass and grass-livestock baa lance; developing foundamental construction by collevtion fund in many ways; adjusting livestock herd structure; developing the base construction to prevent and resist matural disasters and enhance the resistant ability; strengthening the grassland protection works; carrying out fundamental and developmental research on grass-husbandry; establishing the natural protection areas.
In recent years, by researching on scientic correlated with grass, based on the experiences of grass resources utilization, Dangxiong County government carried out Countermeasures to realize grass industry sustainable development. These Countermeasures include strengthening protection and reasonable utilization natural grassland, improving grassland ecological environment, construction artifical grassland, reducing pressure of liestock on grassland, enhancing excutive law, emphasizing grass science research and extendion, driving grass sustainable development by projects. The prevention contermeasures for grassland degradation as well as for grassland construction and management regulation were proposed. In all, to realize grassland sustainable development of Sangxiong, it was in need to enhance water facility construction, consrol population growth, prevent ocergrazing, implement division land and rotation grazing, improve grassland monitoring institution, realize grassland rewarded contract resoonsibility system, establish integrative grass industry system.
引文
[1]谢成侠,中国养牛羊史(附养鹿简史),农业出版社,1985,136-139.
[2]赵有璋,羊生产学,中国农业出版社,2002,2-3.
[3]郑丕留等,中国羊品种志,上海科学技术出版社,1989,1-3.
[4]《中国牦牛学》,四川科技出版社,1989,第九章.
[5]潘诚.马翔鹤,全面推行草畜平衡制度的对策与措施[J].内蒙古草业,2004(9):52-54.
[6]赵好兴.旺堆,论西藏高原草地生态环境保护与建设[J],西藏农业科学2003(1):28-31.
[7]赵英伟.刘黎明,西藏高寒草地资源的可持续发展利用评价与管理对策农业现代化研究,2002(6):404-408.
[8]西藏自治区土地管理局.西藏自治区畜牧局,西藏自治区草地资源,北京:科学出版社,1994.
[9]王秀红.郑度,西藏高原高寒草甸资源的可持续利用[J],资源科学1999(6):38-421.
[10]赵新全.张耀生.周兴民,高寒草甸畜牧业可持续发展:理论与实践资源科学,2000(4):50-611.
[11]姜恕,中国草地资源的可持续利用,草地学报,1997(2):73-781.
[12]郭万军,西藏当雄县人工草地建设现状及发展对策,西藏科技,2001(3):62-64.
[13]刘起.石树堂.苏大学,当雄县草地资源,1985.
[14]郭万军.强巴达娃,西藏当雄县草地生态环境现状及恢复措施,西藏科技,2002(2):70-71.
[15]郭万军.西藏当雄县草地鼠害及防治对策[J],草业科学,1999(10):48-50.
[16]杨汝荣,西藏自治区草地生态环境安全与可持续发展问题研究[J],草业学报,2003(12):24-29.
[17]西藏自治区畜牧局2000年农牧业统计年鉴,北京:统计出版社,2000.
[18]韩建国.周禾,中国草业现状及发展战略[J],草地学报,2002,10(4):293-297.
[19]张卫国.黄文冰.杨振宇,草地微斑块与草地退化关系的研究[J],草业学报,2003,12(3):44-50.
[20]张耀生.赵新全.黄德清,青藏高寒牧区多年生人工草地持续利用的研究[J], 草业学报,2003,12(3):22-27.
[21]张自和.郭正刚.吴素琴,西部高寒地区草业面临的问题与可持续发展[J],草业学报,2002,11(3):29-33.
[22]杨汝荣,西藏阿里地区草地退化现状与防治措施[J],中国草地,2002,24(1):61-67.
[23]杨汝荣,我国西部草地退化原因及可持续发展分析[J],草业科学,2002,19(1):23-27.
[24]陈灵芝,对生物多样性研究的几个观点,生物多样性,1999,7(4),308-311.
[25]汪玺,天然草场植被恢复与草地畜牧现代技术,甘肃科学技术出版社,2004.
[26]汪甲,以科技为动力,大力发展农区畜牧业,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,28-29.
