欧盟经济和军事安全战略
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摘要
本文主要研究欧盟相关安全战略的安全化进程以及欧盟北非经济和军事安全战略的实施状况。欧盟的安全战略及其实践很早就引起了人们的关注,但是鲜有研究从安全理论以及欧盟安全战略在北非地区的实施情况等角度加以分析。通过研究,本文力求分析欧盟安全战略的现状以及欧盟安全战略的利益诉求。
选择适合解释欧盟安全战略的安全理论成为本文的论证基础。在梳理了传统安全观以及新安全观之后,本文从欧盟安全战略的实际出发选取哥本哈根学派作为本文的指导理论,采用哥本哈根学派复合安全理论分析欧盟的安全战略。
“认知”、“安全化”是哥本哈根学派的重要理论和核心观点。哥本哈根学派认为“安全”是社会构建的结果,特别是在分析一般的政治性议题上升为安全议题的过程中,哥本哈根学派强调认知在安全化中的作用。哥本哈根学派并没有将如何定义安全作为理论的重点,而是更为注重分析安全化过程中安全行为主体的结构以及结构的变化,进而分析不同安全领域的存在性威胁和安全化逻辑。本文在对欧盟安全战略以及欧盟经济安全和军事安全等两个子命题进行研究时,同样首先分析两大安全领域内在的安全逻辑,即确定各安全领域的存在性威胁,分析欧盟安全战略中的安全行为主体对各存在性威胁的认知,然后在此基础上构建各安全领域安全化的动力结构。
欧盟经济安全战略和军事安全战略在北非的实施属于欧盟安全战略的实证研究。北非在欧盟的安全战略中处于特殊的地位,欧盟许多的政策工具,例如欧盟的邻居政策、发展政策、欧盟地中海政策等都涵盖了北非地区。这些都是欧盟北非安全战略的外在表现形式。不过,零散地从单个的政策工具出发难以全面把握欧盟北非地区安全战略的实质及其运作模式。本文以哥本哈根学派理论为框架,从分析欧盟安全战略以及欧盟经济和军事安全战略出发,结合欧盟及其成员国对北非的历史认知、地理认知、经济要素的认知等几大认知要素,发掘欧盟北非安全战略中的推力和阻力。本文认为,由于成员国是欧盟安全战略最主要的安全行为主体,成员国的认知在欧盟北非安全战略中起着关键性的作用。其中,部分对北非事务具备特殊认知的欧盟成员国是北非一般性议题被上升为安全议题的决定性因素。
The main purposes of this doctoral dissertation are to discuss the securitization process of EU’s security strategy, analyse EU’s economic and military security strategy’s implementation conditions. In the early stage, EU’s security strategies and their implementation had already drawn International Relation (IR) scholars’attention, but they seldom studied it from the perspective of security and few dissertations noticed their implementation in the North Africa. Through analyzing EU-North Africa security de facto situation and its interal mechanism, I hope my dissertation can discover EU’s potential pursue for the interests.
To select the right theory to explain EU’s security strategy is the precondition of my research.From the practical conditions, I choose the Copenhagen School as the guiding theory for my dissertation after reviewing traditional security theory, especially emphasize the exploit of Copenhagen School’s security complex theory.
“Cognition”and“securitization”are two of the most important viewpoints of Copenhagen School. Copenhagen School points out that“security”is the result of lingual circumstance, it emphasizes the role of cognition in the securitization when nomal political issues upgraded to security level. Copenhagen School has no intention to define what the security is, it concentrates on analysing security actors and constituting the power construction, cares much about the changing of the construction, then induces the existential threats and securitization process of each security sector. So, when analyzing EU’s security strategy and its two of sub-subjects, namely, economic and military security, the dissertation first tries to find out each sector’s different existential threat(s), analyzes security actors’cognition to them, then constructs each security sectors’securitization modul.
EU’s economic and military security’s implemention in north Africa is a case study of EU’s security strategy. North Africa occupies extraordinary position in EU’s policy-making, lots of EU’s external policy instruments have been directly formulated to this region, ENP, EDP, EU-Med Policy, e.g, while to grasp EU’s security strategy’s essence by analyzing them separately probably will draw only ex parte conclusion. This dissertation selects Copenhagen School as the the framework for analysis to analyze EU’s economic and military security combinding with the explaination of EU and member states’historical, geographic and economic factors’cognition to the North Africa, then unveil the driving forces and resistance in the EU-North Africa security strategy. The dissertation points out, due to that member states are the most important security actors of the EU whose cognition plays the key role in the EU-North Africa isssues’securitization process, the member states with“special”cognition to the North Africa are the decisive factor for nomal political issues upgraded to security subjects.
选择适合解释欧盟安全战略的安全理论成为本文的论证基础。在梳理了传统安全观以及新安全观之后,本文从欧盟安全战略的实际出发选取哥本哈根学派作为本文的指导理论,采用哥本哈根学派复合安全理论分析欧盟的安全战略。
“认知”、“安全化”是哥本哈根学派的重要理论和核心观点。哥本哈根学派认为“安全”是社会构建的结果,特别是在分析一般的政治性议题上升为安全议题的过程中,哥本哈根学派强调认知在安全化中的作用。哥本哈根学派并没有将如何定义安全作为理论的重点,而是更为注重分析安全化过程中安全行为主体的结构以及结构的变化,进而分析不同安全领域的存在性威胁和安全化逻辑。本文在对欧盟安全战略以及欧盟经济安全和军事安全等两个子命题进行研究时,同样首先分析两大安全领域内在的安全逻辑,即确定各安全领域的存在性威胁,分析欧盟安全战略中的安全行为主体对各存在性威胁的认知,然后在此基础上构建各安全领域安全化的动力结构。
欧盟经济安全战略和军事安全战略在北非的实施属于欧盟安全战略的实证研究。北非在欧盟的安全战略中处于特殊的地位,欧盟许多的政策工具,例如欧盟的邻居政策、发展政策、欧盟地中海政策等都涵盖了北非地区。这些都是欧盟北非安全战略的外在表现形式。不过,零散地从单个的政策工具出发难以全面把握欧盟北非地区安全战略的实质及其运作模式。本文以哥本哈根学派理论为框架,从分析欧盟安全战略以及欧盟经济和军事安全战略出发,结合欧盟及其成员国对北非的历史认知、地理认知、经济要素的认知等几大认知要素,发掘欧盟北非安全战略中的推力和阻力。本文认为,由于成员国是欧盟安全战略最主要的安全行为主体,成员国的认知在欧盟北非安全战略中起着关键性的作用。其中,部分对北非事务具备特殊认知的欧盟成员国是北非一般性议题被上升为安全议题的决定性因素。
The main purposes of this doctoral dissertation are to discuss the securitization process of EU’s security strategy, analyse EU’s economic and military security strategy’s implementation conditions. In the early stage, EU’s security strategies and their implementation had already drawn International Relation (IR) scholars’attention, but they seldom studied it from the perspective of security and few dissertations noticed their implementation in the North Africa. Through analyzing EU-North Africa security de facto situation and its interal mechanism, I hope my dissertation can discover EU’s potential pursue for the interests.
To select the right theory to explain EU’s security strategy is the precondition of my research.From the practical conditions, I choose the Copenhagen School as the guiding theory for my dissertation after reviewing traditional security theory, especially emphasize the exploit of Copenhagen School’s security complex theory.
“Cognition”and“securitization”are two of the most important viewpoints of Copenhagen School. Copenhagen School points out that“security”is the result of lingual circumstance, it emphasizes the role of cognition in the securitization when nomal political issues upgraded to security level. Copenhagen School has no intention to define what the security is, it concentrates on analysing security actors and constituting the power construction, cares much about the changing of the construction, then induces the existential threats and securitization process of each security sector. So, when analyzing EU’s security strategy and its two of sub-subjects, namely, economic and military security, the dissertation first tries to find out each sector’s different existential threat(s), analyzes security actors’cognition to them, then constructs each security sectors’securitization modul.
