剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性研究
|
摘要
剩余电流动作保护器是一种新型低压安全保护电器，它是低压电路中防止人身触电和漏电火灾的保护类电器。剩余电流动作保护器是事关人民生命财产安全的电器，对其进行可靠性研究不仅具有一定的经济效益，更具有广泛的社会效益。
本文对剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性进行了研究。首先，针对剩余电流动作保护器是不频繁动作的保护电器的工作特点以及发生拒动、误动故障及操作故障三类故障的失效模式，提出了采用保护成功率及和操作故障率λ作为可靠性特征量，并提出了可靠性特征量的估计方法。本文由抽样理论，采用定时截尾试验方案确定了剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性验证试验方案，剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性验证试验由成功率验证试验和故障率验证试验组成；本文还给出了剩余电流动作保护器可靠性验证试验的试品准备和试验条件、试验检测方法、失效判据，以及可靠性验证程序。
本文研制用来执行其可靠性试验方法的可靠性试验设备。应用剩余电流动作保护器可靠性试验设备进行了成功率验证试验和操作故障率可靠性验证试验，分析了剩余电流动作保护器的故障原因，提出了提高剩余电流动作保护器可靠性的方法，从而真正地将可靠性研究工作付诸实施。
本课题是结合河北省自然科学基金重点项目“漏电保护器的失效机理及其可靠性研究”进行的，得到了河北省自然科学基金的资助。
Being a type of new low-voltage safe apparatus, the residual current device (RCD) is used to avoid the electric shock and the fire accident. For the residual current protector that is related to the people's life and estate, the study on the reliability of RCD is very important for the people and sociality.
The study of reliability of RCD was introduced in this paper. The reliability of RCD mainly check on its work characteristic and the mode of the failure. The RCD belongs to the protector that operates infrequently. The RCD has three failure modes the reject-operation, the wrong-operation and the malfunction of handle. The reliability check should consider this characteristic and these failure modes. The success ratio R and the failure ratio A are applied as reliability criterion of RCD. And their estimate methods were put forward. According to the sample theory, applied the time terminated test plan, the reliability compliance test plan was brought forward. The reliability compliance test plan was divided into two parts, residual current protection test and operation reliability test. In this paper, the preparation of sample, the test plan, the failure criterion and the program of reliability test were introduced.
In order to do the reliability compliance test, the reliability test equipment was designed. Using this equipment, the residual current protection test and operation reliability test were be done. And the failure reason of RCD was analysed. The method to improved the reliabilty level of RCD was introduce.So the
reliability study can be processed.
This project has relation with the project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province "The failure mechanism and reliability study of RCD" and was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province.
本文对剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性进行了研究。首先，针对剩余电流动作保护器是不频繁动作的保护电器的工作特点以及发生拒动、误动故障及操作故障三类故障的失效模式，提出了采用保护成功率及和操作故障率λ作为可靠性特征量，并提出了可靠性特征量的估计方法。本文由抽样理论，采用定时截尾试验方案确定了剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性验证试验方案，剩余电流动作保护器的可靠性验证试验由成功率验证试验和故障率验证试验组成；本文还给出了剩余电流动作保护器可靠性验证试验的试品准备和试验条件、试验检测方法、失效判据，以及可靠性验证程序。
本文研制用来执行其可靠性试验方法的可靠性试验设备。应用剩余电流动作保护器可靠性试验设备进行了成功率验证试验和操作故障率可靠性验证试验，分析了剩余电流动作保护器的故障原因，提出了提高剩余电流动作保护器可靠性的方法，从而真正地将可靠性研究工作付诸实施。
本课题是结合河北省自然科学基金重点项目“漏电保护器的失效机理及其可靠性研究”进行的，得到了河北省自然科学基金的资助。
Being a type of new low-voltage safe apparatus, the residual current device (RCD) is used to avoid the electric shock and the fire accident. For the residual current protector that is related to the people's life and estate, the study on the reliability of RCD is very important for the people and sociality.
The study of reliability of RCD was introduced in this paper. The reliability of RCD mainly check on its work characteristic and the mode of the failure. The RCD belongs to the protector that operates infrequently. The RCD has three failure modes the reject-operation, the wrong-operation and the malfunction of handle. The reliability check should consider this characteristic and these failure modes. The success ratio R and the failure ratio A are applied as reliability criterion of RCD. And their estimate methods were put forward. According to the sample theory, applied the time terminated test plan, the reliability compliance test plan was brought forward. The reliability compliance test plan was divided into two parts, residual current protection test and operation reliability test. In this paper, the preparation of sample, the test plan, the failure criterion and the program of reliability test were introduced.