[27]任志毅,正确处理发展牲畜数量与提高质量的关系,喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,78-81.
[28]次任平措,再认识高原畜牧业经济地位,促进畜牧业经济的稳定发展,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,119-122.
[29]王太福,康马县雄章乡落实草地责任制工作总结,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,171-172.
[30]李生鸿,帕里地区高原鼠兔生态调查研究,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,202-205.
[31]尼玛加布,积极繁殖犏牛,促进农牧业发展,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,358.
[32]李生鸿,人工草地的退化与更新,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,245-246.
[2]赵有璋,羊生产学,中国农业出版社,2002,2-3.
[3]郑丕留等,中国羊品种志,上海科学技术出版社,1989,1-3.
[4]《中国牦牛学》,四川科技出版社,1989,第九章.
[5]潘诚.马翔鹤,全面推行草畜平衡制度的对策与措施[J].内蒙古草业,2004(9):52-54.
[6]赵好兴.旺堆,论西藏高原草地生态环境保护与建设[J],西藏农业科学2003(1):28-31.
[7]赵英伟.刘黎明,西藏高寒草地资源的可持续发展利用评价与管理对策农业现代化研究,2002(6):404-408.
[8]西藏自治区土地管理局.西藏自治区畜牧局,西藏自治区草地资源,北京:科学出版社,1994.
[9]王秀红.郑度,西藏高原高寒草甸资源的可持续利用[J],资源科学1999(6):38-421.
[10]赵新全.张耀生.周兴民,高寒草甸畜牧业可持续发展:理论与实践资源科学,2000(4):50-611.
[11]姜恕,中国草地资源的可持续利用,草地学报,1997(2):73-781.
[12]郭万军,西藏当雄县人工草地建设现状及发展对策,西藏科技,2001(3):62-64.
[13]刘起.石树堂.苏大学,当雄县草地资源,1985.
[14]郭万军.强巴达娃,西藏当雄县草地生态环境现状及恢复措施,西藏科技,2002(2):70-71.
[15]郭万军.西藏当雄县草地鼠害及防治对策[J],草业科学,1999(10):48-50.
[16]杨汝荣,西藏自治区草地生态环境安全与可持续发展问题研究[J],草业学报,2003(12):24-29.
[17]西藏自治区畜牧局2000年农牧业统计年鉴,北京:统计出版社,2000.
[18]韩建国.周禾,中国草业现状及发展战略[J],草地学报,2002,10(4):293-297.
[19]张卫国.黄文冰.杨振宇,草地微斑块与草地退化关系的研究[J],草业学报,2003,12(3):44-50.
[20]张耀生.赵新全.黄德清,青藏高寒牧区多年生人工草地持续利用的研究[J], 草业学报,2003,12(3):22-27.
[21]张自和.郭正刚.吴素琴,西部高寒地区草业面临的问题与可持续发展[J],草业学报,2002,11(3):29-33.
[22]杨汝荣,西藏阿里地区草地退化现状与防治措施[J],中国草地,2002,24(1):61-67.
[23]杨汝荣,我国西部草地退化原因及可持续发展分析[J],草业科学,2002,19(1):23-27.
[24]陈灵芝,对生物多样性研究的几个观点,生物多样性,1999,7(4),308-311.
[25]汪玺,天然草场植被恢复与草地畜牧现代技术,甘肃科学技术出版社,2004.
[26]汪甲,以科技为动力,大力发展农区畜牧业,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,28-29.
[27]任志毅,正确处理发展牲畜数量与提高质量的关系,喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,78-81.
[28]次任平措,再认识高原畜牧业经济地位,促进畜牧业经济的稳定发展,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,119-122.
[29]王太福,康马县雄章乡落实草地责任制工作总结,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,171-172.
[30]李生鸿,帕里地区高原鼠兔生态调查研究,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,202-205.
[31]尼玛加布,积极繁殖犏牛,促进农牧业发展,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,358.
[32]李生鸿,人工草地的退化与更新,日喀则畜牧业发展与改革,1997,245-246.