EU’s economic and military security’s implemention in north Africa is a case study of EU’s security strategy. North Africa occupies extraordinary position in EU’s policy-making, lots of EU’s external policy instruments have been directly formulated to this region, ENP, EDP, EU-Med Policy, e.g, while to grasp EU’s security strategy’s essence by analyzing them separately probably will draw only ex parte conclusion. This dissertation selects Copenhagen School as the the framework for analysis to analyze EU’s economic and military security combinding with the explaination of EU and member states’historical, geographic and economic factors’cognition to the North Africa, then unveil the driving forces and resistance in the EU-North Africa security strategy. The dissertation points out, due to that member states are the most important security actors of the EU whose cognition plays the key role in the EU-North Africa isssues’securitization process, the member states with“special”cognition to the North Africa are the decisive factor for nomal political issues upgraded to security subjects.
引文
①易小明:《法国学者谈“全球化世界中的欧洲偏好”》,《欧洲研究》,2008年第1期,第147-148页。
①Michael Hill,“The EU and Uzbekistan: Where to go from here”, CEPF Policy Brief, July 2007.
①Nathalie Tocci,“Conflict Resolution in the Neighbourhood: Comparing the Role of the EU in the Turkish-Kurdish and Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts”, CEPS Working Document, NO.221, March 2005.
②Richard Youngs,“Fusing Security and Development Just Another Euro-platitude”, CEPS Working Document No. 277, October 2007.
③Oli Brown, Anne Hammill and Robert Mcleman,“Climate change as the‘new’security threat: implications for Africa”, International Affairs, vol.83, No.6 (2007), pp.1141-1154.
④Tobias Debiel, Martina Fischer,“Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management by the European Union: Concepts, Capacities and Problems of Coherence”, Berghof Report No.4, Sep, 2000.
⑤Institute for Security Studies (ISS),“ESDP: from Cologne to Berlin and Beyond”, ISS Institute Report, Berlin, 29/30 January 2007.
①Jutta Weldes,“Constructing national interests”, European Journal of International Relations, 1996(2).
②Richard Youngs,“Fusing Security and Development: Just Another Euro-platitude”, CEPS Working Document No. 277/October 2007.
①倪世雄:《当代国际关系理论》,复旦大学出版社2001年版,第57-58页。
②[美]肯尼思·W.汤普森著,梅仁、王羽译:《国际关系中的思想流派》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第20页。
③倪世雄:前引书,第68页。
④倪世雄:前引书,第58-59页。
⑤王福春,张学斌主编:《西方外交思想史》,北京大学出版社2002年版,第102-105页。
①摩根索曾有一个著名的论断,即“没有世界国家,就没有持久的国际和平”。参见摩根索:《国际纵横策论》。
②[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著:《国际政治理论》中文版序言,胡少华、王红缨译,中国人民公安大学出版社1992年版,第2-4页。
①[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著:《国际政治理论》中文版序言,胡少华、王红缨译,中国人民公安大学出版社1992年版,第96-97页。
①[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社2003年版,第135-141页。
②[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹,《国际政治理论》中文版序言,中国人民公安大学出版社1992年版,第4页。
③[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后》,苏长和、信强、何曜译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第62页。
④[美]罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德,罗伯特·基欧汉:《无政府状态下的战略和制度合作》,[美]大卫·鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,肖欢容译,浙江人民出版社2001年版,第85页。
①[美]阿瑟·斯坦:《协调与合作:无政府世界中的制度》,[美]大卫·鲍德温主编,《新现实主义和新自由主义》,肖欢容译,浙江人民出版社2001年版,第31页。
②[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《非正式暴力的全球化、世界政治理论与“恐怖的自由主义”》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第7期,第54页。
①Sean M. Lynn-Jones,“International Security Studies after The Cold War: An Agenda for the Future”, Discussion Paper 91-11, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, p.18.
②Robert J. Art,“A Defensible Defense: American’s Grand Strategy after the Cold War”, International Security, vol.15, No.4 (spring, 1991), pp.30-42.
①王逸舟:《西方国际政治学:历史与理论》(第二版),中国社会科学出版社2007年版,第354页。
②王逸舟:《当代国际政治析论》,上海人民出版社1995年版,第339页。
③K. N Waltz,“The Emerging Structure of International Politics”, International Security, Vol.18, No.2 (fall, 1993), pp.78-79.
④K. N Waltz, ibid, pp.50-52.
①Keith Krause,“Broading the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Oct., 1996), p.229.
②R. Wyn Jones,“‘Message in a Bottle’?: Theory and praxis in critical security studies”.转引自倪世雄主编《当代西方国际关系理论》,复旦大学出版社2004年版,第199页。
③John J. Mearsheimer's,“The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, vol. 19, No.3, (winter, 1994-1995), pp.37-47.
④Ken Booth,“Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice”, International Affairs, vol.67, No.3, (1991), p.539.
①Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.10-11.
②关于解释性理论和构成性理论的论述可见Steve Smith,“The Self-Images of a Discipline: A Genealogy of International Relations Theory”, in Ken Booth and Steve Smith, (eds.), International Relations Theory Today, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995, pp.26-27.
③关于它们的论述见刘永涛《当代西方建构主义取向评析》,《现代国际关系》,1999年第9期,第2页。
④倪世雄等:《当代西方国际关系理论》,复旦大学出版社2001年版,第222页。
①Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations, NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1990, p.6.
②吉登斯也有过类似的判断,他认为“行为者和结构两者的构成过程并不是彼此独立的两个既定现象系列,即某种两元论,而是体现着一种两重性”。[美]安东尼·吉登斯著:《社会的构成:结构化理论大纲》,李康、李猛译,三联书店1998年版,第89页。
③Alexander Wendt,“Collective Indentity Formation and The International State”, American Political Science Review, Vol.88, No.2,(June, 1994), p.384.
④David Dessler,“What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?”, International Organization, Vol.43, No.3, (1989), p.467.
①赵汀阳:《没有世界观的世界》,中国人民大学出版社2005年版,第59-60页。
②赵汀阳:前引书,第63页。
③[英]菲奥纳·鲍伊著:《宗教人类学导论》,金泽、何其敏译,中国人民大学出版社2004年版,第80-81页。
④温特曾经表示过认同是利益的基础。Alexander Wendt,“Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Vol.46, No.2, (1992).
①Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt and Peter Katzenstein,“Norms, Culture and Identity in National Security”, in Peter Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996, pp. 60-66.
②温特相信能够有大同世界的材料参见秦亚青《:国际政治的社会建构:温特及其建构主义国际政治理论》,《欧洲》,2001年第3期,第9页。
③[美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海世纪出版集团2000年版。
④[美]亚历山大·温特:前引书,第261页。
①Bjorn Hettne, Fredrik Sderbaum,“Theorising the Rise of Regionness”, New Political Economy, Vol.5, Issue 3, (Nov. 2000), p.40.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.53, 49-50.
③国内学者将这中变化的过程简化为以下公式:“安全复合体”→(共同的或相互的)规范、认同、文化、信任等变量→社会化、制度化→“规则性”和“构成性”效果→“安全共同体”。郑先武:《安全区域主义:建构主义者解析》,《国际论坛》,2004年第4期,第47页。
④Ole Weaver,“Insecurity, Security, and A security in the West European Non-war Security”, Security Communities, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.74.
⑤Emanuel Adler, Michael N. Barnett, A Framework for the Study of Security Communities, Cambridge University Press1998, pp.29-49.
①Jack Synder,“Averting Anarchy in the New Europe”, in Sean M. Lynn-Jones, (ed.), The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace, MIT Press, 1991, pp.104-105.
②John J. Mearsheimer,“Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War”, in Sean M. Lynn-Jones, (ed.), The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace, MIT Press, 1991, p.144.
③Sean M. Lynn-Jones,“International Security Studies after the Cold War: An Agenda for the Future”, Discussion Paper 91-11, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, p.12.
④S. Van Evera,“Primed for Peace: Europe after the Cold War”, in Sean M. Lynn-Jones, (ed.), The Cold War and after: Prospects for Peace, MIT Press, 1991, p.230.
①Jean Yves Haine,“Idealism and Power: The New EU Security Strategy”, Current History, March 2004, p.108.
②European Commission,“Europe in the World: Some Practical Proposals for Greater Coherence, Effectiveness and Visibility”, Communication from the Commission to the European Council, June 2006.