In order to do the reliability compliance test, the reliability test equipment was designed. Using this equipment, the residual current protection test and operation reliability test were be done. And the failure reason of RCD was analysed. The method to improved the reliabilty level of RCD was introduce.So the
reliability study can be processed.
This project has relation with the project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province "The failure mechanism and reliability study of RCD" and was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province.
引文
1．国家标准GB6829-1995剩余电流动作保护器的一般要求．北京：中国标准出版社，1995
2．凌智敏．漏电开关及其应用．北京：水利电力出版社，1991．7
3．周松椿，李万平．漏电保护开关．天津科学技术出版社，1989．6
4．梁正习．漏电保护器实用技术．化学工业出版社，1995．9
5.Robert L. LaRocca. Personnel Protection Devices for Use on Appliances. IEEE Transactions Industry Applications, Vol28, No. 1, 1992,P233-238
6.A.L.Kidd, George H.Scholes. Successful Selection And Operation of Overcurrent and Residual Current Protective Measures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Installation Engineering Designing and Maintaining Successful Systems, 1998, P50-57
7.Viv Cohen. The Benefits of Good Protection in Low Voltage Systems for Devoloping Communities. Proceedings of 3rd IEEE AFRICON Conference, 1992, AFRICON'92, P420-425
8.Viv Conen. Why Electronic and not Electromechanical ELCB's? Proceedings of 4th IEEE AFRICON Conference, 1996, AFRICON'96, P715-719
9．金磊．漏电开关动作可靠性评价及关键对策新探．低压电器，1989．No．3：P26-29
10．梁静毅，陈晓东，刘炳彰．二极漏电保护器失效分析，低压电器，1993，No．1：P17-19
11．陆俭国主编．电器可靠性理论及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
12．蒋文华．浅析漏电保护器，1999，No．11：P40-41
13．周积刚．剩余电流动作保护器的发展．电世界，1999，No．3：P97-99
14．何瑞华．我国低压电器现状及国内外发展趋势．低压电器，1998，No3：P3-8
15.Eissa, M.M.; Hasan, S.New fault current detection technique for the AC hybrid circuit breaker Electric Power Systems Research, 1999,Vol50, No2: P133-138
16.Martinez, L.M.; Adl, P.; Rakowski, R.T.; Cheshmehdoost, A. Optical current transducer for residual current sensing in the milliampere range. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, 1998, Vol.67 No.3: P102-108
17.G.W.A.McDowell. The place for sensitive earth fault protection. Earthing Solutions-standards safety and good practice conference proceedings, 1997,Solihull Uk, 23-24 June, P103-108
18.M Hartz. Installed safety: Unified protection with earth-leakage protection equipment, miniature circuit-breakers and fuse. Drive control Vol.5 No.4 P8-9
19.E L Owen. Power system grounding RCD and GFCI. IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag(USA) (July-Aug, 1996) Vol.2 No.4 P71-3
20.P Fathers. Use of PME earth terminals on overhead distributors. Power Eng. J.(UK) (Dec, 1994) Vol.8,No.6 P211-4
21.K Nomura ,F Hisalsune, T Yamada. The present state and future trends in circuit breakers and earth leakage circuit breaker. Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan) Vol.69 No.4 p2-6 1995
22.R Niehaus. Protection against electric shock through indirect contact by appropriate choice of earth conductor protection in iow-voltage network. CIRED 13th international Conference on Electricity Dostribution 1995 Brussels Belgium 8-11 May 1995 (Liege,Belgium :AIM 1995) Vol.2:P2611-6
23.Hossain, Z., Olejniczak, K.J., Burgers, K. C. Design of RCD snubbers based upon approximations to the switching characteristics. IEEE International on Electric Machines and Drives Conference Record. PTA2/3.1-TA2/3.3
