河流生态需水计算模式及应用研究
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摘要
河流生态需水研究是进行生态用水控制的基础,生态用水的控制问题应该有其相应的衡量标准,对河流选择的控制标准应该是河流的生态需水特征值,将研究的问题主要归结为河流生态需水规律的研究。论文主要针对我国北方河流,生态需水问题采取逐步深入的方法,主要从径流条件的流量角度来考虑,从河流不同的生态需求角度出发,分层次对河流的最小生态流量和适宜生态流量进行以下方面内容的研究。
首先,对河流生态需水研究的现状、各种不同的观点和计算方法进行分类归结,分析评述了不同计算方法的特点和适用性。
其次,根据降雨、径流运动条件,从水循环过程产生的生态效应分析,将生态需水划分为不同的水生态系统类型、生态需水研究的内容和表达形式。对生态需水研究的层次性进行了分析。对北方河流从生存需求的角度定义了河流最小生态需水,从河流水生生物完整性和稳定性需求的角度定义了河流适宜生态需水,并对地下水的生态功能进行分析。
第三,在河流最小生态流量方面,对流域的地貌临界理论进行分析,将水文因子与河道形态因子关联起来,对河流的水力几何形态要素与径流的关系进行研究,确定了河流生存不发生劣变的临界指标,对不同河道的断面进行分类和适用条件分析,建立了最小生态流量的确定准则和方法。
第四,对河流适宜生态流量进行了研究。一方面,选取鱼类作为河流生态系统的指示性关键生物,以鱼类的产卵和生存繁衍作为河流生物完整性的必要条件进行简化研究,结合已有的研究和试验成果,对河流的适宜生态流量进行估算。另一方面,从渔业管理的目标出发,对确定性模型进行了分析,建立了随机性剩余产量模型,通过分析渔产量和径流关系,推求适宜生态流量,为资料稀缺地区的同类研究提供参考依据。
第五,通过对辽河地区的河流生态流量的计算,建立了河流生态用水控制性指标和分析方法,并对西辽河现状的生态用水进行了评价,对河流生态流量的特点进行了分析,初步形成了辽河地区河流生态流量的分区经验推求模式。
The control of ecological water utility is based on researches of ecological water demand in rivers, while controlling problems on ecological water utility should have their criterions. for rivers the controlling criterions are the characteristics of ecological water demand, the main researches come down to regulation of ecological water demand in rivers, they are researched step by step in rivers in north of china, from the view of quantities in run offs and different objects of ecology demand in rivers, the following contents are researched gradually on minimum ecology flow and fitting ecology flow.Firstly, researches about ecological water demand in rivers are summarized, different viewpoints and calculation approaches are classified, and the characteristics and applicability of the approaches are commented.Secondly, the ecological effects produced in water cycles are analyzed, types of water ecosystem are compartmentalized in condition of rainfall and runoffs, the researching contents and expression forms and the hierarchy of water demand in rivers are analyzed also, the minimum and fitting ecology flows are defined from the viewpoints of survival requirements and integrity and stability of hygrophilous biology in rivers in the north of china, and the ecological functions and water levels conforming approaches in groundwater are analyzed.Thirdly, through analyses on the critical theories of physiognomy in drainage basins the factors of hydrology and conformation in rivers are connected in the aspect of minimum ecology flow, the indices of river survival and inferior changes out of happening is conformed by the relations of hydraulic geometry forms and conditions of runoff in river system, forms of different river transects and applicable conditions are classified and simulated, the rules and processes are given in the conforming on minimum ecology flow.Fourthly, the fitting ecology flows are researched gradually, in one aspect, fish was selected in necessary condition of integrity as the key indicated species in river ecosystem, by the flow velocity of spawning and survival in multiplying on fish demand, the fitting ecology flows are estimated, in another aspect, based on the MSY object of fishery managements the surplus production model was analyzed, and stochastic differential model was established, the fitting ecology flows are estimated by the relations of fishery yield and runoffs, those for offering the reference evidences to similar researches in areas of biology data lacking.Lastly, depended on the computation of anterior levels of ecology flow in liaohe rivers the controlling criterions of ecological water utilities and analysis methods are afforded, and recent status of ecological water utilities in west of liaohe are evaluated, and the characteristics of those multi ecology flows are analyzed also, the ecology flows of experience models on subarea are formed primarily by that in liaohe rivers.