①冯仲平:《欧洲安全观与欧美关系》,《欧洲研究》,2003年第5期,第7页。
②冯仲平:前引文。
①European Commission, Working for the Peace, Security and Stability, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007, p.13.
②European Commission, The EU: A Global Player in Security. http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/the_eu/index_en.htm.登陆时间:2009年3月19日。
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997.该书已经由朱宁翻译成中文,书名为《新安全论》,本文对之也有所参考。详见[英]巴里·布赞等著:《新安全论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社2003年版。
②J Huysmans,“Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the Creative Development of a Security Studies Agenda in Europe”, European journal of international relations, Vol.4, No.4, (1998.), p.479.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.12.
①本节对同质复合体和异质复合体的阐述主要参考:Chapter 1, Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.13.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.32.
③他们对安全化的表述和布赞相同,但略显简单。Keith Krause,“Broading the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Oct., 1996), pp.242-243.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.58.
①关于哥本哈根学派的缺陷可以参见朱宁:《安全与非安全化:哥本哈根学派研究》,《世界经济与政治》2003年第10期。
①Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society, Cornell University Press, 1996, p.12.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.14.
①蔡拓:《全球问题与安全观的变革》,《世界经济与政治》,2000年第9期,第31页。
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, pp.95-99.
③本节关于哥本哈根学派经济安全的论断,如没有特别说明,皆转引自“Security”关于经济安全的专题。
④Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.95.
⑤Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.97.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.103.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.100.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.106.
①哈斯的论述详见[美]恩斯特·哈斯:《地区主义的挑战》,[美]斯坦利·霍夫曼主编:《当代国际关系理论》,林伟成等译,中国社会科学出版社1990年版,第280-286页。
②顾俊礼主编:《西欧政治》,经济科学出版社2001年版,第453-456页。
①[德]科勒·科赫:《欧洲一体化与欧盟治理》,顾俊礼等译、刘立群校,中国社会科学出版社2004年版,第256-257页。
②[德]科勒·科赫:前引书,第266页。
①Stephen Woolcock,“European Trade Policy: Global Pressures and Domestic Constraints”, in H. Wallace & W. Wallace (eds.), Policy-making in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2000, p.387.
①Enzo R. Grilli, The European Community and the Developing Countries, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp.83-84.
②[美]杰弗里·加勒特,巴里·R·魏因格斯特:《观念、利益与制度:构建欧洲共同体内部市场》,[美]朱迪斯·戈尔斯坦,罗伯特·基欧汉主编:《观念与外交政策》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第183页。
③[荷兰]佩克曼斯:《欧洲一体化:方法与经济分析》,吴弦等译,中国社会科学出版社2006年版,第329页。
④例如法国戴高乐认为,他接受共同市场是因为关税同盟有利于法国农产品的出口,法国是一个农业国,“具备农业国家的条件”。同时也可以参见《罗马条约》中对法国农产品的特殊照顾的条款。
①IEA, The IEA Natural Gas Security Study, Paris: IEA/OECD, 1995, p.17and p.26.
②H.T. Franssen,“Oil Supply Security Through 2010”, in L.P.Bloomfield (ed.), Global Markets and National Interests: the new geopolitics of energy, capital, and information, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Significant Issues Series, Vol. 24, No. 3, (2002), p. 65.
③Mteo (a million tonnes of oil equivalent),百万吨石油当量。
④European Commission, EU Energy and Transport in Figures, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009, p.29.
⑤Market Observatory for Energy, Europe’s Energy Position: Present & Future, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, pp.12-13.
⑥Market Observatory for Energy, ibid, p.8.
⑦CEC, Towards A European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, CEC Green Paper, 2000, pp.64-65.
①可以参见以下诸文:A.M.Jaffe, R.Soligo,“The Role of Inventories in Oil Market Stability”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 42, 2002, pp. 401-415; Leiby, N.Paul, D.Bowman, Donald W.Jones, "Improving Energy Security Through an International Cooperative Approach to Emergency Oil Stockpiling," Proceedings of the 25th Annual IAEE International Conference, June 26-29, Aberdeen, Scotland, 2002.
②Jorge Vasconcelos,“Integration and Regulation on EU Energy Market”, European Energy and Transport Forum, Brussels, Dec. 2003. pp.11-15.
①European Commission,“Study on Energy Supply and Geopolitics”, Final Report, 2004, p.64.
①参见布朗爵士在2003年日本东京第22届世界天然气大会上的发言。
②CIEP, The Role of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in the European Gas Market, Clingendael International Energy Programme, 2003, pp. 9-12.
③欧盟海军中地中海舰队是所有的舰队中排名第二,其中就赋予了保护地中海能源运输线的意义,索马里海盗爆发以后,欧盟还成立了反海盗中心,并派出海军执行反海盗的任务。
①Stephen M. Walt,“The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.35, No.2, 1991, p.212.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.49.
①时殷弘:《国际安全的基本哲理范式》,《中国社会科学》,2000年第5期,第180页。
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.76.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.51.
①易小明:《欧盟<里斯本条约>》,《国际资料信息》,2008年第1期,第5页。
①这些机构的组成、职能等参见欧盟官网:http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s05001.htm.
①European Commission, Working for the Peace, Security and Stability, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005, p.4.
①关于欧共体1990年在NPT回顾会议中的角色,可以参见以下材料:David Fischer and Harald Miller,“A Treaty in Trouble: Europe and the NPT after the Fourth Review Conference”, PRIF Reports, No. 17, January 1991.
①European Commission, Presidency Conclusions: Report to the European Council in Lisbon on the likely development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) with a view to identifying areas open to joint action vis-a-vis particular countries or groups of countries, Doc. SN 3321/2/92.
②欧盟是1992年1月31日联合国安理会共同宣言的发起国。
③此次联合行动可以参见European Commission, Decision 94/509/CFSP, 8 August 1994.
④这里可以参考Geoffrey van Orden,“European Arms Export Controls”, in Paul Cornish, Peter van Ham and Joachim Krause (eds.),“Europe and the Challenge of Proliferation”, in note 8, Chaillot Papers 24, Paris: Institute for Security Studies of WEU, May. 1996.
⑤EU: Presidency Conclusions, Doc. SN 150/1/94, 24-25 June 1994.
①European Commission, Civilian Headline Goal 2010. Doc.14823/07.
②European Commission, ibid, p.6.
③罗斯克兰斯曾经指出,欧盟的成就更多的是规范性的,欧洲正在从规范层面上确定世界标准。R. Rosecrance,“The European Union: A New Type of International Actor”, in J. Zielonka (ed.), Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998. p.22.
④陈志敏:《欧洲联盟的军事化:从民事力量向军事力量变形》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期。
⑤Michael Smith,“Does the Flag Follow Trade:‘Politicization’and the Emergence of a European Foreign Policy”, in J. Peterson and H. Sjursen (eds.), A Common Foreign Policy f or Europe: Competing Visions of the CFSP, London: Routledge, 1998, p.83.
①European Commission Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Unit,“Civilian Instrument for EU Crisis Management”, April 2003 , pp.8.该文仅仅作为信息提供,并非欧盟委员会的政策声明。
②European Commission Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Unit, ibid, p.19.
③《欧盟武器出口新规则与人权挂钩》,《参考消息》,2008年12月13日。
④Jonathan Goodhand and Philippa Atkinson, Conflict and Aid:Enhancing the Peacebuilding Impact of International Engagement, London: International Alert, 2001, p.38.
①Peter Uvin,“The Influence of Aid in Situations of Violent Conflict”, OECD Conflict Prevention and Development Co-operation Papers, DAC Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, (2001), p.4.
②Mary B. Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid can Support Peace or War, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, February 1999.该书从多角度,全面阐述了援助助长冲突和战争的可能。
③Tobias Debiel and Martina Fischer,“Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management by the European Union: Concepts, Capacities and Problems of Coherence”, Berghof Research Center, No. 4, (Sep. 2000), p.15.
①William Walker,“International Nuclear Relations after the Indian and Pakistani Tests”, International Affairs, Vol.74, No.3, 1998.