24.Huber, E., Frohlich, K. Influence of Interrupted Current amplitude on the residual current and gap recovery after current zero, Proceedings ISDEIV. XVIIIth International symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation on Vacuum, 1998:P476-479
25.Brennan, P.V. Residual Current device with high immunity to nuisance tripping. IEE Proceeding on Circuits, Devices and System: P 140-144
26．腾松林．浅析一种新型触电漏电保护器．农村电气化，1999，No7：P41
27．朱志杰．智能型漏电电流动作电保护器．电工技术杂志，1993，No2：P37—39
28．王景华，陆振钧，魏全民等．一种鉴相型漏电保护装置．河北省科学院学报，2000，No3：P146—152
29．卓尚慧，杨凯平，徐国祥等．DML型单相脉冲漏电保护器的研制及应用．农村电气化，1998，Nol：P31-32
30．胡志坤，曹立军，吴三川．电脑控制三相矢量差触、漏电保护器．实用测试技术，1999，No3：P24-26
31．高志华，沈小丽．PIC单片机在漏电流保护器中的应用．中国计量学院学报，1999，Nol：P84-87
32．张明曦．新型塑壳断路器和漏电断路器的技术动向．低压电器，1996，No5：P59-61
33．李广宇，张玉请．三菱超级NV系列漏电断路器．低压电器，1995，No5：P57-58
34．尹天文．模数化多功能漏电单元．低压电器，1994，No2：P10-13
35．顾惠民，顾建昌．DZL118-63漏电断路器．上海电器技术，1998，No4：P8—13
36．薛建和，曹玮，黄小东．多功能漏电保护断路器．低压电器，1994，No4：P3-8
37．国家标准GB16913．1-1997《家用和类似用途的不带过电流保护的剩余电流动作断路器第一部分：一般规则》．北京：国家标准出版社
38．国家标准GB16917．1-1997《家用和类似用途的带过电流保护的剩余电流动作断路器第一部分：一般规则》．北京：国家标准出版社
39．滕松林，王立彬．漏电断路器智能测试仪的研究．北京农业工程大学学报，1990，Nol：P65-70
40．叶琳．电子式单极二线漏电保护器漏电分断时间的测定．上海电器技术，1995，No4：P45-48
41．孔令珠．关于漏电动作时间问题的探讨．低压电器，1989，No5：P29-30
42．陈研斌．漏电保护器测试仪的研究．工业仪表与自动化装置，1998，No3：P22-24
43．陆俭国．漏电开关可靠性指标的探讨．低压电器，1991，No．3：P12-15
44．帅志良．对开展漏电开关可靠性研究的探讨．低压电器，1991，No．1：P23-26
45．李奎，陆俭国．保护类电器的可靠性指标及其验证试验理论分析．电工技术学报，1997，No6：P50-54
46．黄晓东，薛建和．C45+Vigi系列漏电断路器误动(或拒动)原因及常见故障分析．低压电器，1996，No3：P26-28
47．高翔凌．漏电保护器故障原因分析及对策．低压电器，1993，No．6：P37-39
48．袁琦．剩余电流保护装置误动分析及防范．电世界，1997，No9
49．韩怀德．漏电开关的10种常见故障．电世界，1994，No5：P25-27
50．张颂燕．200A冲击震荡电流下漏电保护器误动作原因之探讨．低压电器，1996，No3：P16-19
51.T M Lee, T W Chan. The Effects of Harmonics on the Operational Characteristics of Residual Current Cuircuit Breakers. Proceeding EMPD'95 1995 international conference on energy management and power delivery (CAT. No 95TH 8130) Singapore, 21-23 Nov, 1995
52.J Marqueteau. Medium Power RCCB for severe environmental conditions. Proceedings 41st Relay conference Nowport Beach, CA,USA, 26-28 Aprill 1993 p16/1-5
53.Featherstone A.M., Sastrosubroto, A.S. An examination of RCD performance during system disturbance(and other relays). Safeguarding Industrial Plant During Power System Disturbances, IEE Colloquium on :P3/1-3/6
54．国家标准GB2423．4-81《电工电子产品基本环境试验规程 试验Db：交变湿热试验方法》．北京：国家标准出版社
55．郭永基．电力系统及电力设备的可靠性．电力系统自动化，2001，No17：P53-56
56．汪伟，汪雁高．航空继电器的可靠性分析．电气开关，1999，No3：P42-46
57．韩天行，王刚军．量度继电器可靠性验证试验和评估方法的研究．继电器，1997，No10：P52-56
58．陆俭国，王景芹，师新莉．断路器的可靠性指标及其评估方法．机床电器，1997，No2：P8-10
59．张登科，王小琴．塑壳断路器的可靠性分析．低压电器，2000，No2：P27-30
60．陈家鼎，高惠璇，戴中维等．成功率的序贯检验与检验后成功率的置信限．应用概率统计，1997，No4：P367-374
61.P.K. Leung Applications of statistical techniques to the quality improvement of a 15A circuit breaker Logistics information management.-2000,13(4).-243-247
62.Chikaraishi, H.; Tanahashi, S., Yamada, S.; Yamamoto, J.; Motojima, O,; Satoh, T.; Niwa, H,Quench protection system using a novel d.c. circuit breaker for LHD Fusion Engineering and Design.- 1998,41 (Pt B).-259-264
63.Billinton, R.; Chen, Hua Weaknesses of the conventional three-state model in station-oriented reliability evaluation Microelectronics and Reliability.- 1997,37(12).- 1799-1804
64.Billinton, R.; Chen, Hua; Zhou, Jiaqi Generalized n plus 2 state system Markov model for station-oriented reliability evaluation IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.- 1997,12(4).-1511-1517