首先,对河流生态需水研究的现状、各种不同的观点和计算方法进行分类归结,分析评述了不同计算方法的特点和适用性。
其次,根据降雨、径流运动条件,从水循环过程产生的生态效应分析,将生态需水划分为不同的水生态系统类型、生态需水研究的内容和表达形式。对生态需水研究的层次性进行了分析。对北方河流从生存需求的角度定义了河流最小生态需水,从河流水生生物完整性和稳定性需求的角度定义了河流适宜生态需水,并对地下水的生态功能进行分析。
第三,在河流最小生态流量方面,对流域的地貌临界理论进行分析,将水文因子与河道形态因子关联起来,对河流的水力几何形态要素与径流的关系进行研究,确定了河流生存不发生劣变的临界指标,对不同河道的断面进行分类和适用条件分析,建立了最小生态流量的确定准则和方法。
第四,对河流适宜生态流量进行了研究。一方面,选取鱼类作为河流生态系统的指示性关键生物,以鱼类的产卵和生存繁衍作为河流生物完整性的必要条件进行简化研究,结合已有的研究和试验成果,对河流的适宜生态流量进行估算。另一方面,从渔业管理的目标出发,对确定性模型进行了分析,建立了随机性剩余产量模型,通过分析渔产量和径流关系,推求适宜生态流量,为资料稀缺地区的同类研究提供参考依据。
第五,通过对辽河地区的河流生态流量的计算,建立了河流生态用水控制性指标和分析方法,并对西辽河现状的生态用水进行了评价,对河流生态流量的特点进行了分析,初步形成了辽河地区河流生态流量的分区经验推求模式。
The control of ecological water utility is based on researches of ecological water demand in rivers, while controlling problems on ecological water utility should have their criterions. for rivers the controlling criterions are the characteristics of ecological water demand, the main researches come down to regulation of ecological water demand in rivers, they are researched step by step in rivers in north of china, from the view of quantities in run offs and different objects of ecology demand in rivers, the following contents are researched gradually on minimum ecology flow and fitting ecology flow.Firstly, researches about ecological water demand in rivers are summarized, different viewpoints and calculation approaches are classified, and the characteristics and applicability of the approaches are commented.Secondly, the ecological effects produced in water cycles are analyzed, types of water ecosystem are compartmentalized in condition of rainfall and runoffs, the researching contents and expression forms and the hierarchy of water demand in rivers are analyzed also, the minimum and fitting ecology flows are defined from the viewpoints of survival requirements and integrity and stability of hygrophilous biology in rivers in the north of china, and the ecological functions and water levels conforming approaches in groundwater are analyzed.Thirdly, through analyses on the critical theories of physiognomy in drainage basins the factors of hydrology and conformation in rivers are connected in the aspect of minimum ecology flow, the indices of river survival and inferior changes out of happening is conformed by the relations of hydraulic geometry forms and conditions of runoff in river system, forms of different river transects and applicable conditions are classified and simulated, the rules and processes are given in the conforming on minimum ecology flow.Fourthly, the fitting ecology flows are researched gradually, in one aspect, fish was selected in necessary condition of integrity as the key indicated species in river ecosystem, by the flow velocity of spawning and survival in multiplying on fish demand, the fitting ecology flows are estimated, in another aspect, based on the MSY object of fishery managements the surplus production model was analyzed, and stochastic differential model was established, the fitting ecology flows are estimated by the relations of fishery yield and runoffs, those for offering the reference evidences to similar researches in areas of biology data lacking.Lastly, depended on the computation of anterior levels of ecology flow in liaohe rivers the controlling criterions of ecological water utilities and analysis methods are afforded, and recent status of ecological water utilities in west of liaohe are evaluated, and the characteristics of those multi ecology flows are analyzed also, the ecology flows of experience models on subarea are formed primarily by that in liaohe rivers.
引文
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