②关于RRM的相关内容可以参见European Commission, Working for the Peace, Security and Stability: Europe in the World, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007.
③Safer world-International Alert,“Strengthening Global Security through Addressing the Root Causes of Conflict: Priorities for the Irish and Dutch Presidencies in 2004”, pp. 6-8.
①CSCM的发展历程和历史可以参见以下网站链接:http://www.medea.be/index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=50.
①地中海论坛以及相关信息参见以下链接:http://www.medea.be/index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=273.
①江翔:《试析当前法国同非洲的关系》,《西亚非洲》,1996年第3期,第18页。
③张延良,[刚果(布)]木泽姆:《非洲法郎区的演进及机制》,《西亚非洲》,2003年第2期,第50页。
①宋全成:《欧洲移民研究》,山东大学出版社2007年版,第335页。
②宋全成:前引书,第334页。
③Eurobarometer: 2006-2007 Yearbook of EU, p.76.
④Eurobarometer: ibid, p.78.
⑤Eurobarometer: ibid, p.75.
⑥“Tidal Wave”, Economist,http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9370651.登陆时间:2007年6月11日。
①“EU concedes failure on migration policy”, iht, http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/29/news/immig.php.登陆时间:2007年6月26日。
②Special Eurobarometer 273: European Social Reality, Feb. 2007, p.71.
③“Greece Casting off Asylum Seekers”, Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,514149,00.html.登陆时间:2008年12月23日。
④“EU immigration official criticizes Malta for treatment of migrants”, iht, http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/03/africa/migrate.php.登陆时间:2007年6月26日。
⑤Richard Gillespie,“Spanish Protagonismo and the Euro-Med Partnership Initiative”, in Richard Gillespie (ed.), The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Political and Economic Perspectives, London: Frank Cass Publishers, 1997, p.34.
⑥Antonio Missiroli,“The ENP Three Years on: Where from and Where Next?”, Idées pour le débat , 03/2007, p.5.
①[美]杰弗里·加勒特,巴里·R·魏因格斯特:《观念、利益与制度:构建欧洲共同体内部市场》,[美]朱迪斯·戈尔斯坦,罗伯特·基欧汉主编:《观念与外交政策》,刘东国等译,北京大学出版社2005年版,第198-199页。
②1999年3月OPEC决定削减产量5.4%,而在前几个月,石油价格从每桶10-12美元的很低的水平涨到30美元以上,到2000年时,石油价格仍维持在高位。弹性系数高达80%。参见OPEC Press Release, No. 2/1999, 23 March 1999.
③Andreas Mehler,“France in Search of a New Africa Policy”, International Policy, spring 2008.
④“欧盟‘重新发现’非洲”,globalview, http://www.globalview.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=13505.登陆时间:2008年1月6日。
①“Merkel Slams Sarkozy's 'Club Med' Plans”, Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,521743,00.html.登陆时间:2007年12月13日。
②European Commission, External and intra-EU trade Statistical yearbook: Data 1958-2006, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, p.221.
③Barbara Lippert, Kirsty Hughes, Heather Grabbe and Peter Becker,“British and German Interests in EU Enlargement:Partners Or Competitors?”, Continuum , 2001, p.19.
④[美]约瑟夫·乔菲:《德国:从腓特烈大帝到联邦共和国》,[美]罗伯特·A·帕斯特编,胡利平,杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:七大国百年外交风云》,上海人民出版社2001年版,第98页。
⑤Barbara Lippert, Kirsty Hughes, Heather Grabbe and Peter Becker, ibid, Continuum , 2001, p.14.
⑥德国派兵参与2003年的阿特米斯行动同样也是如此。Deutsche Press-Agentur,“Misgivings in Germany over Potential Congo Mission”, Lexis-nexis: World News, Europe June, 2003.
①吉珊珊:《德国对撒哈拉以南非洲外交战略探析》,《西亚非洲》,2003年第3期,第53-54页。
②德国国内对地中海联盟反对的表现参见:“Sarkozy's 'Club Med' Is Useful But Over-Ambitious”, Spiegel,http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,565710,00.html.登陆时间:2008年7月5日。
①Paul Belkin,“The EU’s Energy Security Challenges”, Congressional Research Service, Code RL33636 , CRS-17.
②王成家编:《世界知识年鉴2002/2003》,世界知识出版社2002年版,第293页。
③British Petroleum (BP), Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2006.
①P. Capros, L. Mantzos, V. Papandreou and N. Tasios,“European energy and transport: Trends to 2030”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, p.28.
②European Commission,“EU Energy and Transport in Figures”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009, p.31.
③ICG,‘Algeria’s Economy: The Vicious Circle of Oil and Violence’, ICG Africa Report, No. 36, 2001.
④Paul Belkin,“The EU’s Energy Security Challenges”, Congressional Research Service of America, Code. RL 33636, CRS.17-19.
⑤欧盟在《里斯本宣言》指出“今天,在全球范围内,我们对相互依赖有了进一步的理解,我们将在全球舞台上的就这一时代关键的政治挑战,如能源,气候变化,移民和性别问题上并肩合作。”
⑥European Commission, ibid, p.34.
⑦Market Observatory for energy,“Europe’s Energy Position: Present & Future”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, p.32.
①Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean, p.9.
②吴毅平,刘江平,冯先辉等:《欧盟统一海上力量展望》,《国际展望》,2006年第1期。
①欧盟委员会预计,照目前能源消耗的趋势,到2030年,欧盟能源总需求的65%需要进口。见European Commission,“An Energy Policy for Europe”, COM(2007) final, Brussels, 2007.
②European Commission,“EU Energy and Transport in Figures”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009, p.30.
①Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”,“Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics”, “Clingendael”International Energy Programme (CIEP), Final Report, January 2004, p.54.
①Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”,“Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics”, “Clingendael”International Energy Programme (CIEP) Final Report, January 2004, pp.108-110.参见这三页的相关表格。
②欧盟对俄罗斯的反应手段参见:Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”, ibid, p.134.
①欧盟对阿尔及利亚的反应手段见:Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”,“Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics”,“Clingendael”International Energy Programme (CIEP) Final Report, January 2004, p.136.
①埃及核技术的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/nuke.htm.
②利比亚核武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/nuclear.htm.
③埃及生物武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/bw.htm.
①埃及化学武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/cw.htm.
②利比亚化学武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/cw.htm.
③利比亚生物武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/bw.htm.
④埃及导弹技术的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/missile.htm.
②利比亚导弹的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/missile.htm.
⑤Joseph Bermudez,“Ballistic Missile Development in Libya,”Jane’s Intelligence Review, January 2003, pp.27-29.
①Barcelona Declaration, 27 and 28 November 1995, p.6.
②Del Sarto, A. Raffaella and Tobias Schumacher,“From EMP to ENP: What’s at Stake with the European Neighbourhood Policy towards the Southern Mediterranean?”, European Foreign Affairs Review, No.10, 2005, pp. 28-29.
①European Commission,“Tenth Anniversary of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: A Work Programme to Meet the Challenges of the Next Five Years”, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Euromed Report 89, 14 April, 2005, p.15.
①共同立场的具体内容参见European Commission, Council Common Position, 2008/944/CFSP, Article 2.
②Richard F. Grimmett,“Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1999-2006”, The DISAM Journal, March 2008 , p.60.
③萨科齐重视人权外交的表现包括任命人权斗士的库什内为外长,首创人权国务秘书一职,并曾在施政纲领中表示在和非洲打交道时更突出人权,他也同意和赞许人权味道特别浓的08年的军售共同立场。
④“France Makes Weapons Deal with Libya”, Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,498038,00.html.登陆时间:2007年8月3日。
①Oliver Meier,“The EU’s Nonproliferation Efforts: Limited Success”, p.7. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_05/OliverFeature.登陆时间:2008年7月9日。
②Camille Grand,“The European Union and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, Chaillot Paper 37, Janunary 2000, p.28.
③“The EU’s Nonproliferation Efforts: Limited Success”, armscontrol http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_05/OliverFeature.登陆时间:2008年7月9日。
①“African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Nears Realization”, armscontrol http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_05/Africa.登陆时间:2008年7月9日。
②Speech by Qadhafi at a meeting of students of the Higher Institute for Applied Social Studies at the Great al-Fatih University, 18 April 1990, Tripoli Television Service, 19 April 1990.转引自Rumsfield Council, “Appendix III: Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States”, Rumsfield Commission Report, July 15, 1998.