65.O'Donnell, Pat; Braun, W.F.; Heising, C.R.; Khera, P.P.; Kornblit, M.; McDonald, K.D.Survey results of low-voltage circuit breakers as found during maintenance testing: Working group report IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.- 1997,33(5).-1367-1369
66.Karlsson, Dan; Olovsson, Hans-Erik; Wallin, Lars; Solver, Carl-Ejnar Reliability and life cycle cost estimates of 400 kV substation layouts IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.- 1997,12(4).- 1486-1492
67.Meeuwsen, J.J.; Kling, W.L.Effects of preventive maintenance on circuit breakers and protection systems upon substation reliability Electric Power Systems Research.- 1997,40(3).- 181-188
68.Lu Jianguo, Guo Yantao. The investigation and Test of Reliability for Contactors. Proceedings of sixth National Power Systems Conference, 1990:P 177-180
69.Luo Yanyan, Lu Jianguo, Li Zhigang. Study on Methods of Reliability Test for Switches. The Proceedings of International Relay Conference, 1999
70．朱云祥，刘炳彰，黄奇蜂等．低压断路器可靠性验证试验装置．低压电器，2000，No2：P45-48
71． 陈晓东，朱云祥，徐忠民等．万能式断路器操作故障率可靠性试验方法初探．低压电器, 1999, No4: P6-8
72． B.J.Frost. A New Generation of Relay Test Equipment Addresses Old Relay Measurement Problems. Proceedings of 45th Relay Conference. 1997:P11． 1-11． 11
73． D.H.Kennedy. Microprocessor Controlled Testing And Categorization of Mercury Wetted Contact Switches. Proceedings of 28th Relay Conference. 1980: P2． 1-2． 5
74． William G. Cochran. Sampling Techniques third edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc. 1977
75． Martinez L.M., Adl P., Rakowski R.T., Cheshmehdoost A. Optical Current Transducer for Residual Current Sensing in the Milliampere Range, Sensors and Actuators Physical. 1998, No.67:P102-108
76． Menon S.S., Poole K.F., Early-life reliability prediction methodology for integrated circuits, Microelectronics and Reliability. 1995, Vol35, No.8:Pl 147-1155
77． Alaoui Ismaili M. Bernard P.Estimating the Probability of Failure of Equipment as a Result of Direct Lightning Strikes on Transmission Lines, IEEE transactions on power delivery. 1999,Vol14, No.4:P1394-1400
78． Lakshmi, S.R. Tripathy, S.C. Rao, K.S.P. Balasu, Evaluation of generation system reliability indices by fast transform techniques,International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System. 1995, Vol17,No4:P281-287
79． Amjady, Nima Ehsan, Mehdi, Evaluation of Power Systems Reliability by an Artificial Neural Networks.IEEE transactions on power systems. 1999,Vol14, No1:P287-292
80． Mikihiro Kimura, Field and Temerpature Acceleration Model for Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown,IEEE transactions on electron devices. 1999,Vol46, No1:P220-229
81． Wood, Nelson O. Reliability-centered test,IEEE Transactions on Reliability. 1994, Vol.43, No.4: P566-568
82． Shih, C.-F. Yeh, S.-N, Rule-based approach to load transfer to alternate supplies based on the phase of the residual voltage on the disconnected busbar, IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 1996,Vol 143,No.5: P467-473
83． Watanabe, Makoto; Kotanishi, Kazuji; Nakamura, Osamu; Kurioka, Hideaki; Hukui, Sukenori; Tuji, Katunori, New method for discrimination of ground faults causes in distribution lines, Electrical Engineering in Japan (English translation of Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi).1996, Vol116, No 1:p 10-20