①Reuters, 10:45 EST, 31 December 1995 (mimeo). See also "Gadhafi ready to use missiles," Minneapolis Star Tribune, 1 January 1996, p. A4.转引自Rumsfield Council,“Appendix III: Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States”, Rumsfield Commission Report, July 15, 1998.
②“德国称:不会反对法国向利比亚输出核能技术”,国际新能源网, http://www.in-en.com/newenergy/html/newenergy-200720070801113642.html.登陆时间:2009年12月2日。
①Sven Biscop, Euro-Mediterranean Security: A Searh for Partnership, Ashgate, 2003, pp.13-14.
[美]安东尼·吉登斯著:《社会的构成:结构化理论大纲》,李康、李猛译,北京:三联书店1998年版。
[英]巴里·布赞等著:《新安全论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社2003年版。
蔡拓:“全球问题与安全观的变革”,《世界经济与政治》,2000年第9期。
陈志敏:“欧洲联盟的军事化:从民事力量向军事力量变形”,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期。
[美]大卫·鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,肖欢容译,浙江:浙江人民出版社2001年版。
[美]丹尼斯·德鲁,唐纳德·斯诺:《国家安全战略的制定》,王辉青等译,北京:军事科学出版社1991年版。
[美]恩斯特·哈斯:《地区主义的挑战》,斯坦利·霍夫曼主编:《当代国际关系理论》,中国社会科学出版社1990年版。
[英]菲奥纳·鲍伊著:《宗教人类学导论》,金泽、何其敏译,北京:中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
冯仲平:“欧洲安全观与欧美关系”,《欧洲研究》,2003年第5期。
顾俊礼主编:《西欧政治》,经济科学出版社2001年版。
吉珊珊:“德国对撒哈拉以南非洲外交战略探析”,《西亚非洲》,2003年第3期。
江翔:“试析当前法国同非洲的关系”,《西亚非洲》,1996年第3期。
[美]杰弗里·加勒特,巴里·R·魏因格斯特:《观念、利益与制度:构建欧洲共同体内部
市场》,朱迪斯·戈尔斯坦,罗伯特·基欧汉主编:《观念与外交政策》,刘东国等译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
[德]克劳塞维茨:《战争论》,中国人民解放军军事科学院译,北京:商务印书馆1997年版。
[德]科勒·科赫:《欧洲一体化与欧盟治理》,顾俊礼等译,中国社会科学出版社2004年版。
[美]肯尼思·W.汤普森著,梅仁、王羽译:《国际关系中的思想流派》,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹:《国际政治理论》,信强译,上海:上海人民出版社2003年版。
刘永涛:“当代西方建构主义取向评析”,《现代国际关系》,1999年第9期。
[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后》,苏长和、信强、何曜译,上海:上海人民出版社2001年版。
[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《非正式暴力的全球化、世界政治理论与“恐怖的自由主义”》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第7期。
倪世雄:《当代国际关系理论》,上海:复旦大学出版社2001年版。
倪世雄主编:《当代西方国际关系理论》,上海:复旦大学出版社2004年版。
[荷兰]佩克曼斯:《欧洲一体化:方法与经济分析》,吴弦等译,中国社会科学出版社2006年版。
秦亚青:“国际政治的社会建构:温特及其建构主义国际政治理论”,《欧洲》,2001年第3期。
时殷弘:“国际安全的基本哲理范式”,《中国社会科学》,2000年第5期。
宋全成:《欧洲移民研究》,山东:山东大学出版社2007年版。
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Emanuel Adler, Michael N. Barnett, A Framework for the Study of Security Communities, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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ICG,“‘Algeria’s Economy: The vicious circle of oil and violence’”, ICG Africa Report, No. 36,2001.
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Jean Yves Haine,“Idealism and Power: The New EU Security Strategy”, Current History, March 2004.
J Huysmans,“Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe”, European journal of international relations, Vol.4, No.4, (1998.).
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Ken Booth,“Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice”, International Affairs, vol.67, No.3, 1991.
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Sean M. Lynn-Jones,“International Security Studies after The Cold War: An Agenda for the Future”, Discussion Paper 91-11, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
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新华网:http://www.xinhuanet.com
环球视野:http://www.globalview.cn
欧盟地中海、欧盟—阿拉伯合作研究所(MEDEA):http://www.medea.be
经济学人:http://www.economist.com
欧盟官网:http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
国际先驱论坛报:http://global.nytimes.com/?iht
镜报:http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe
全球安全:http://www.globalsecurity.org
军控:http://www.armscontrol.org
①Michael Hill,“The EU and Uzbekistan: Where to go from here”, CEPF Policy Brief, July 2007.
①Nathalie Tocci,“Conflict Resolution in the Neighbourhood: Comparing the Role of the EU in the Turkish-Kurdish and Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts”, CEPS Working Document, NO.221, March 2005.
②Richard Youngs,“Fusing Security and Development Just Another Euro-platitude”, CEPS Working Document No. 277, October 2007.
③Oli Brown, Anne Hammill and Robert Mcleman,“Climate change as the‘new’security threat: implications for Africa”, International Affairs, vol.83, No.6 (2007), pp.1141-1154.
④Tobias Debiel, Martina Fischer,“Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management by the European Union: Concepts, Capacities and Problems of Coherence”, Berghof Report No.4, Sep, 2000.
⑤Institute for Security Studies (ISS),“ESDP: from Cologne to Berlin and Beyond”, ISS Institute Report, Berlin, 29/30 January 2007.
①Jutta Weldes,“Constructing national interests”, European Journal of International Relations, 1996(2).
②Richard Youngs,“Fusing Security and Development: Just Another Euro-platitude”, CEPS Working Document No. 277/October 2007.
①倪世雄:《当代国际关系理论》,复旦大学出版社2001年版,第57-58页。
②[美]肯尼思·W.汤普森著,梅仁、王羽译:《国际关系中的思想流派》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第20页。
③倪世雄:前引书,第68页。
④倪世雄:前引书,第58-59页。
⑤王福春,张学斌主编:《西方外交思想史》,北京大学出版社2002年版,第102-105页。
①摩根索曾有一个著名的论断,即“没有世界国家,就没有持久的国际和平”。参见摩根索:《国际纵横策论》。
②[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著:《国际政治理论》中文版序言,胡少华、王红缨译,中国人民公安大学出版社1992年版,第2-4页。
①[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著:《国际政治理论》中文版序言,胡少华、王红缨译,中国人民公安大学出版社1992年版,第96-97页。
①[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹:《国际政治理论》,上海人民出版社2003年版,第135-141页。
②[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹,《国际政治理论》中文版序言,中国人民公安大学出版社1992年版,第4页。
③[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后》,苏长和、信强、何曜译,上海人民出版社2001年版,第62页。
④[美]罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德,罗伯特·基欧汉:《无政府状态下的战略和制度合作》,[美]大卫·鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,肖欢容译,浙江人民出版社2001年版,第85页。
①[美]阿瑟·斯坦:《协调与合作:无政府世界中的制度》,[美]大卫·鲍德温主编,《新现实主义和新自由主义》,肖欢容译,浙江人民出版社2001年版,第31页。
②[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《非正式暴力的全球化、世界政治理论与“恐怖的自由主义”》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第7期,第54页。
①Sean M. Lynn-Jones,“International Security Studies after The Cold War: An Agenda for the Future”, Discussion Paper 91-11, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, p.18.
②Robert J. Art,“A Defensible Defense: American’s Grand Strategy after the Cold War”, International Security, vol.15, No.4 (spring, 1991), pp.30-42.
①王逸舟:《西方国际政治学:历史与理论》(第二版),中国社会科学出版社2007年版,第354页。
②王逸舟:《当代国际政治析论》,上海人民出版社1995年版,第339页。
③K. N Waltz,“The Emerging Structure of International Politics”, International Security, Vol.18, No.2 (fall, 1993), pp.78-79.
④K. N Waltz, ibid, pp.50-52.