84． Bhat, B.K, Analysis of random sequential complicated faults on a balanced power system, Electric Power Systems Research:1994,Vol28,No3:p201-210
85． Swindler, David L.; Fredericks, Carl J. Modified differential ground fault protection for systems having multiple sources and grounds IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1994, Vol30, No6: p1490-1505
86． Yamamoto, Minoru; Ifukube, Atsuchi; Murata, Yoshikazu; Hashimoto, Makoto, Development of fault detector for 33-kV ungrounded power line Electrical Engineering in Japan (English translation of Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi). 1995, Vol115, No4:P71-81
87． TehChuan Chen, KuoLiang Chung. An Efficient Randomized Algorithm for Detecting Circles.Computer Vision and Image Understanding.2001, Vol83, No2:P172-191
88． Chokhawala, Rahul S.; Saed Sobhani. Switching Voltage Transient Protection Schemes for High-Current IGBT Modules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1997,Vol3 3, No.6: P1601-1601
89． Ying-Yu Tzou; Rong-Shyang Ou. High-Perfromance Programmable AC Power Source with Low Harmonic Distortion Using DSP-Based Repetitive Control Technique. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics: 1997,Vol. 12,No.4: P715-725
90． Terano, Yoshinari; Otabe, Yuichi; Chosokabe, Toru; Yanagida, Tsutomu Properties of RCD-concrete using belite-rich cement Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute. 1997,No. 19: P41-48
91． Sun, Jae-Hyeong; Suh, Bum-Seok; Hyun, Dong-Seok New snubber circuit for high efficiency and overvoltage limitation in three-level GTO inverters IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 1997,Vol.44, No2:P145-156
92． Finney, Stephen J.; Williams, Barry W.;RCD snubber revisited.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1996, Vol.32,No 1 .P155-160
93． Fathers, David Use of PME earth terminals on overhead distributors Power Engineering Journal. 1994,Vol8, No6:P261-264
94． Yang, Z Circuit transformation method from OTA-C circuits into CFAD-based RCD circuits IEE proceedings circuits, devices and systems:1999,Vol.146,No.2． P97-99
2．凌智敏．漏电开关及其应用．北京：水利电力出版社，1991．7
3．周松椿，李万平．漏电保护开关．天津科学技术出版社，1989．6
4．梁正习．漏电保护器实用技术．化学工业出版社，1995．9
5.Robert L. LaRocca. Personnel Protection Devices for Use on Appliances. IEEE Transactions Industry Applications, Vol28, No. 1, 1992,P233-238
6.A.L.Kidd, George H.Scholes. Successful Selection And Operation of Overcurrent and Residual Current Protective Measures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Installation Engineering Designing and Maintaining Successful Systems, 1998, P50-57
7.Viv Cohen. The Benefits of Good Protection in Low Voltage Systems for Devoloping Communities. Proceedings of 3rd IEEE AFRICON Conference, 1992, AFRICON'92, P420-425
8.Viv Conen. Why Electronic and not Electromechanical ELCB's? Proceedings of 4th IEEE AFRICON Conference, 1996, AFRICON'96, P715-719
9．金磊．漏电开关动作可靠性评价及关键对策新探．低压电器，1989．No．3：P26-29
10．梁静毅，陈晓东，刘炳彰．二极漏电保护器失效分析，低压电器，1993，No．1：P17-19
11．陆俭国主编．电器可靠性理论及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
12．蒋文华．浅析漏电保护器，1999，No．11：P40-41
13．周积刚．剩余电流动作保护器的发展．电世界，1999，No．3：P97-99
14．何瑞华．我国低压电器现状及国内外发展趋势．低压电器，1998，No3：P3-8
15.Eissa, M.M.; Hasan, S.New fault current detection technique for the AC hybrid circuit breaker Electric Power Systems Research, 1999,Vol50, No2: P133-138
16.Martinez, L.M.; Adl, P.; Rakowski, R.T.; Cheshmehdoost, A. Optical current transducer for residual current sensing in the milliampere range. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, 1998, Vol.67 No.3: P102-108
17.G.W.A.McDowell. The place for sensitive earth fault protection. Earthing Solutions-standards safety and good practice conference proceedings, 1997,Solihull Uk, 23-24 June, P103-108
18.M Hartz. Installed safety: Unified protection with earth-leakage protection equipment, miniature circuit-breakers and fuse. Drive control Vol.5 No.4 P8-9
19.E L Owen. Power system grounding RCD and GFCI. IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag(USA) (July-Aug, 1996) Vol.2 No.4 P71-3
20.P Fathers. Use of PME earth terminals on overhead distributors. Power Eng. J.(UK) (Dec, 1994) Vol.8,No.6 P211-4
21.K Nomura ,F Hisalsune, T Yamada. The present state and future trends in circuit breakers and earth leakage circuit breaker. Mitsubishi Denki Giho (Japan) Vol.69 No.4 p2-6 1995
22.R Niehaus. Protection against electric shock through indirect contact by appropriate choice of earth conductor protection in iow-voltage network. CIRED 13th international Conference on Electricity Dostribution 1995 Brussels Belgium 8-11 May 1995 (Liege,Belgium :AIM 1995) Vol.2:P2611-6
23.Hossain, Z., Olejniczak, K.J., Burgers, K. C. Design of RCD snubbers based upon approximations to the switching characteristics. IEEE International on Electric Machines and Drives Conference Record. PTA2/3.1-TA2/3.3
24.Huber, E., Frohlich, K. Influence of Interrupted Current amplitude on the residual current and gap recovery after current zero, Proceedings ISDEIV. XVIIIth International symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation on Vacuum, 1998:P476-479
25.Brennan, P.V. Residual Current device with high immunity to nuisance tripping. IEE Proceeding on Circuits, Devices and System: P 140-144
26．腾松林．浅析一种新型触电漏电保护器．农村电气化，1999，No7：P41
27．朱志杰．智能型漏电电流动作电保护器．电工技术杂志，1993，No2：P37—39
28．王景华，陆振钧，魏全民等．一种鉴相型漏电保护装置．河北省科学院学报，2000，No3：P146—152
29．卓尚慧，杨凯平，徐国祥等．DML型单相脉冲漏电保护器的研制及应用．农村电气化，1998，Nol：P31-32
30．胡志坤，曹立军，吴三川．电脑控制三相矢量差触、漏电保护器．实用测试技术，1999，No3：P24-26
31．高志华，沈小丽．PIC单片机在漏电流保护器中的应用．中国计量学院学报，1999，Nol：P84-87
32．张明曦．新型塑壳断路器和漏电断路器的技术动向．低压电器，1996，No5：P59-61
33．李广宇，张玉请．三菱超级NV系列漏电断路器．低压电器，1995，No5：P57-58
34．尹天文．模数化多功能漏电单元．低压电器，1994，No2：P10-13
35．顾惠民，顾建昌．DZL118-63漏电断路器．上海电器技术，1998，No4：P8—13
36．薛建和，曹玮，黄小东．多功能漏电保护断路器．低压电器，1994，No4：P3-8
37．国家标准GB16913．1-1997《家用和类似用途的不带过电流保护的剩余电流动作断路器第一部分：一般规则》．北京：国家标准出版社
38．国家标准GB16917．1-1997《家用和类似用途的带过电流保护的剩余电流动作断路器第一部分：一般规则》．北京：国家标准出版社
39．滕松林，王立彬．漏电断路器智能测试仪的研究．北京农业工程大学学报，1990，Nol：P65-70
40．叶琳．电子式单极二线漏电保护器漏电分断时间的测定．上海电器技术，1995，No4：P45-48
41．孔令珠．关于漏电动作时间问题的探讨．低压电器，1989，No5：P29-30
42．陈研斌．漏电保护器测试仪的研究．工业仪表与自动化装置，1998，No3：P22-24
43．陆俭国．漏电开关可靠性指标的探讨．低压电器，1991，No．3：P12-15
44．帅志良．对开展漏电开关可靠性研究的探讨．低压电器，1991，No．1：P23-26
45．李奎，陆俭国．保护类电器的可靠性指标及其验证试验理论分析．电工技术学报，1997，No6：P50-54
46．黄晓东，薛建和．C45+Vigi系列漏电断路器误动(或拒动)原因及常见故障分析．低压电器，1996，No3：P26-28
47．高翔凌．漏电保护器故障原因分析及对策．低压电器，1993，No．6：P37-39
48．袁琦．剩余电流保护装置误动分析及防范．电世界，1997，No9
49．韩怀德．漏电开关的10种常见故障．电世界，1994，No5：P25-27
50．张颂燕．200A冲击震荡电流下漏电保护器误动作原因之探讨．低压电器，1996，No3：P16-19
51.T M Lee, T W Chan. The Effects of Harmonics on the Operational Characteristics of Residual Current Cuircuit Breakers. Proceeding EMPD'95 1995 international conference on energy management and power delivery (CAT. No 95TH 8130) Singapore, 21-23 Nov, 1995
52.J Marqueteau. Medium Power RCCB for severe environmental conditions. Proceedings 41st Relay conference Nowport Beach, CA,USA, 26-28 Aprill 1993 p16/1-5