①Keith Krause,“Broading the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Oct., 1996), p.229.
②R. Wyn Jones,“‘Message in a Bottle’?: Theory and praxis in critical security studies”.转引自倪世雄主编《当代西方国际关系理论》,复旦大学出版社2004年版,第199页。
③John J. Mearsheimer's,“The False Promise of International Institutions”, International Security, vol. 19, No.3, (winter, 1994-1995), pp.37-47.
④Ken Booth,“Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice”, International Affairs, vol.67, No.3, (1991), p.539.
①Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in International Relations, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.10-11.
②关于解释性理论和构成性理论的论述可见Steve Smith,“The Self-Images of a Discipline: A Genealogy of International Relations Theory”, in Ken Booth and Steve Smith, (eds.), International Relations Theory Today, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995, pp.26-27.
③关于它们的论述见刘永涛《当代西方建构主义取向评析》,《现代国际关系》,1999年第9期,第2页。
④倪世雄等:《当代西方国际关系理论》,复旦大学出版社2001年版,第222页。
①Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations, NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1990, p.6.
②吉登斯也有过类似的判断,他认为“行为者和结构两者的构成过程并不是彼此独立的两个既定现象系列,即某种两元论,而是体现着一种两重性”。[美]安东尼·吉登斯著:《社会的构成:结构化理论大纲》,李康、李猛译,三联书店1998年版,第89页。
③Alexander Wendt,“Collective Indentity Formation and The International State”, American Political Science Review, Vol.88, No.2,(June, 1994), p.384.
④David Dessler,“What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?”, International Organization, Vol.43, No.3, (1989), p.467.
①赵汀阳:《没有世界观的世界》,中国人民大学出版社2005年版,第59-60页。
②赵汀阳:前引书,第63页。
③[英]菲奥纳·鲍伊著:《宗教人类学导论》,金泽、何其敏译,中国人民大学出版社2004年版,第80-81页。
④温特曾经表示过认同是利益的基础。Alexander Wendt,“Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Vol.46, No.2, (1992).
①Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt and Peter Katzenstein,“Norms, Culture and Identity in National Security”, in Peter Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996, pp. 60-66.
②温特相信能够有大同世界的材料参见秦亚青《:国际政治的社会建构:温特及其建构主义国际政治理论》,《欧洲》,2001年第3期,第9页。
③[美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,上海世纪出版集团2000年版。
④[美]亚历山大·温特:前引书,第261页。
①Bjorn Hettne, Fredrik Sderbaum,“Theorising the Rise of Regionness”, New Political Economy, Vol.5, Issue 3, (Nov. 2000), p.40.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.53, 49-50.
③国内学者将这中变化的过程简化为以下公式:“安全复合体”→(共同的或相互的)规范、认同、文化、信任等变量→社会化、制度化→“规则性”和“构成性”效果→“安全共同体”。郑先武:《安全区域主义:建构主义者解析》,《国际论坛》,2004年第4期,第47页。
④Ole Weaver,“Insecurity, Security, and A security in the West European Non-war Security”, Security Communities, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.74.
⑤Emanuel Adler, Michael N. Barnett, A Framework for the Study of Security Communities, Cambridge University Press1998, pp.29-49.
①Jack Synder,“Averting Anarchy in the New Europe”, in Sean M. Lynn-Jones, (ed.), The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace, MIT Press, 1991, pp.104-105.
②John J. Mearsheimer,“Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War”, in Sean M. Lynn-Jones, (ed.), The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace, MIT Press, 1991, p.144.
③Sean M. Lynn-Jones,“International Security Studies after the Cold War: An Agenda for the Future”, Discussion Paper 91-11, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, p.12.
④S. Van Evera,“Primed for Peace: Europe after the Cold War”, in Sean M. Lynn-Jones, (ed.), The Cold War and after: Prospects for Peace, MIT Press, 1991, p.230.
①Jean Yves Haine,“Idealism and Power: The New EU Security Strategy”, Current History, March 2004, p.108.
②European Commission,“Europe in the World: Some Practical Proposals for Greater Coherence, Effectiveness and Visibility”, Communication from the Commission to the European Council, June 2006.
①冯仲平:《欧洲安全观与欧美关系》,《欧洲研究》,2003年第5期,第7页。
②冯仲平:前引文。
①European Commission, Working for the Peace, Security and Stability, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007, p.13.
②European Commission, The EU: A Global Player in Security. http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/the_eu/index_en.htm.登陆时间:2009年3月19日。
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997.该书已经由朱宁翻译成中文,书名为《新安全论》,本文对之也有所参考。详见[英]巴里·布赞等著:《新安全论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社2003年版。
②J Huysmans,“Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the Creative Development of a Security Studies Agenda in Europe”, European journal of international relations, Vol.4, No.4, (1998.), p.479.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.12.
①本节对同质复合体和异质复合体的阐述主要参考:Chapter 1, Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.13.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.32.
③他们对安全化的表述和布赞相同,但略显简单。Keith Krause,“Broading the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Oct., 1996), pp.242-243.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.58.
①关于哥本哈根学派的缺陷可以参见朱宁:《安全与非安全化:哥本哈根学派研究》,《世界经济与政治》2003年第10期。
①Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society, Cornell University Press, 1996, p.12.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.14.
①蔡拓:《全球问题与安全观的变革》,《世界经济与政治》,2000年第9期,第31页。
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, pp.95-99.
③本节关于哥本哈根学派经济安全的论断,如没有特别说明,皆转引自“Security”关于经济安全的专题。
④Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.95.
⑤Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.97.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.103.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.100.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, ibid, p.106.
①哈斯的论述详见[美]恩斯特·哈斯:《地区主义的挑战》,[美]斯坦利·霍夫曼主编:《当代国际关系理论》,林伟成等译,中国社会科学出版社1990年版,第280-286页。
②顾俊礼主编:《西欧政治》,经济科学出版社2001年版,第453-456页。
①[德]科勒·科赫:《欧洲一体化与欧盟治理》,顾俊礼等译、刘立群校,中国社会科学出版社2004年版,第256-257页。
②[德]科勒·科赫:前引书,第266页。
①Stephen Woolcock,“European Trade Policy: Global Pressures and Domestic Constraints”, in H. Wallace & W. Wallace (eds.), Policy-making in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2000, p.387.
①Enzo R. Grilli, The European Community and the Developing Countries, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp.83-84.
②[美]杰弗里·加勒特,巴里·R·魏因格斯特:《观念、利益与制度:构建欧洲共同体内部市场》,[美]朱迪斯·戈尔斯坦,罗伯特·基欧汉主编:《观念与外交政策》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第183页。
③[荷兰]佩克曼斯:《欧洲一体化:方法与经济分析》,吴弦等译,中国社会科学出版社2006年版,第329页。
④例如法国戴高乐认为,他接受共同市场是因为关税同盟有利于法国农产品的出口,法国是一个农业国,“具备农业国家的条件”。同时也可以参见《罗马条约》中对法国农产品的特殊照顾的条款。
①IEA, The IEA Natural Gas Security Study, Paris: IEA/OECD, 1995, p.17and p.26.
②H.T. Franssen,“Oil Supply Security Through 2010”, in L.P.Bloomfield (ed.), Global Markets and National Interests: the new geopolitics of energy, capital, and information, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Significant Issues Series, Vol. 24, No. 3, (2002), p. 65.
③Mteo (a million tonnes of oil equivalent),百万吨石油当量。
④European Commission, EU Energy and Transport in Figures, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009, p.29.
⑤Market Observatory for Energy, Europe’s Energy Position: Present & Future, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, pp.12-13.
⑥Market Observatory for Energy, ibid, p.8.
⑦CEC, Towards A European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, CEC Green Paper, 2000, pp.64-65.
①可以参见以下诸文:A.M.Jaffe, R.Soligo,“The Role of Inventories in Oil Market Stability”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 42, 2002, pp. 401-415; Leiby, N.Paul, D.Bowman, Donald W.Jones, "Improving Energy Security Through an International Cooperative Approach to Emergency Oil Stockpiling," Proceedings of the 25th Annual IAEE International Conference, June 26-29, Aberdeen, Scotland, 2002.