53.Featherstone A.M., Sastrosubroto, A.S. An examination of RCD performance during system disturbance(and other relays). Safeguarding Industrial Plant During Power System Disturbances, IEE Colloquium on :P3/1-3/6
54．国家标准GB2423．4-81《电工电子产品基本环境试验规程 试验Db：交变湿热试验方法》．北京：国家标准出版社
55．郭永基．电力系统及电力设备的可靠性．电力系统自动化，2001，No17：P53-56
56．汪伟，汪雁高．航空继电器的可靠性分析．电气开关，1999，No3：P42-46
57．韩天行，王刚军．量度继电器可靠性验证试验和评估方法的研究．继电器，1997，No10：P52-56
58．陆俭国，王景芹，师新莉．断路器的可靠性指标及其评估方法．机床电器，1997，No2：P8-10
59．张登科，王小琴．塑壳断路器的可靠性分析．低压电器，2000，No2：P27-30
60．陈家鼎，高惠璇，戴中维等．成功率的序贯检验与检验后成功率的置信限．应用概率统计，1997，No4：P367-374
61.P.K. Leung Applications of statistical techniques to the quality improvement of a 15A circuit breaker Logistics information management.-2000,13(4).-243-247
62.Chikaraishi, H.; Tanahashi, S., Yamada, S.; Yamamoto, J.; Motojima, O,; Satoh, T.; Niwa, H,Quench protection system using a novel d.c. circuit breaker for LHD Fusion Engineering and Design.- 1998,41 (Pt B).-259-264
63.Billinton, R.; Chen, Hua Weaknesses of the conventional three-state model in station-oriented reliability evaluation Microelectronics and Reliability.- 1997,37(12).- 1799-1804
64.Billinton, R.; Chen, Hua; Zhou, Jiaqi Generalized n plus 2 state system Markov model for station-oriented reliability evaluation IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.- 1997,12(4).-1511-1517
65.O'Donnell, Pat; Braun, W.F.; Heising, C.R.; Khera, P.P.; Kornblit, M.; McDonald, K.D.Survey results of low-voltage circuit breakers as found during maintenance testing: Working group report IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.- 1997,33(5).-1367-1369
66.Karlsson, Dan; Olovsson, Hans-Erik; Wallin, Lars; Solver, Carl-Ejnar Reliability and life cycle cost estimates of 400 kV substation layouts IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.- 1997,12(4).- 1486-1492
67.Meeuwsen, J.J.; Kling, W.L.Effects of preventive maintenance on circuit breakers and protection systems upon substation reliability Electric Power Systems Research.- 1997,40(3).- 181-188
68.Lu Jianguo, Guo Yantao. The investigation and Test of Reliability for Contactors. Proceedings of sixth National Power Systems Conference, 1990:P 177-180
69.Luo Yanyan, Lu Jianguo, Li Zhigang. Study on Methods of Reliability Test for Switches. The Proceedings of International Relay Conference, 1999
70．朱云祥，刘炳彰，黄奇蜂等．低压断路器可靠性验证试验装置．低压电器，2000，No2：P45-48
71． 陈晓东，朱云祥，徐忠民等．万能式断路器操作故障率可靠性试验方法初探．低压电器, 1999, No4: P6-8
72． B.J.Frost. A New Generation of Relay Test Equipment Addresses Old Relay Measurement Problems. Proceedings of 45th Relay Conference. 1997:P11． 1-11． 11
73． D.H.Kennedy. Microprocessor Controlled Testing And Categorization of Mercury Wetted Contact Switches. Proceedings of 28th Relay Conference. 1980: P2． 1-2． 5
74． William G. Cochran. Sampling Techniques third edition. John Wiley&Sons, Inc. 1977
75． Martinez L.M., Adl P., Rakowski R.T., Cheshmehdoost A. Optical Current Transducer for Residual Current Sensing in the Milliampere Range, Sensors and Actuators Physical. 1998, No.67:P102-108
76． Menon S.S., Poole K.F., Early-life reliability prediction methodology for integrated circuits, Microelectronics and Reliability. 1995, Vol35, No.8:Pl 147-1155
77． Alaoui Ismaili M. Bernard P.Estimating the Probability of Failure of Equipment as a Result of Direct Lightning Strikes on Transmission Lines, IEEE transactions on power delivery. 1999,Vol14, No.4:P1394-1400
78． Lakshmi, S.R. Tripathy, S.C. Rao, K.S.P. Balasu, Evaluation of generation system reliability indices by fast transform techniques,International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System. 1995, Vol17,No4:P281-287
79． Amjady, Nima Ehsan, Mehdi, Evaluation of Power Systems Reliability by an Artificial Neural Networks.IEEE transactions on power systems. 1999,Vol14, No1:P287-292
80． Mikihiro Kimura, Field and Temerpature Acceleration Model for Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown,IEEE transactions on electron devices. 1999,Vol46, No1:P220-229
81． Wood, Nelson O. Reliability-centered test,IEEE Transactions on Reliability. 1994, Vol.43, No.4: P566-568
82． Shih, C.-F. Yeh, S.-N, Rule-based approach to load transfer to alternate supplies based on the phase of the residual voltage on the disconnected busbar, IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 1996,Vol 143,No.5: P467-473
83． Watanabe, Makoto; Kotanishi, Kazuji; Nakamura, Osamu; Kurioka, Hideaki; Hukui, Sukenori; Tuji, Katunori, New method for discrimination of ground faults causes in distribution lines, Electrical Engineering in Japan (English translation of Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi).1996, Vol116, No 1:p 10-20
84． Bhat, B.K, Analysis of random sequential complicated faults on a balanced power system, Electric Power Systems Research:1994,Vol28,No3:p201-210
85． Swindler, David L.; Fredericks, Carl J. Modified differential ground fault protection for systems having multiple sources and grounds IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1994, Vol30, No6: p1490-1505
86． Yamamoto, Minoru; Ifukube, Atsuchi; Murata, Yoshikazu; Hashimoto, Makoto, Development of fault detector for 33-kV ungrounded power line Electrical Engineering in Japan (English translation of Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi). 1995, Vol115, No4:P71-81
87． TehChuan Chen, KuoLiang Chung. An Efficient Randomized Algorithm for Detecting Circles.Computer Vision and Image Understanding.2001, Vol83, No2:P172-191
88． Chokhawala, Rahul S.; Saed Sobhani. Switching Voltage Transient Protection Schemes for High-Current IGBT Modules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1997,Vol3 3, No.6: P1601-1601
89． Ying-Yu Tzou; Rong-Shyang Ou. High-Perfromance Programmable AC Power Source with Low Harmonic Distortion Using DSP-Based Repetitive Control Technique. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics: 1997,Vol. 12,No.4: P715-725
90． Terano, Yoshinari; Otabe, Yuichi; Chosokabe, Toru; Yanagida, Tsutomu Properties of RCD-concrete using belite-rich cement Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute. 1997,No. 19: P41-48
91． Sun, Jae-Hyeong; Suh, Bum-Seok; Hyun, Dong-Seok New snubber circuit for high efficiency and overvoltage limitation in three-level GTO inverters IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 1997,Vol.44, No2:P145-156
92． Finney, Stephen J.; Williams, Barry W.;RCD snubber revisited.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1996, Vol.32,No 1 .P155-160
93． Fathers, David Use of PME earth terminals on overhead distributors Power Engineering Journal. 1994,Vol8, No6:P261-264
94． Yang, Z Circuit transformation method from OTA-C circuits into CFAD-based RCD circuits IEE proceedings circuits, devices and systems:1999,Vol.146,No.2． P97-99