②Jorge Vasconcelos,“Integration and Regulation on EU Energy Market”, European Energy and Transport Forum, Brussels, Dec. 2003. pp.11-15.
①European Commission,“Study on Energy Supply and Geopolitics”, Final Report, 2004, p.64.
①参见布朗爵士在2003年日本东京第22届世界天然气大会上的发言。
②CIEP, The Role of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in the European Gas Market, Clingendael International Energy Programme, 2003, pp. 9-12.
③欧盟海军中地中海舰队是所有的舰队中排名第二,其中就赋予了保护地中海能源运输线的意义,索马里海盗爆发以后,欧盟还成立了反海盗中心,并派出海军执行反海盗的任务。
①Stephen M. Walt,“The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.35, No.2, 1991, p.212.
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.49.
①时殷弘:《国际安全的基本哲理范式》,《中国社会科学》,2000年第5期,第180页。
②Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.76.
①Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Pub, 1997, p.51.
①易小明:《欧盟<里斯本条约>》,《国际资料信息》,2008年第1期,第5页。
①这些机构的组成、职能等参见欧盟官网:http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s05001.htm.
①European Commission, Working for the Peace, Security and Stability, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005, p.4.
①关于欧共体1990年在NPT回顾会议中的角色,可以参见以下材料:David Fischer and Harald Miller,“A Treaty in Trouble: Europe and the NPT after the Fourth Review Conference”, PRIF Reports, No. 17, January 1991.
①European Commission, Presidency Conclusions: Report to the European Council in Lisbon on the likely development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) with a view to identifying areas open to joint action vis-a-vis particular countries or groups of countries, Doc. SN 3321/2/92.
②欧盟是1992年1月31日联合国安理会共同宣言的发起国。
③此次联合行动可以参见European Commission, Decision 94/509/CFSP, 8 August 1994.
④这里可以参考Geoffrey van Orden,“European Arms Export Controls”, in Paul Cornish, Peter van Ham and Joachim Krause (eds.),“Europe and the Challenge of Proliferation”, in note 8, Chaillot Papers 24, Paris: Institute for Security Studies of WEU, May. 1996.
⑤EU: Presidency Conclusions, Doc. SN 150/1/94, 24-25 June 1994.
①European Commission, Civilian Headline Goal 2010. Doc.14823/07.
②European Commission, ibid, p.6.
③罗斯克兰斯曾经指出,欧盟的成就更多的是规范性的,欧洲正在从规范层面上确定世界标准。R. Rosecrance,“The European Union: A New Type of International Actor”, in J. Zielonka (ed.), Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998. p.22.
④陈志敏:《欧洲联盟的军事化:从民事力量向军事力量变形》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期。
⑤Michael Smith,“Does the Flag Follow Trade:‘Politicization’and the Emergence of a European Foreign Policy”, in J. Peterson and H. Sjursen (eds.), A Common Foreign Policy f or Europe: Competing Visions of the CFSP, London: Routledge, 1998, p.83.
①European Commission Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Unit,“Civilian Instrument for EU Crisis Management”, April 2003 , pp.8.该文仅仅作为信息提供,并非欧盟委员会的政策声明。
②European Commission Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Unit, ibid, p.19.
③《欧盟武器出口新规则与人权挂钩》,《参考消息》,2008年12月13日。
④Jonathan Goodhand and Philippa Atkinson, Conflict and Aid:Enhancing the Peacebuilding Impact of International Engagement, London: International Alert, 2001, p.38.
①Peter Uvin,“The Influence of Aid in Situations of Violent Conflict”, OECD Conflict Prevention and Development Co-operation Papers, DAC Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, (2001), p.4.
②Mary B. Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid can Support Peace or War, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, February 1999.该书从多角度,全面阐述了援助助长冲突和战争的可能。
③Tobias Debiel and Martina Fischer,“Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management by the European Union: Concepts, Capacities and Problems of Coherence”, Berghof Research Center, No. 4, (Sep. 2000), p.15.
①William Walker,“International Nuclear Relations after the Indian and Pakistani Tests”, International Affairs, Vol.74, No.3, 1998.
②关于RRM的相关内容可以参见European Commission, Working for the Peace, Security and Stability: Europe in the World, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007.
③Safer world-International Alert,“Strengthening Global Security through Addressing the Root Causes of Conflict: Priorities for the Irish and Dutch Presidencies in 2004”, pp. 6-8.
①CSCM的发展历程和历史可以参见以下网站链接:http://www.medea.be/index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=50.
①地中海论坛以及相关信息参见以下链接:http://www.medea.be/index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=273.
①江翔:《试析当前法国同非洲的关系》,《西亚非洲》,1996年第3期,第18页。
③张延良,[刚果(布)]木泽姆:《非洲法郎区的演进及机制》,《西亚非洲》,2003年第2期,第50页。
①宋全成:《欧洲移民研究》,山东大学出版社2007年版,第335页。
②宋全成:前引书,第334页。
③Eurobarometer: 2006-2007 Yearbook of EU, p.76.
④Eurobarometer: ibid, p.78.
⑤Eurobarometer: ibid, p.75.
⑥“Tidal Wave”, Economist,http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9370651.登陆时间:2007年6月11日。
①“EU concedes failure on migration policy”, iht, http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/29/news/immig.php.登陆时间:2007年6月26日。
②Special Eurobarometer 273: European Social Reality, Feb. 2007, p.71.
③“Greece Casting off Asylum Seekers”, Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,514149,00.html.登陆时间:2008年12月23日。
④“EU immigration official criticizes Malta for treatment of migrants”, iht, http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/03/africa/migrate.php.登陆时间:2007年6月26日。
⑤Richard Gillespie,“Spanish Protagonismo and the Euro-Med Partnership Initiative”, in Richard Gillespie (ed.), The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Political and Economic Perspectives, London: Frank Cass Publishers, 1997, p.34.
⑥Antonio Missiroli,“The ENP Three Years on: Where from and Where Next?”, Idées pour le débat , 03/2007, p.5.
①[美]杰弗里·加勒特,巴里·R·魏因格斯特:《观念、利益与制度:构建欧洲共同体内部市场》,[美]朱迪斯·戈尔斯坦,罗伯特·基欧汉主编:《观念与外交政策》,刘东国等译,北京大学出版社2005年版,第198-199页。
②1999年3月OPEC决定削减产量5.4%,而在前几个月,石油价格从每桶10-12美元的很低的水平涨到30美元以上,到2000年时,石油价格仍维持在高位。弹性系数高达80%。参见OPEC Press Release, No. 2/1999, 23 March 1999.
③Andreas Mehler,“France in Search of a New Africa Policy”, International Policy, spring 2008.
④“欧盟‘重新发现’非洲”,globalview, http://www.globalview.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=13505.登陆时间:2008年1月6日。
①“Merkel Slams Sarkozy's 'Club Med' Plans”, Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,521743,00.html.登陆时间:2007年12月13日。
②European Commission, External and intra-EU trade Statistical yearbook: Data 1958-2006, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, p.221.
③Barbara Lippert, Kirsty Hughes, Heather Grabbe and Peter Becker,“British and German Interests in EU Enlargement:Partners Or Competitors?”, Continuum , 2001, p.19.
④[美]约瑟夫·乔菲:《德国:从腓特烈大帝到联邦共和国》,[美]罗伯特·A·帕斯特编,胡利平,杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:七大国百年外交风云》,上海人民出版社2001年版,第98页。
⑤Barbara Lippert, Kirsty Hughes, Heather Grabbe and Peter Becker, ibid, Continuum , 2001, p.14.
⑥德国派兵参与2003年的阿特米斯行动同样也是如此。Deutsche Press-Agentur,“Misgivings in Germany over Potential Congo Mission”, Lexis-nexis: World News, Europe June, 2003.
①吉珊珊:《德国对撒哈拉以南非洲外交战略探析》,《西亚非洲》,2003年第3期,第53-54页。
②德国国内对地中海联盟反对的表现参见:“Sarkozy's 'Club Med' Is Useful But Over-Ambitious”, Spiegel,http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,565710,00.html.登陆时间:2008年7月5日。
①Paul Belkin,“The EU’s Energy Security Challenges”, Congressional Research Service, Code RL33636 , CRS-17.
②王成家编:《世界知识年鉴2002/2003》,世界知识出版社2002年版,第293页。
③British Petroleum (BP), Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2006.
①P. Capros, L. Mantzos, V. Papandreou and N. Tasios,“European energy and transport: Trends to 2030”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, p.28.
②European Commission,“EU Energy and Transport in Figures”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009, p.31.
③ICG,‘Algeria’s Economy: The Vicious Circle of Oil and Violence’, ICG Africa Report, No. 36, 2001.
④Paul Belkin,“The EU’s Energy Security Challenges”, Congressional Research Service of America, Code. RL 33636, CRS.17-19.
⑤欧盟在《里斯本宣言》指出“今天,在全球范围内,我们对相互依赖有了进一步的理解,我们将在全球舞台上的就这一时代关键的政治挑战,如能源,气候变化,移民和性别问题上并肩合作。”
⑥European Commission, ibid, p.34.
⑦Market Observatory for energy,“Europe’s Energy Position: Present & Future”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008, p.32.
①Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean, p.9.
②吴毅平,刘江平,冯先辉等:《欧盟统一海上力量展望》,《国际展望》,2006年第1期。
①欧盟委员会预计,照目前能源消耗的趋势,到2030年,欧盟能源总需求的65%需要进口。见European Commission,“An Energy Policy for Europe”, COM(2007) final, Brussels, 2007.
②European Commission,“EU Energy and Transport in Figures”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009, p.30.
①Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”,“Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics”, “Clingendael”International Energy Programme (CIEP), Final Report, January 2004, p.54.
①Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”,“Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics”, “Clingendael”International Energy Programme (CIEP) Final Report, January 2004, pp.108-110.参见这三页的相关表格。
②欧盟对俄罗斯的反应手段参见:Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”, ibid, p.134.
①欧盟对阿尔及利亚的反应手段见:Institute for International Relations“Clingendael”,“Study on Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics”,“Clingendael”International Energy Programme (CIEP) Final Report, January 2004, p.136.
①埃及核技术的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/nuke.htm.
②利比亚核武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/nuclear.htm.
③埃及生物武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/bw.htm.
①埃及化学武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/cw.htm.
②利比亚化学武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/cw.htm.
③利比亚生物武器的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/bw.htm.
④埃及导弹技术的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/egypt/missile.htm.
②利比亚导弹的发展参见:http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/libya/missile.htm.
⑤Joseph Bermudez,“Ballistic Missile Development in Libya,”Jane’s Intelligence Review, January 2003, pp.27-29.
①Barcelona Declaration, 27 and 28 November 1995, p.6.
②Del Sarto, A. Raffaella and Tobias Schumacher,“From EMP to ENP: What’s at Stake with the European Neighbourhood Policy towards the Southern Mediterranean?”, European Foreign Affairs Review, No.10, 2005, pp. 28-29.
①European Commission,“Tenth Anniversary of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: A Work Programme to Meet the Challenges of the Next Five Years”, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, Euromed Report 89, 14 April, 2005, p.15.
①共同立场的具体内容参见European Commission, Council Common Position, 2008/944/CFSP, Article 2.
②Richard F. Grimmett,“Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 1999-2006”, The DISAM Journal, March 2008 , p.60.
③萨科齐重视人权外交的表现包括任命人权斗士的库什内为外长,首创人权国务秘书一职,并曾在施政纲领中表示在和非洲打交道时更突出人权,他也同意和赞许人权味道特别浓的08年的军售共同立场。
④“France Makes Weapons Deal with Libya”, Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,498038,00.html.登陆时间:2007年8月3日。
①Oliver Meier,“The EU’s Nonproliferation Efforts: Limited Success”, p.7. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_05/OliverFeature.登陆时间:2008年7月9日。
②Camille Grand,“The European Union and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, Chaillot Paper 37, Janunary 2000, p.28.
③“The EU’s Nonproliferation Efforts: Limited Success”, armscontrol http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_05/OliverFeature.登陆时间:2008年7月9日。
①“African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Nears Realization”, armscontrol http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_05/Africa.登陆时间:2008年7月9日。
②Speech by Qadhafi at a meeting of students of the Higher Institute for Applied Social Studies at the Great al-Fatih University, 18 April 1990, Tripoli Television Service, 19 April 1990.转引自Rumsfield Council, “Appendix III: Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States”, Rumsfield Commission Report, July 15, 1998.
①Reuters, 10:45 EST, 31 December 1995 (mimeo). See also "Gadhafi ready to use missiles," Minneapolis Star Tribune, 1 January 1996, p. A4.转引自Rumsfield Council,“Appendix III: Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States”, Rumsfield Commission Report, July 15, 1998.
②“德国称:不会反对法国向利比亚输出核能技术”,国际新能源网, http://www.in-en.com/newenergy/html/newenergy-200720070801113642.html.登陆时间:2009年12月2日。
①Sven Biscop, Euro-Mediterranean Security: A Searh for Partnership, Ashgate, 2003, pp.13-14.
[美]安东尼·吉登斯著:《社会的构成:结构化理论大纲》,李康、李猛译,北京:三联书店1998年版。
[英]巴里·布赞等著:《新安全论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社2003年版。
蔡拓:“全球问题与安全观的变革”,《世界经济与政治》,2000年第9期。
陈志敏:“欧洲联盟的军事化:从民事力量向军事力量变形”,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期。
[美]大卫·鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,肖欢容译,浙江:浙江人民出版社2001年版。
[美]丹尼斯·德鲁,唐纳德·斯诺:《国家安全战略的制定》,王辉青等译,北京:军事科学出版社1991年版。
[美]恩斯特·哈斯:《地区主义的挑战》,斯坦利·霍夫曼主编:《当代国际关系理论》,中国社会科学出版社1990年版。
[英]菲奥纳·鲍伊著:《宗教人类学导论》,金泽、何其敏译,北京:中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
冯仲平:“欧洲安全观与欧美关系”,《欧洲研究》,2003年第5期。
顾俊礼主编:《西欧政治》,经济科学出版社2001年版。
吉珊珊:“德国对撒哈拉以南非洲外交战略探析”,《西亚非洲》,2003年第3期。
江翔:“试析当前法国同非洲的关系”,《西亚非洲》,1996年第3期。
[美]杰弗里·加勒特,巴里·R·魏因格斯特:《观念、利益与制度:构建欧洲共同体内部
市场》,朱迪斯·戈尔斯坦,罗伯特·基欧汉主编:《观念与外交政策》,刘东国等译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
[德]克劳塞维茨:《战争论》,中国人民解放军军事科学院译,北京:商务印书馆1997年版。
[德]科勒·科赫:《欧洲一体化与欧盟治理》,顾俊礼等译,中国社会科学出版社2004年版。
[美]肯尼思·W.汤普森著,梅仁、王羽译:《国际关系中的思想流派》,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹:《国际政治理论》,信强译,上海:上海人民出版社2003年版。
刘永涛:“当代西方建构主义取向评析”,《现代国际关系》,1999年第9期。
[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后》,苏长和、信强、何曜译,上海:上海人民出版社2001年版。
[美]罗伯特·基欧汉:《非正式暴力的全球化、世界政治理论与“恐怖的自由主义”》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第7期。
倪世雄:《当代国际关系理论》,上海:复旦大学出版社2001年版。
倪世雄主编:《当代西方国际关系理论》,上海:复旦大学出版社2004年版。
[荷兰]佩克曼斯:《欧洲一体化:方法与经济分析》,吴弦等译,中国社会科学出版社2006年版。
秦亚青:“国际政治的社会建构:温特及其建构主义国际政治理论”,《欧洲》,2001年第3期。
时殷弘:“国际安全的基本哲理范式”,《中国社会科学》,2000年第5期。
宋全成:《欧洲移民研究》,山东:山东大学出版社2007年版。
孙相东:《地缘政治学:思想史上的不同视角》,北京:中共中央党校出版社2005年版。
王成家编:《世界知识年鉴2002/2003》,北京:世界知识出版社2002年版。
王福春,张学斌主编:《西方外交思想史》,北京:北京大学出版社2002年版。
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